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The organisational structure of the Section is based upon [[Council republic|councilist]] principles like other [[Congress of the Workers' International|Sections of the Workers' International]]. The Section is organized in a hierarchical and pyramidal system of councils, known as the Pyramid (Pirmiḍ), where a council elects the members of a council the next tier up, who then elects the next tier. Under the councilist system, the Section ultimately derives its political power from these councils. It is designed to ensure that all tiers of the Satrian Section, from its local councils to the national council, is ultimately accountable to its grassroots party membership. In general, Section Councils consist around 25 members and operate by {{wp|Consensus democracy|consensus}} and governed by {{wp|collective leadership}}.
[[Category:Carucere]]
{{Infobox Political post
| post = President
| body = the<br />Republic of Carucere
| native_name              = <small>''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''</small>
| insignia = Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = Presidential Emblem
| flag = Annene flag.png{{!}}border
| flagsize =
| flagcaption = Presidential Standard
| nativename =
| image = Irfaan Ali in 2020.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Neil Gaubina]]
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2018
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}<br />{{wp|Head of government}}
| seat = [[Kingston]]
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
| appointer =
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
| termlength = Duration of [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] (four years), renewable once
| formation = 17 July 1957
| succession = [[Premier of Carucere]]<br />{{small|(as [[Vice President of Carucere|Vice President]])}}
| inaugural = [[Jean Préval]]
| deputy = [[Vice President of Carucere|Vice President of Carucere]]
| website =
}}
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Republic of Carucere''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''), is the {{wp|head of state}} and the {{wp|head of government}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]]  the president heads the executive branch of the national government and is the {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018.


===Section Councils===
The presidency was originally intended to be a {{wp|figrehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power, as Carucere was originally envisioned as a {{wp|parliamentary  system|parliamentary republic}}. However political power was centralized under the Presidency by [[Jean Préval]], who held the office for 17 years from 1957 to 1974. Today Carucere functions as a {{wp|presidential system|presidential republic}}, although it still maintains many aspects of a parliamentary system. The President is elected by a unique electoral system centered around principles of {{wp|consociationalism}}; the office can be elected by simple plurality of the [[Senate of Carucere]], but no more than one-third of Senators can deny the candidate or they are rejected.
The lowest level of the Satrian Section are maintains a series of lower councils, known as the Revolutionary People’s Councils. A council is assigned to every local Assembly to serve as an ideological check and to represent the interests of the Satrian Section. However the Councils does allow some local ideological flexibility to preserve pragmatism and efficacy for the region. It consists of the local members of the Satrian Section and the members from the organisations of the People's Volunteer Organisation. These councils serves to coordinate and connect the Satrian Section to their grassroots members and to mobilize society with their socialist mass movements. In addition it also has a role in social welfare campaigns, such as literacy campaigns and vaccination drives.  
==History==
The office of the Presidency ultimately originates from the "president" of the post-revolutionary government after the [[Carucerean Revolution]]. First held by [[Jana Maia]], it was purely an informal institution and acted as a public figure and spokesperson of the provisional government; for this reason it is considered as a precursor to the current office of the presidency. When [[Jean Préval]] was elected president by the Senate in early 1954, the institution became increasingly formalized; Préval would use his position to mediate disputes and help draft the constitution. The office was officially created in July 1957 after the ratification of the new constitution. The drafters of the constitution intended Carucere to be a parliamentary republic with the President as a mere figurehead with the Premier as head of government. However Préval was able to extract concessions to empower the President with broad reserve powers. This included the power to command the security forces of the country and the power to enact decrees.


These councils elect representatives to various higher councils, consisting of around fifty delegates representing RPCs in the geographical region. These regional councils consists of members from various subcouncils that operate in government institutions and businesses at the council's tier. These councils elect representatives to even higher councils, which are attached to regional governmental Congresses. Regional Councils play a similar role to the Revolutionary People’s Councils, except on a wider geographic area.  
As President, Préval used his popularity and continuing political instability to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Préval's political standing. As his popularity began to wane after economic malaise caused by the [[Sugar Crash]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Préval successfully pushed for constitutional changes that formalized some of his prerogatives, ensuring the primacy of the presidency over the premiership, and reforming Carucere into a presidential republic in 1970.  


===Central Section Council===
The presidency's new position in the Carucerean political system would survive the Préval's fall from political power, as [[Victorin Lurel]] routinely exercised the powers of the President. In 1986, the electoral system was amended to clarify the election; the President now could be elected by a simple plurality of the vote, but no more than one-third of the Senate could reject the candidate. By the late 1980s, the powers of the President were institutionalized and solidified the presidency as the center of Carucerean politics.
The Central Section Council or the Central Council is the Satrian Section's most powerful institution and is its highest deliberative and decision-making body. According to the SKIS's constitution, the council forms the highest tier of the Section Councils and consists of around 25 representatives elected by Arthasthan's Tier Four Councils and 7 representatives from the Satrian Section's international branches. The Central Council is the top forum for national debate and decision-making about policy direction and issues that effects the entire Satrian Section. The Central Council examines reports sent by its councils and international branches to inform itself about issues effecting the party and to inform policy decisions and debate. Its last major role is to elect the members of the Secretariat and to approve further appointments made by them.


===Secretariat===
In 2003 the method by which the President was elected was clarified once again; if no party gained a majority in the Senate, the candidates of the top two parties by vote share would proceed to the Senate election. As a result, the Senate was firmly established as king-maker for elections and reinforced executive–legislative relations, where Carucerean presidents are bound to to work closely with the legislature.  
The [[Secretariat of the Satrian Section of the Workers' International (Ramprasadist)|Satrian Section Secretariat]] is the Section's executive body that serves as its highest authority. The Secretariat has an important role in setting the general agenda of the Section's national institutions and ensuring the implementation of the decisions of the Central Section Council. The Secretariat consists of nine elected officials and various appointed officials, led by the [[First Secretary of the Satrian Section of the Workers' International (Ramprasadist)|First Secretary]]. The body functions as a {{wp|Cabinet (government)|cabinet}}, with its members tasked with heading the Section's key offices. The Secretariat's main duties include the daily administration of the Satrian Section, the implementation of Section policy as decided by the Central Council, and appointment of officials in other party institutions. Although the Secretariat in theory is solely an administrative body, in reality it wields significant influence over the Satrian Section's institutions, and functions as the Section's leadership. Nevertheless the Secretariat is ultimately responsible to the Central Section Council and its decisions can be overridden by it.
==Qualification==
====First Secretary====
In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:
The [[First Secretary of the Satrian Section of the Workers' International (Ramprasadist)|First Secretary]] of the SKIS is the chairperson of the Secretariat and the head of the Satrian Section of the Workers' International. The Section's constitution establishes the position as the party's {{wp|chief administrative officer|head administrator}}, {{wp|commander in chief}}, and {{wp|diplomat|chief diplomat}} to Arthasthan and the world. The First Secretary's duties include overseeing the activities and duties of the Secretariat, attending sessions of Section institutions, commanding the party's armed wing the [[People's Guard of Arthasthan]] and other {{wp|paramilitary|paramilitaries}}, and consulting with Arthansthan's civilian leaders. The First Secretary's power is broad, but in reality, power is shared with the Secretariat and the Central Section Council.
* Be a citizen of Carucere by birth or parentage
* Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
* Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
** Be a citizen of Carucere 18 years or older
** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
==Election==
The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among presidential systems, as it reflects its consociational principles. Under the current electoral law, presidential candidates are nominated by political parties running for the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] during legislative elections; then the party or coalition that received the plurality of the popular vote has their candidate presented to the Senate for approval. While the President can be elected by a simple plurality vote, no more than one-third of the Senate’s members can reject the candidate in order for the President to be successfully elected. If a candidate is rejected they must renominate a different one. After the first round other political parties may present candidates and the election order is determined by the number of Senators.  


====Domestic Affairs Commission====
The President serves concurrently with the Senate, with their term of office determined by the national legislative elections which are conducted every four years. The President may only be reelected once.
The Domestic Affairs Commission manages the Satrian Section's affairs within Arthasthan. Its three primary duties are directing {{wp|foreign direct investment}} and economic funds from the Satrian Section's international branches, managing the Section's organisations, and managing its relations with the civilian government and the [[Arthasthan Armed Forces|Arthani military]]. The Commission also oversees the Section's relations with elected representatives in the national, state, and local governments. Due to its central role in the Section's domestic activities in the country, the Commission is considered to be heart of the Secretariat. As a result, the Secretary of the DAC is traditionally the third highest-ranking member of Secretariat.


====National Labor Commission====
==Powers & Duties==
The National Labor Commission manages the Satrian Section's labor relations within Arthasthan. It oversees the Satrian Section's labor organisations the Arthani Worker's Association, the Section's national federation of {{wp|Worker cooperative|worker cooperatives}} and the Federation of Labour Organisations, a coalition of Section aligned {{wp|trade union|trade unions}}. The Commission holds significant sway over the country's economy by directing the AWA to undertake economic initiatives and mediating labor disputes with the FLO. The Commission heads the Congress of Arthani Workers, which consists of representatives from the AWA, FLO, and the Commission to determine economic and labor policy..
The Republic of Carucere is a {{wp|presidential system|presidential republic}}. However Carucere's form of presidentialism has many aspects unique to the country, and has been described by commentators as a presidential system combined with certain aspects of a parliamentary system. Although Carucere has a premier, the office only serves to implement policy designed by the president rather than create policy itself.


====International Relations Commission====
As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere,  the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of the executive branch of government and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:
The International Relations Commission is responsible for the Satrian Section's foreign affairs and relations. Its major roles are representing the Section in the [[Congress of the Workers' International]], representing the Section in other international affairs, and coordinating the Satrian Section's international branches. The Commission also has an addition role with gathering intelligence on, managing relations with, and attempting to influence individuals and organizations outside Arthasthan.
* to {{wp|promulgate}} laws. The president lacks a formal {{wp|veto}} power but may refer the law for review by the [[Council of State of Carucere|Council of State]] if the President doubts its constitutionality. However if the Council approves, the president must approve the bill.
* to declare war.
* to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
* to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees can be overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
* to submit legislation to the Senate. While the President lacks ''de jure'' authority to draft legislation for the Senate, the President usually asks the Premier to submit a bill on their behalf.
* to issue medals and honors for serving the nation.
* to issue pardons.
* to declare a {{wp|state of emergency}} suspending all laws or enacting a state of {{wp|martial law}}.
* to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
* to appoint the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and other members of the [[Cabinet of Carucere|Cabinet]].
* to appoint senior public officials.  


====Central Security Commission====
There are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. If the Senate votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. In addition major decisions, such as budgetary and military matters, requires the assent of the Cabinet for a presidential decision to take effect. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Cabinet before making important decisions to prevent conflict. Commentators have noted that executive-legislative relations creates a political system where the President is given immense power but only within the confines set by the Senate.
The Central Security Commission is responsible for maintaining security for the Satrian Section and providing protection to high ranking officials. The commission is responsible to the Secretariat and the Central Council. The First Secretary officially heads the Commission but they usually delegate power to the Secretary of the Central Security Commission. The commission controls the Section's paramilitary wing, the [[People's Guard of Arthasthan]], and its intelligence wing, the [[Office of Intelligence and Research of Arthasthan|Office of Intelligence and Research]].


====Central Investigation Commission====
==Removal==
The Central Investigation Commission is the party organ responsible for combating corruption and other wrongdoing as well as disciplining members. The Commission's most important role is to ensure that the Satrian Section remains a strict {{wp|meritocracy}} and is not effected by the Arthani {{wp|Patronage#Politics|patronage}} and kinship system. However it has been largely unsuccessful at fully curtailing corruption and patronage, especially at the lower levels of the Section. It is the only organ within the party which can sentence or condemn party members. The Commission, and its chairman and deputy chairmen, are elected by the Central Council.
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
 
==List of Presidents of Carucere==
====Other organs====
* Central Administration Commission: responsible for solving the organizational problems and implementing the decisions of the Central Section Council. The Secretariat oversees the work of the Departments of the Central Council. It is also responsible for coordinating the Section's actions as well as drafting and circulating party directives and internal reports between the tiers of the Satrian Section.
* Central Research Commission: responsible for researching issues of significant interest to the Satrian Section leadership and developing policies and responses to it. It oversees several research arms that manages dozens of {{wp|think tanks}} and cooperates with the Security Commission's Office for Intelligence and Research.
* Office of Ideological Development: conceives and develops the party's ideological line. It advises the higher institutions of the Satrian Section and provides political training and ideological indoctrination for members of the Section.
* Political and Legal Affairs Commission: responsible for handling the Satrian Section's legal affairs within Arthassthan and abroad. 
* Minkathalan Affairs Commission: oversees the Satrian Section's activities within [[Minkathala]] and supervises and coordinates the Section's policy towards the island.
*Organisation Department: The Section's {{wp|Human resource management|human resources}} department; it is responsible for managing the Section's membership.
* People's Media Group: A media organisation that manages the Satrian Section's media outlets, such as the Dawn newspaper, radio stations, and TV channels. It also functions as the Section's {{wp|public relations}} department.

Revision as of 05:18, 11 March 2023

President of the
Republic of Carucere
Prezidan Repiblik Karuku
Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
Presidential Emblem
Annene flag.png
Presidential Standard
Irfaan Ali in 2020.jpg
Incumbent
Neil Gaubina
since 1 December 2018
StyleHis Excellency
StatusHead of state
Head of government
ResidenceState House, Carucere
SeatKingston
Term lengthDuration of Senate (four years), renewable once
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Carucere
PrecursorGovernor of Carucere
Inaugural holderJean Préval
Formation17 July 1957
SuccessionPremier of Carucere
(as Vice President)
DeputyVice President of Carucere

The President of Carucere, officially the President of the Republic of Carucere (Papotement: Prezidan Repiblik Karuku), is the head of state and the head of government of Carucere. Under the Constitution of Carucere the president heads the executive branch of the national government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is Neil Gaubina, who took office on 1 December 2018.

The presidency was originally intended to be a ceremonial office with no real executive power, as Carucere was originally envisioned as a parliamentary republic. However political power was centralized under the Presidency by Jean Préval, who held the office for 17 years from 1957 to 1974. Today Carucere functions as a presidential republic, although it still maintains many aspects of a parliamentary system. The President is elected by a unique electoral system centered around principles of consociationalism; the office can be elected by simple plurality of the Senate of Carucere, but no more than one-third of Senators can deny the candidate or they are rejected.

History

The office of the Presidency ultimately originates from the "president" of the post-revolutionary government after the Carucerean Revolution. First held by Jana Maia, it was purely an informal institution and acted as a public figure and spokesperson of the provisional government; for this reason it is considered as a precursor to the current office of the presidency. When Jean Préval was elected president by the Senate in early 1954, the institution became increasingly formalized; Préval would use his position to mediate disputes and help draft the constitution. The office was officially created in July 1957 after the ratification of the new constitution. The drafters of the constitution intended Carucere to be a parliamentary republic with the President as a mere figurehead with the Premier as head of government. However Préval was able to extract concessions to empower the President with broad reserve powers. This included the power to command the security forces of the country and the power to enact decrees.

As President, Préval used his popularity and continuing political instability to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Préval's political standing. As his popularity began to wane after economic malaise caused by the Sugar Crash in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Préval successfully pushed for constitutional changes that formalized some of his prerogatives, ensuring the primacy of the presidency over the premiership, and reforming Carucere into a presidential republic in 1970.

The presidency's new position in the Carucerean political system would survive the Préval's fall from political power, as Victorin Lurel routinely exercised the powers of the President. In 1986, the electoral system was amended to clarify the election; the President now could be elected by a simple plurality of the vote, but no more than one-third of the Senate could reject the candidate. By the late 1980s, the powers of the President were institutionalized and solidified the presidency as the center of Carucerean politics.

In 2003 the method by which the President was elected was clarified once again; if no party gained a majority in the Senate, the candidates of the top two parties by vote share would proceed to the Senate election. As a result, the Senate was firmly established as king-maker for elections and reinforced executive–legislative relations, where Carucerean presidents are bound to to work closely with the legislature.

Qualification

In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:

  • Be a citizen of Carucere by birth or parentage
  • Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
  • Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
    • Be a citizen of Carucere 18 years or older
    • Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language

Election

The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among presidential systems, as it reflects its consociational principles. Under the current electoral law, presidential candidates are nominated by political parties running for the Senate during legislative elections; then the party or coalition that received the plurality of the popular vote has their candidate presented to the Senate for approval. While the President can be elected by a simple plurality vote, no more than one-third of the Senate’s members can reject the candidate in order for the President to be successfully elected. If a candidate is rejected they must renominate a different one. After the first round other political parties may present candidates and the election order is determined by the number of Senators.

The President serves concurrently with the Senate, with their term of office determined by the national legislative elections which are conducted every four years. The President may only be reelected once.

Powers & Duties

The Republic of Carucere is a presidential republic. However Carucere's form of presidentialism has many aspects unique to the country, and has been described by commentators as a presidential system combined with certain aspects of a parliamentary system. Although Carucere has a premier, the office only serves to implement policy designed by the president rather than create policy itself.

As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere, the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of the executive branch of government and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:

  • to promulgate laws. The president lacks a formal veto power but may refer the law for review by the Council of State if the President doubts its constitutionality. However if the Council approves, the president must approve the bill.
  • to declare war.
  • to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
  • to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees can be overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
  • to submit legislation to the Senate. While the President lacks de jure authority to draft legislation for the Senate, the President usually asks the Premier to submit a bill on their behalf.
  • to issue medals and honors for serving the nation.
  • to issue pardons.
  • to declare a state of emergency suspending all laws or enacting a state of martial law.
  • to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
  • to appoint the Premier and other members of the Cabinet.
  • to appoint senior public officials.

There are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. If the Senate votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. In addition major decisions, such as budgetary and military matters, requires the assent of the Cabinet for a presidential decision to take effect. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Cabinet before making important decisions to prevent conflict. Commentators have noted that executive-legislative relations creates a political system where the President is given immense power but only within the confines set by the Senate.

Removal

According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate impeachment proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.

List of Presidents of Carucere

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