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| | session_res = | | | session_res = |
| | session_alt = | | | session_alt = |
| | meeting_place = Parliament Building, Mişeyáke, [[Mişeyáke Region|Mişeyáke]] | | | meeting_place = Parliament Building, R'akstagg, [[Mişeyáke Region|Mişeyáke]] |
| | website = http://www.parliament.gls/ | | | website = http://www.parliament.govcm/ |
| | footnotes = | | | footnotes = |
| | motto = | | | motto = |
| }} | | }} |
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| {{Politics of Gylias}} | | {{Politics of Caminoes}} |
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| The '''Kaminoa Dieta''' ({{wpl|English language|English}}: ''Caminoan Parliament'') is the {{wpl|unicameral}} {{wpl|federation|federal}} {{wpl|legislature}} of [[Caminoes]]. It consists of one chamber presided over by[[The Speaker of the Dieta]]. The [[Members of Parliament]] or MP's gather in the parliament building referred to as the [[R'askstagg]]. | | The '''Kaminoa Dieta''' ({{wpl|English language|English}}: ''Caminoan Parliament'') is the {{wpl|unicameral}} {{wpl|federation|federal}} {{wpl|legislature}} of [[Caminoes]]. It consists of one chamber presided over by[[The Speaker of the Dieta]]. The [[Members of Parliament]] or MP's gather in the parliament building referred to as the [[R'askstagg]]. |
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| ==History== | | ==History== |
| The Gylian Parliament was created during the transition from the [[Free Territories (Gylias)|Free Territories]] to Gylias. One notable element of this transition was the replacement of the {{wpl|indirect election|indirectly-elected}} [[Free Territories (Gylias)#The General Council|General Council of the Free Territories]], formed of delegates chosen from local [[Communal assemblies (Gylias)|communal assemblies]], with a {{wpl|direct election|directly-elected}} federal legislature, known as the Popular Assembly.
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| The only election for the Popular Assembly took place in [[Gylian federal election, 1958|1958]], using national {{wpl|party-list proportional representation}}. The Assembly served a term of four years, overseeing the formalisation of the Free Territories' anarchist governance, including the passage of the [[Constitution of Gylias]] and [[Law of Gylias#Legal foundations|six codes of law]].
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| The legislature was reorganised by the [[Law on Electoral Representation of 1960]], gaining an additional chamber. The change from proportional representation to {{wpl|single transferable vote}} aided the growth of Gylias' [[List of political parties in Gylias|multi-party system]], and the formation of ideology-based {{wpl|electoral bloc}}s. The [[Constitution of Gylias|Constitution]] renamed the Popular Assembly to the [[Gylian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]], while the new chamber was named the [[Gylian Senate|Senate]].
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| The first election for the Gylian Parliament took place in [[Gylian federal election, 1962|1962]]. The election ushered in the modern Gylian political system, with five-party electoral blocs and {{G-NI}}. To keep the locus of governance at the local level, based on principles of {{wpl|subsidiarity}}, the Parliament was made a {{wpl|citizen legislature|popular legislature}}, and initially had a seven-year term.
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| The two chambers evolved different identities. The Senate became a [[Political culture of Gylias#Participation|means of acknowledging the contributions of esteemed civil society and artistic figures]] — jokingly likened by [[Dæse Şyna]] to a [[honoured citizens list|retirement home for respected political pensioners]].
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| Parliament's {{wpl|term of office}} was shortened to 5 years before the [[Gylian federal election, 1976|1976 election]], with the [[Gylian federal election, 1980|1980 election]] being held a year ahead of schedule.
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| Its size was capped by the [[Law on Legislature Sizes of 1989]] to prevent it from growing to the point of usurping the prerogative of direct democracy.
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| Three more elections were held five years apart before the term was fixed at 4 years starting with the [[Gylian federal election, 2000|2000 election]]. The current cycle allows [[Elections in Gylias#Federal elections|federal]] and [[Elections in Gylias#Regional elections|regional]] elections to be held two years apart.
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| Various projects for parliamentary reform have been proposed. The most successful, supported by the {{G-NAF}}, took place in the 1990s and changed the Senate into a body chosen by sortition and appointment.
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| ==Legislative functions== | | ==Legislative functions== |
| The Parliament represents the federal {{wpl|legislative branch}} of Gylias. Its responsibilities are limited by law in order to avoid usurpation of self-governance from the [[Communal assemblies (Gylias)|communal assemblies]] and [[Municipalities of Gylias|municipalities]], in accordance with the principle of {{wpl|subsidiarity}}.
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| The Parliament thus performs more of a {{wpl|deliberative democracy|deliberative}} and {{wpl|delegative democracy|delegative}} role in [[Politics of Gylias|Gylian politics]]. It scrutinises, debates, and advances proposals and works to gather a consensus from the public and all levels of government regarding matters of federal importance.
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| Members of Parliament are subject to {{wpl|imperative mandate}}s and {{wpl|recall election|recall}} from their constituents.
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| The Parliament is imperfectly bicameral: the Chamber of Deputies is the {{wpl|responsible house}}, and the only one where federal budget bills are introduced. The Chamber of Deputies meets in two regular sessions, as specified in the Constitution: | | The Parliament is imperfectly bicameral: |
| * The first session begins in February and cannot last beyond the end of June.
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| * The second session begins in September and cannot last beyond the end of December.
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| {{wpl|Extraordinary session}}s may be called during the summer and winter recesses. | | {{wpl|Extraordinary session}}s |
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| The Senate meets in yearlong sessions, coinciding with the calendaristic seasons.
| | {{wpl|Bill (law)|Bills}} |
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| {{wpl|Bill (law)|Bills}} may be introduced by any member of either chamber (except budget bills) and there is no distinction between bills introduced by members of government or opposition parties. | |
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| ===Legislative procedure=== | | ===Legislative procedure=== |
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| {{ordered list|type=decimal | | {{ordered list|type=decimal |
| |'''Proposal''': can be made by the people (in the form of a popular initiative), {{wpl|civil society}} or professional organisations, [[Local government in Gylias|municipal or regional councils]], individual members of Parliament, or members of the government.{{ordered list|type=upper-alpha
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| |The bill in question is subject to a general discussion, and afterwards referred to the relevant committee for review.
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| |The committee prepares a report on the bill, with the advice of other committees, and presents it to Parliament.
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| |The chamber where the bill originated votes to either request a further report or proceed to debate. (A vote to reject the bill ends the legislative process.) }}
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| |'''Drafting''': takes place in parliamentary committees, with public hearings and consultations.{{ordered list|type=upper-alpha
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| |The bill is brought to the relevant committees for review and drafting.
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| |The committees discuss, propose, and compose the final text of the bill. During the drafting process, members of the public are also consulted on the bill, and expert witnesses are called to provide input.
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| |The final draft is reviewed article-by-article, and presented to the Parliament. }}
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| |'''Approval''': takes place in both chambers of Parliament.{{ordered list|type=upper-alpha
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| |The Parliament debates and proposes further amendments to the bill. (It can also vote to refer the bill back to committees for further consideration, returning it to the drafting stage.)
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| |The bill is sent to the [[Judiciary of Gylias#Constitutional Court of Gylias|Constitutional Court]] for inspection.
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| |Once cleared by the Constitutional Court, the chamber where the bill originated votes on it.
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| |If the bill passes the chamber, it is sent to the other chamber where it must be voted through without further changes.
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| |If the other chamber modifies the bill, it must be returned to the original chamber to approve the changes.
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| |To prevent repeated passing of the bill between the two chambers, the Chamber of Deputies can overrule the Senate's rejection of a bill by majority vote. }}
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| |'''Promulgation''': done by the [[President of Gylias]].{{ordered list|type=upper-alpha
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| |Once a bill is passed, it is sent to the President for promulgation into law.
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| |The President can reject a bill with a written justification, returning it to Parliament. (It is customary for the justification to be that the bill is unconstitutional or would affect popular self-governance.)
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| |If the bill is returned, Parliament debates it anew.
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| |If the Parliament approves the bill without modifications, the President must sign it into law. }}
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| }}
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| After the President has promulgated it, a law is publiced into the ''Official Gazette'' and {{wpl|coming into force|commences}} after 15 days, unless a longer time period is specified.
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| ===Responsibilities=== | | ===Responsibilities=== |
| Other responsibilities of the Parliament include:
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| * Providing a forum for debating and discussing matters of public importance through popular petitions, {{wpl|Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motions}}, and bills.
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| * Debating amendements to the Constitution.
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| * Reviewing the actions of government, both policy and routine administration.
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| * Approving federal budgets.
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| ==Parliamentary procedure== | | ==Parliamentary procedure== |
| Both chambers of Parliament have a presiding Speaker, chosen from the members at the beginning of a new term and renouncing party affiliation. Speakers carry out administrative tasks: they maintain order during debates, determine the order in which members speak, make rulings on procedure, and announce vote results. Speakers may not vote in a debate except in the event of a tie, where they will {{wpl|Speaker Denison's rule|vote in favour of further debate or the status quo}}.
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| The Gylian Parliament does not have rules on {{wpl|unparliamentary language}}, giving it a more informal atmosphere compared to other state legislatures, but members are not allowed to interrupt other members while they are speaking. Members can directly speak amongst themselves or address their remarks to the Speaker; the former is more common. They can refer to each other by full name, or as "Deputy" or "Senator" for short according to the chamber they serve in.
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| Members are not allowed to directly insult another member's family members or non-parliamentary friends. Members of Parliament do not have {{wpl|parliamentary immunity}}, but have {{wpl|parliamentary privilege}} for their statements.
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| All votes in Parliament are made electronically.
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| Each day of parliamentary session has 30 minutes reserved for {{wpl|Question Time}}, during which Deputies and Senators address questions to the [[Cabinet of Gylias|Cabinet]] and [[Prime Minister of Gylias|Prime Minister]]. The Prime Minister transfers questions that are not their direct responsibility to the relevant cabinet members.
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| As a result of the [[List of political parties in Gylias|large number of parties represented]] and stricter moderation by the Speakers, Question Time sessions in Gylias are known for their lively but civilised atmosphere. Questions during this period are required to be relevant to policy, even from members of government parties. Speakers routinely disallow {{wpl|Dorothy Dixer|pre-arranged questions for the purpose of criticising the opposition}}.
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| Both chambers of Parliament meet and conduct their sessions separately, but joint meetings of both chambers can take place to receive addresses from visiting heads of state or government. The most recent joint sitting occurred on 31 May 2013, when [[Anelyn Trento|Queen Anelyn I]] addressed the Gylian Parliament during her state visit. Deputies and Senators take the oath of office together when a new Parliament is sworn in.
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| ==Members== | | ==Members== |
| Members of Parliament | | Members of Parliament |
