Civil Service of the Kingdom of Italy

The Civil Service of the Kingdom of Italy, formally the Civil Service of the Duce (Italian: Servizio Civile del Duce) is the whole complex of officials and employees working for the Italian government.

Not all employees of the State and public institutions or corporations are civil servants: for instance, most employees of State-owned enterprises are not civil servants. The Civil Service is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Public Administration, but, properly speaking, the Public Administration is the complex of employees and their activities carried out by the State in order to achieve the public interest. From a technical point of view, personnel of the Ministry of Imperial Affairs is included within the Civil service of the Duce, but not within the Italian Public Administration.

The State civilian careers are reserved for certain categories of people possessing some minimum requirements: Italian citizenship or nationality or Colonial Citizenship (for some administrations), age not less than 18 years and not more than 32 (unless exempted), good conduct, political reliability and physical fitness for employment.

Those who have been expelled from the National Fascist Party and those who have been dismissed or laid off from Public Administration do not have access to employment. The recruitment to employment is carried out by public competitive examination for entry grades. The competition is organized by the Minister to be published in the Official Gazette.

Ideological concept

Fascism seeks a rise in the level, the maintenance of a tradition and a sensitivity, all phenomena parallel to that of maintaining the principle of true authority and sovereignty. The bureaucratic class is one of the political classes, defined by an ideal of loyalty, which serve the State and the Duce. This proceeds from the fact that sovereign power manifests itself not only formally, but also effectively through bureaucracy. Therefore, service to the state, albeit administrative, is among the greatest honors that the aristocratic spirit can conceive, in the context of a special recognition accorded to the principle of competences.
State administration implies a certain automatism of subordinate functions of an instrumental and particularly impersonal type. This is the dimension proper to bureaucracy. Therefore, the Fascist bureaucracy must be "neutral" in the sense that it must not seek in any way to become independent, to secure a properly political authority.
The Fascist civil service has (at least in ideal claims) an anti-bureaucratic, military spirit. The Fascist bureaucracy has a style which, connected to experience and competence and, on the other hand, to loyalty, is transmitted without interruption to the new elements that gradually become part of state organizations, especially when it comes to the administration internal, diplomacy, army, where a strong selection ensures the offices a maximum of homogeneity to effectively favor the maintenance of tradition.
Every state official should feel like a member of a militia: he should feel the honor of the public service to which he has been called and be able to demonstrate a corresponding sense of responsibility. Especially in the higher ranks, there is also the disinterest of an active impersonality and a pure, disinterested loyalty. However, just as in the other classes of service to the state, the qualities of the high bureaucratic degrees are qualities required in elements that remain subordinate to the political authority. It follows that the qualifications and managerial powers have nothing to do with the functions of a real command and, in general, with the right to direct and dispose inherent to the real leaders.
When the bureaucracy ceases to be neutral, the risk arises that it will tacitly emancipate itself from the true political class, as if it constitutes a substitute for the state or, at least, a double of it, having the function of a cavity, of a sealed compartment. between the nation and the real ruling political class. Politicization, understood in its worst sense as opposed to the spirit of militia, determines a perversion of the hierarchy within the bureaucratic body, effectively creating an order and rank that do not coincide with those purely and impersonally defined by cadres.

The corporatist and undemocratic principle of the internal administration of the individual corporations aims to replicate this spirit of service: the highest functions are entrusted to those who enjoy moral and spiritual independence, precisely to guarantee the purity and impersonality of the function, and, no less, the corresponding prestige.

Divisions

The Civil Service is divided into:

• the central civil service (overseen by the relevant Ministry and recruited under the guidance of the Ministry of Public Administration);
• the judiciary (overseen and recruited by the Ministry of Grace and Justice);
• the civil service of public hospitals (overseen by the Ministry of Health and partly recruited under the guidance of the Ministry of Public Administration);

Concepts of both Public Administration and Civil Service do not include the militar nor the P.N.F. personnel.

Corps and ranks

Civil servants of the State are divided into corps (administration), which may themselves be divided into ranks (grades) (called classes in certain corps). Corps are grouped in 4 categories named A to D, in decreasing order of educational knowledge theoretically required. Generally, to avoid rank inflation, the number of civil servants in the higher ranks is constrained by a maximal percentage of the total number of civil servants of the corps. Each corps has a set of possible job or task descriptions and may have its own particular statutes.

Hierarchy

The administrative hierarchy is the legal relationship existing between a higher-level body and a subordinate body when the powers given to the subordinate body are all included within those given to the higher-level body. More precisely, the subordinate body does not have its own exclusive sphere of competence, even if, in accordance with the principle of legality, the superior body has a competence that includes also that of the latter. The homogeneity of the competences justifies the powers of the hierarchical superior and the duty of obedience of the inferior.
Among the relationships between a plurality of bodies, the hierarchy has the highest degree of intensity: the body in position of supremacy is recognised a number of specific powers, such as the power to give orders and be subject to the control of the subordinate body, to revoke the inappropriate acts may be adopted by this, to delegate the exercise of functions, and to withdraw powers.
The hierarchy is expressed also in the ability to exercise real powers of delegation and substitution in the case of inertia organ subordinate. The administrative hierarchy acts, moreover, as principle of distribution of powers within the administrative organisation. It is a typical feature of the ministerial bureaucracy.
The hierarchy also finds application in the system of administrative protection: there is, in fact, the possibility of appeal to a higher authority hierarchical body that has adopted an administrative act. That action, possible precisely because of the position of supremacy, it is recognised to the recipient of the administrative act that is considered spoiled, which can request its annulment, both for reasons of legitimacy and merit.
The most common hierarchy type present in the Civil Service of the King is the personal hierarchy, i.e. the subordination of the physical person of the inferior official to the superior (although strictly within the limitations of service); in some cases the hierarchy is between organs of the legal person.

Relationship of direction

The relationship of direction is a less strong and less widespread interorganic relationship in the Italian administrative apparatus. The relationship of direction is characterised by the fact that, even if two organs are placed in a position of inequality, there is a more or less broad sphere of autonomy in relation to the subordinate one.
The superordinate body has the power to indicate the goals to be pursued, but must leave the subordinate structure the right to choose the modalities and timing of the action aimed at achieving those results. In the relationship of direction, the superordinate body in particular the power to direct, the power to issue directives and to control the administrative activity in consideration of the objectives to be achieved. Other powers, those of avocation or replacement, may from time to time be attributed by law.
The subordinate body can disregard directives by reasoning adequately.

Organisation of civil personnel

The public employee is subjected to "special subjection" to the unquestionable judgments of the public administration. The relationship of public employment is not an ordinary work performance to which a simple and economic material corresponds, but rather an ethical relationship for which the employee is admitted to the administrative structure so that he devotes to it all his own forces of genius and culture, within the political and social goals that belong to the state. It is, therefore, a relationship of fidelity that can contract only the one who, for his mentality and his inclinations, lives and acts according to the ideal and practical tendencies that are proper to the administration in the historical cycle in which the employee he must explain his work. It is therefore not admissible that the employee can be introduced into the administrative structure in a spirit that disagrees with those tendencies that he should embody.
To obtain the appointment as an employee it is necessary to have certain moral, civil and political requirements, to be evaluated according to the unquestionable judgment of the public administration. The probational employee must make a solemn promise of diligence, secrecy and fidelity to his duties, committing himself to conform his or her conduct to the dignity of employment and declaring not to belong to antifascist associations or parties or otherwise incompatible with his duties. Once the actual assumption has been obtained, it is then necessary to take an oath largely on the solemn promise.

All civil and military personnel dependent on the State (including employees of local authorities and public bodies, magistrates and teachers, and excluding only railwaymen and workers) are classified in a single hierarchy. All the employees of the administration are divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) within which there were several ranks, for a total of fifteen ranks. Ranks are therefore equivalent between employees assigned to different services and employed by different administrations.

The civil administration generally mutuals not only the spirit and the terminology, but also the structure of the military system. The annual assessment of the employee is regulated in detail and is carried out by means of detailed qualification notes on which any promotions depend.

The careers of civil servants in state administrations are divided into four groups:

• Group A: directive careers (officials);
• Group B: concept careers;
• Group C: executive careers;
• Group D: auxiliary personnel careers, considered non-clerical.

Officials career

The executive officials career (Funzionari Direttivi, A Group) is the top echelon of the Public Administration, and as a whole they retain a managerial responsibility. As a rule, the higher the rank, the wider the autonomy; however, specific tasks can vary according the specific rank and assignment. Group A is the category whose admission contest is accessed with the degree. The career begins with the XI degree for administrative roles (Deputy Secretary) and for those of diplomats, magistrates, the military, and with a higher degree, degree X, for technical roles. In the administrative role the career, a pyramid that gradually shrinks upwards, can reach, for a few elements, up to grade IV, while in technical roles it stops at a lower level, mostly the VI, and sometimes the V or VII (Astronomers). In rank I, the maximum, there is only one place in the role: that of the First President of the Supreme Court of Cassation.

High-level administrative positions are typically paid much less than the equivalent positions in private industries; occasionally, people from a ministry supervising some industry would later go to work in that same industry. The cozyness between some industrial, political and administrative circles is sometimes frowned upon and denounced. Members of the administrative corps are well represented in politics; this is facilitated by civil servants (of any level) being able to exercise elected office on a temporary leave from government.

The Officials careers of State Administration include the following ranks:

• Rank IV: Director General (Dirigente Generale) or equivalent;
• Rank V: Inspector General (Ispettore Generale) or equivalent;
• Rank VI: Deputy Director (Vice Dirigente) or equivalent;
• Rank VII: Chief Councillor (Consigliere Capo) or equivalent;
• Rank VIII: Councillor 1st Class (Consigliere di Prima Classe) or equivalent;
• Rank IX: Councillor 2nd Class (Consigliere di Seconda Classe) or equivalent;
• Rank X: Councillor 3rd Class (Consigliere di Terza Classe) or equivalent;
• Rank XI: Councillor 4th Class (Consigliere di Quarta Classe) or equivalent.

Ranks above the Rank IV - Director General enjoy of their own regulations.

All Officials Careers have as a minimum requirement the four-year degree. Careers of directive personnel for access to which is required to hold at least five-year graduation or other degree followed by university specialisation courses, begin from the rank of Councillor of 2nd class or equivalent; careers which require an university-level education, begin from the rank of Councillor 4th Class or equivalent while on training.

Officials have to deal with activities and problems that cover different areas; so often they have to know different subjects, besides those of their area of competence. This capacity for knowledge, adaptation and decision differentiates the activity of a manager instructor and an officer from that of public employees. This need for multi-sector knowledge derives from the fact that often they have to manage and coordinate a work group, a staff or an office with responsibility for management and results. The Official must direct the functions of the B and C clerks, initiating the procedures themselves, giving the directives to follow: in a small body the freedom of decision and therefore the responsibilities is greater, while in a large entity, with a strong hierarchical structure in the decisions, autonomy is less.

The Directors-General perform the functions that are directly attributed to them by laws and regulations and act in matters delegated to them by the Minister. They assist the Minister in the performance of administrative and propose to the Minister the general measures in the areas of competence. The Directors General, finally, the head office activities, ensuring its consistency with the public interest and the best possible operation. In their capacity as heads of their administrative branches, they enact directly the mandatory acts and provide the penultimate end to hierarchical recourse.

Group A Officials ranks
Rank	Administrative career (Italian)	Military career (Army) (Italian)	Public security career (Italian)	Prefectorial career (Italian)
I	-	-	-	-
II	-	Army General (Generale d'Armata)	Chief of Police (Capo della Polizia)	Governor of Rome (Governatore di Roma)
III	Director General, 1st Class (Dirigente Generale di Prima Classe)	Lieutenant General (Generale di Corpo d'Armata)	Director General of P.S., 1st Class (Dirigente Generale di Prima Classe di P.S.)	Prefect First Class (Prefetto di Prima Classe)
IV	Director General (Dirigente Generale)	Major General (Generale di Divisione)	Director General of P.S. (Dirigente Generale di P.S.)	Prefect 2nd Class (Prefetto di Seconda Classe)
V	Inspector General (Ispettore Generale)	Brigadier General (Generale di Brigata)	Inspector General (Ispettore Generale) Quaestor, 1st Class (Questore di Prima Classe)	Vice-Prefect (Vice-Prefetto)
VI	Deputy Director (Vice Dirigente)	Colonel (Colonnello)	Quaestor, 2nd Class (Questore di Seconda Classe)	Vice-Prefect Inspector (Vice-Prefetto Ispettore)
VII	Chief Councillor (Consigliere Capo)	Lieutenant Colonel (Tenente Colonnello)	Deputy Quaestor (Vice-Questore)	Additional Vice-Prefect Inspector (Vice-Prefetto Ispettore Aggiunto)
VIII	Councillor 1st Class (Consigliere di Prima Classe)	Major (Maggiore)	Chief Commissioner of P.S. (Commissario Capo di P.S.)	Sectional Director (Prefectural) (Direttore di Sezione (Prefettizio))
IX	Councillor 2nd Class (Consigliere di Seconda Classe)	Captain (Capitano)	Commissioner of P.S. (Commissario di P.S.)	Prefecture Councillor (Consigliere di Prefettura)
X	Councillor 3rd Class (Consigliere di Terza Classe)	Lieutenant (Tenente)	Deputy Commissioner of P.S. ( Vicecommissario di P.S.)	Deputy Prefecture Councillor (Vice Consigliere di Prefettura)
XI	Councillor 4th Class (Consigliere di Quarta Classe)	Second Lieutenant (Sottotenente)	Additional Deputy Commissioner of P.S. (Vicecommissario Aggiunto di P.S.)	-
Notes

Group A Officials ranks
Rank	Accounting career (Italian)	Military career (Army) (Italian)	Technical career (Italian)
I	-	-	-
II	-	Army General (Generale d'Armata)	-
III	Accountant General of State (Ragioniere Generale dello Stato)	Lieutenant General (Generale di Corpo d'Armata)	President of the Superior Council of Public Works (Presidente del Consiglio superiore dei lavori pubblici) Deputy President of the Superior Council of Public Works (Vicepresidente del Consiglio superiore dei lavori pubblici)
IV	Chief Intendant of Finance (Intendente Capo di Finanza)	Major General (Generale di Divisione)	Sectional President of the Superior Council of Public Works (Presidente di Sezione del Consiglio superiore dei lavori pubblici)
V	Intendant of Finance 1st Class (Intendente di Finanza di Prima Classe)	Brigadier General (Generale di Brigata)	Councillor of the Superior Council of Public Works (Consigliere del Consiglio superiore dei lavori pubblici) Senior Inspector of Civil Engineering (Ispettore Superiore del Genio Civile)
VI	Intendant of Finance 2nd Class (Intendente di Finanza di Seconda Classe)	Colonel (Colonnello)	Inspector of Civil Engineering (Ispettore del Genio Civile)
VII	Chief Councillor (Consigliere Capo)	Lieutenant Colonel (Tenente Colonnello)	First Chief Engineer of Civil Engineering (Primo Ingegnere Capo del Genio Civile)
VIII	Councillor 1st Class (Consigliere di Prima Classe)	Major (Maggiore)	Chief Engineer of Civil Engineering (Ingegnere Capo del Genio Civile)
IX	Councillor 2nd Class (Consigliere di Seconda Classe)	Captain (Capitano)	Engineer of Civil Engineering (Ingegnere del Genio Civile)
X	Councillor 3rd Class (Consigliere di Terza Classe)	Lieutenant (Tenente)	Additional Engineer of Civil Engineering (Ingegnere Aggiunto del Genio Civile)
XI	Councillor 4th Class (Consigliere di Quarta Classe)	Second Lieutenant (Sottotenente)	-

Directors

The Director (Ranks VII - Chief Councillor, VI - Deputy Director, and V - Inspector General) directs an organic unit of the administrative sector not reserved for managers, or directs in an organic way the activity of organizational units, issuing directives and specific instructions aimed at identifying the objectives to be achieved. Check the results and the costs of the activity carried out by the organic unit that directs. He collaborates in the promotion and preparation of programs and projects related to the entire service and contributes to the implementation of the same, participating in the periodic evaluations of the results.
The Director also prepares administrative acts of particular importance and complexity, prepares and examines administrative provisions, excluding those reserved by law for senior managers, and examines the legislative proposals in the areas assigned to which he is responsible and expresses opinions on questions of a legal nature. proposed by the Administration offices. The Director conducts analysis, study and research in the areas of expertise, formulates and evaluates proposals for changes to procedures and work organization, within the scope of his competence.
Officials of these three ranks also ensure the maintenance of the documentation relating to the regulations, reporting, independently, the aspects and correlations that affect the service. Such officials also may be in charge of inspection activities and participate in minor collegiate bodies. In major collegiate bodies, the Director carries out activities as secretary of committees, commissions, collegiate bodies and the like with full organizational autonomy and also exercises the function of official rogant.

In particular, Inspectors General (Rank V), in accordance with the directives of the Minister and the competent Director General, oversee the bodies and offices of their Directorate General through inspections and other means permitted by law. After completing the required inspections, they report the results of inspections or investigations entrusted to them, pointing out all the deficiencies noted and formulating proposals on the measures to be taken. In urgent cases they may take some administrative measures, and may receive special assignments or positions of substitution. Finally, the inspectors general may be responsible for particularly important individual offices of the central and peripheral Public Administration.

Personnel in the ranks of Deputy Director and Chief Councillor carries out legislation, coordination, propulsion and control activities. They take care of the technical-scientific organisation of the work of offices and services. They look forward to the tasks of study and research, and participate in collegial bodies, commissions or committees operating within the Administration. They are generally responsible for the management of the various branches of the central and peripheral organs.

Councillors

Councillors collaborate with superiors within the services which they are assigned to. They prepare bureaucratic practices assigned to them and report about them to their supervisors; finally, they notify those concerned of the action taken by the Administration and issue certifications. During the period of overall stay on ranks of Councillor, the personnel must be assigned at least to three different areas of activity. This requirement is necessary for the purpose of promotion to Deputy Director.

The Councillor carries out activities of preparation and drafting of documents and documents related to the administrative activity of the entity, involving a significant degree of complexity, as well as activities of analysis, study and research, with reference to the field of competence. The Councillor is also responsible for the tasks assigned by the special sector disciplines to the organizational units in which he serves.

Direttore Generale and Dirigente Generale

Although both translated in English as "Director General", the title of "Direttore Generale" is clearly distinct from "Dirigente Generale"; the former is a title related to the position (usually the highest official) in an administration (e.g. Director General of a Ministry Directorate or of the administrative services of a Municipality and so on), while the latter is merely a rank of the civil service.

Concept careers

The concept careers personnel (B Group) performs tasks of administrative, accounting and technical support as senior clerks. In carrying out their duties, they are responsible for the proper implementation of laws and regulations. The concept careers include the following ranks:

• Rank VI: Chief Secretary (Segretario Capo) or equivalent;
• Rank VII: Principal Secretary (Segretario Principale) or equivalent;
• Rank VIII: First Secretary (Primo Segretario) or equivalent;
• Rank IX: Secretary (Segretario) or equivalent;
• Rank X: Additional Secretary (Segretario Aggiunto) or equivalent;
• Rank XI: Deputy Secretary (Vicesegretario) or equivalent.

The appointment as Deputy Secretary is achieved through public competitive examination for which they are eligible to participate in the Italian citizens bearing high school diploma. It is to note that Rank VI (B Group) is subordinate to all A-Group Ranks but the A-Group Rank XI (Councillor 4th Class or equivalent).

Administrartive concept careers

The administrative concept clerk performs administrative skills and must hold a five-year diploma and have specialist knowledge. The concept administrative clerk performs various specialist tasks. In doing so, he can direct subordinate personnel or work alone.

Executive careers

The executive careers personnel (C Group) is in charge of keeping records, headings and the protocol, in order to ensure preservation of the section records, performs tasks of accounting and statistics. Lastly, the C-group employee keeps contacts with the public and can be used for other tasks, if service requirements dictate it. They are recruited with the requisite of middle school license. The executive careers include the following ranks:

• Rank VIII: Higher Archivist (Archivista Superiore) or equivalent;
• Rank IX: Chief Archivist (Archivista Capo) or equivalent;
• Rank X: First Archivist (Primo Archivista) or equivalent;
• Rank XI: Archivist (Archivista) or equivalent;
• Rank XII Applied (Applicato) or equivalent;
• Rank XIII: Additional Applied (Applicato Aggiunto) or equivalent.

It is to note that Rank VIII (C Group) is subordinate to all A-Group and B-Group Ranks but the A-Group Rank XI (Councillor 4th Class or equivalent). The Public Security Administration, alongside with Royal Police Corps and Royal Carabinieri troops, employs some civilian C-group personnel, in order to keep archives, databases and records, as well as deal with the administrative and routine clerk work which does not involve public security-related decision-making.

Executive administrartive careers

The C-group administrative executive clerk is a public employee with basic theoretical administrative, statistical or organisational skills. He works in cooperation with other higher employees and has autonomy and responsibility in the framework of general requirements.

Auxiliary careers

The auxiliary personnel careers (D-Group) are those careers which are tasked with general or technical support to the administrative action of the Public Administration which employs them. The general support includes rooms general cleaning and low-profile maintenance, as well as non-specialistic technical maintenance, file and material transport, access surveillance and antechamber service; on the other hand, the technical support includes specialistic technical maintenance (usually for vehicles and other high-value instruments). The fatigue work are performed by the two lowest ranks. The auxiliary personnel careers include the following ranks:

• Rank X: First Clerk (Primo Commesso) or Chief Technical Agent (Agente Tecnico Capo) or equivalent;
• Rank XI: Chief Clerk (Commesso Capo) or Technical Agent (Agente Tecnico) or equivalent;
• Rank XII: Clerk (Commesso) or equivalent;
• Rank XIII: Chief Usher (Usciere Capo) or equivalent;
• Rank XIV: Usher (Usciere) or equivalent;
• Rank XV: Janitor (Inserviente) or equivalent.

It is to note that Rank X (D Group) is subordinate to all A-Group, B-Group and C-Group Ranks but the A-Group Rank XI (Councillor 4th Class or equivalent).

Civil service uniform

All civilian employees of the ministries (of all ranks) must wear the appropriate uniform. The ordinary uniform consists of black trousers, black jacket and black tie, with a white shirt. A black cap (with the white top for summer uniforms) is also worn. On the left breast, a special pin is worn in order to show the individual's own rank.

A governmental uniform's distinctive feature is the ministerial Eagle as cap frieze. The Eagle is in different materials and colours for the different categories and is located above a cloth bearing the colour of the relevant Ministry. The ministerial Eagles are with curved wings, as if they were inscripted in an oval. They are placed on a relatively short Fasces with a central blade facing down. Finally, the Eagle's head is turned to the left.

Duties

Civil servants have duties; failure to carry them out may result in disciplinary action, up to discharge. The main duties are:

• Hierarchical obedience: A civil servant must accomplish the orders given by his hierarchical superior, unless those orders are evidently illegal and seriously contrary to public interest.
• Full commitment to professional activity: a civil servant must devote his full professional activity to his appointed task. By exception, a civil servant may in addition to his regular activities write books; he may also accomplish certain tasks (especially teaching...) with the permission of his hierarchical superior.
• Morality: one cannot be a civil servant if one has been convicted of a crime incompatible with one's functions. In some cases, certain aspects of the private life of a civil servant may be termed incompatible with his functions. For instance, it is inappropriate for a member of the police or the judiciary to live with a delinquent partner or a prostitute. Appreciation of what is appropriate or not is largely a matter of case law.
• Political Alignment: a civil servant must be in line with political requirements of full loyality to the Fascist regime. A civil servant must not, by his actions and especially by his declarations, cause harm to institutions nor to the Fascist dominance. Generally speaking, a civil servant must always refrain from enunciating personal opinions in a manner that can be construed as expressing the official opinion of the government or a public institution, especially if these opinions counterdict the official line. The academic freedom of university professors is a principle partly recognised by law, but they face considerable limits.
• Professional discretion: Civil servants must not reveal private or secret information that they have gained in the course of their duties. Depending on a civil servant's corps, this obligation may be of varying intensity.
• Integrity: Civil servants must not use the means at their professional disposal for private gain.

Recruitment and career

As an exception to the general rules concerning workers, civil servants do not sign contracts; their situation is defined by statutory and regulatory dispositions, most notably the General Statute of the Civil Servants. The general rule is that civil servants are recruited through competitive exams, either:

• external, reserved to competitors fulfilling certain conditions of diplomas and age;
• internal, reserved to civil servants in certain positions;
• external, reserved to competitors having certain professional experience and age.

The most common method is to organise written and/or oral exams in subjects pertaining to the tasks to be accomplished. In all cases, a committee ranks candidates by order of preference; the positions are filled by the candidates accepting them called in that order of preference. For managerial positions, nominations are at the discretion of the government.
High level nominations are made by the Duce. The rest are by the head of the agency they belong to, or by a minister; in fact, they are in general appointed by some person who has received from the head of agency or minister the authority to do so.

Pay

The pay of a civil servant is composed of:

• a base pay known as traitement
• possible overtime pay
• possible bonuses, which depend on the particular job assignment and possibly of the individual worker.

The treatment is for most civil servants fixed by multiply an index by the value of the index point in Liras. The value of the index point is set by the executive and is raised regularly to compensate for inflation. The index depends on the corps, rank and seniority in rank.

Ministry of Public Administration

The Ministry of Public Administration (Ministero della Pubblica Amministrazione) coordinates activities relating to the organisation and functioning of public administrations and in the field of employment in public administrations.

In particular, the Ministry carries out tasks relating to the analysis of staff needs and planning of recruitments in public administrations, the legal status, the economic and social security of staff, monitoring of the absence of public employees, training concerning public administrations, general assessment, monitoring of public administration assessment systems. The Ministry also monitors and verifies the implementation of public administration reforms and carries out research and monitoring activities,

The Minister directs the organisation and functioning of the Ministry and responds to his activity and the results achieved. The Minister is assisted by a Secretariat to support the carrying out of current activities.

Minister of Public Administration

The Minister of Public Administration prepares and implements, in conjunction with the ministers concerned, the Government's policy on the management of Public Administration. As regards the modernization of public action, the Minister is responsible for the policy of transformation of the State. He promotes specific actions to manage the digital transformation of the State and supports the ministries and operators in the design, implementation and evaluation of measures aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of public services and coordinates their action in this area.
The Minister of Public Administration leads the work to modernize the framework for budget and public accounting management at the central and decentralized levels. He is associated by the Minister of the Interior with the Government's policy on territorial administration of the State in the direction of initiatives promoting citizens' access to public services.
The Minister countersigns the decrees relating to the organization of central administrations and public establishments and ensures compliance with the obligations of all civil servants and the principles governing their careers. The Minister leads the policy of renovating the management of human resources in public administrations. As such, he ensures the steering and coordination of the management of the State's human resources. The Minister also leads the remuneration policy, pensions and pensions in the public service and ensures the coordination of statutory rules and specific indexes.
The Minister takes care to promote social homogeneity in the public service, while respecting the principle of fiduciary access to public employment and chairs the Superior Council of the Civil Service.

Organisation

The Ministry is divided into six Directorates General and the Inspectorate for the public administration.

• Directorate General for General Affairs;
• Directorate General for Innovation;
• Directorate General for organisation and public work;
  • Division I - Acquisition and Litigation;
  • Division II - Public Buildings;[
• Directorate General for Performance Evaluation;
• Directorate General for administrative management;
• Directorate General for the coordination fo Public Competition;
• Central Office for Communication;
• Central Office for E-Government;
• Inspectorate for the public administration;
• Superior Council of the Civil Service.

Directorate General for General Affairs

The Directorate General for General Affairs takes care of the general relative issues of the Ministry, manages relations with the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, with the Office for internal control and coordination of the activities of the offices in matters of transparency and prevention of the corruption, strategic and operational planning, assessment of managers; preparation of the annual report to the Duce on the state of public administration; support to the supervisory functions on bodies, delegated to the Minister or assigned to the Ministry, in collaboration with the offices of the Directorate General responsible for the matter.
In particular, the Directorate General for General Affairs of the Ministry of Public Administration closely cooperates with the Directorate General for the General Affairs and Civlian Personnel of the Ministry of Interior and with the Directorate General for the Administrative coordination of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.

Directorate General for Innovation

The Directorate General for Innovation is the organisation of the Ministry of Public Administration with the task of making and suggesting policy on administrative reform, central reorganisation plans, personnel establishment, quotas, wages, and administrative regulations for State institutions.

The Directorate General maintains close links with the Italian academic community.

Central Office for Communication

The Central Office for Communication deals with propaganda activities, takes care of the press review and of the video-photographic documentation on the institutional activities of the Ministry, designs and implements integrated communication campaigns and promotional initiatives and provides organisational support for events and events useful to promote the activities of the Ministry.

Superior Council of the Civil Service

The Superior Council of the Civil Service (Italian: Consiglio Superiore del Servizio Civile) is the advisory body of the Ministry of Public Administration. The Council is consulted on all questions of a general nature concerning the civil service of the State. It issues opinions or recommendations. The Superior Council must be consulted on bills relating to the rights and obligations of civil servants, bills relating to civil servants of the State or draft decrees comprising provisions common to several bodies of civil servants.
The Council is also tasked with improving management within the Public Administration, resolving specific interagency management issues and produce mechanisms for the efficient exchange of information throughout the executive branch, as well as to provide advice and recommendations on effective strategies for the implementation of the best business practices on matters related to government's management and operations, with focus on productivity, the implementation of innovative methods, customer service, and technology.
The Council is chaired by the Minister, and consists of:

• 6 corporate executives from leading Italian companies;
• 6 representatives of clerical workers from leading Italian companies;
• All Secretaries-General of the Ministries, minus the Ministry of National Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, or their delegates;
• The General Secretary of the General Fascist Association of Public Employment.

General Fascist Association of Public Employment

The General Fascist Association of Public Employment (Associazione Generale Fascista del Pubblico Impiego, A.G.F.P.I.) is the official Fascist association which gathers all public employees and acts as unofficial union. The General Fascist Association of Public Employment is the association of broader social roots and greater political weight. On the one hand, the Association acts as a tool for spreading the ideological and political themes of fascism and as a transmission belt through which to bring closer to the Party and to the Regime of the members and representatives, on the other as a channel within which, despite everything , the needs, discomforts, interests, expectations and demands of a vast social layer are expressed.

Ideological tenets

Sindacalism and public employment are, for Fascism, irreconcilable terms. For the ideologues and political summits of the regime it is not admissible that in the "totality" represented by the State, in a trade union conflict, a "part", the public employee, is opposed. The State, custodian and guarantor of the general interest, would have understood within itself the interests and needs of the various segments of society, bringing the part back into harmony with the whole. There is not and therefore there can not be space, in Fascist Italy, for a union of public employees, legitimised to open disputes and confrontations with the other party.
In any case, Corporatism admits the existence of organisations that are able to provide welfare benefits, social security protections, recreational leisure activities, without however intervening on the work activity or on the salary levels but able to sit alongside the Corporations. According to the same reasoning, the Total State also provides organisations for political framing, propaganda, support for ideas, policies and initiatives of the Regime, able to support and support the activities of the P.N.F. in relation to the vast and crucial sector. , of the public employment.

Organisation

The Association is organised according to a strongly centralised structure, given the close subordination of the provincial structures to the central and collegiate bodies to the secretary. The P.N.F. maintains a direct power over the activity of the Association. The A.G.F.P.I. therefore also from this point of view differs strongly from the recognised trade unions, finding itself to have much smaller margins of autonomy. The Association consists of:

• General Secretary;
• National Council;
• National Directory.

The Association also has its own articulation on a territorial basis, constituted by the provincial associations, which is entrusted with the task of carrying out the provisions of the national hierarchies and taking care of the resolution of local problems and to which responsibility and administrative control is attributed on all the dependent provincial bodies.
The major powers are assigned to the secretary, who represents the General Association "for every title and responsibility", and among other things the power to proceed with the dissolution of the central and local executive bodies of the member organisations and to dissolve the organisations themselves. The secretary is appointed by the P.N.F. secretary's authority, upon approval by the Chief of government. The three national sections also depend on the secretary, made up of a national congress, a directory and a secretariat.

Administrative provision

The administrative provision is the manifestation of administrative power, intended to regulate a legal relationship between the public administration and a private entity. The administrative provision is therefore a manifestation of the authority of the State and is placed alongside judicial sentences and legislative acts. The administrative provision is taken at the end of a proceeding aimed at guaranteeing the protection of the public interests involved.
The administrative provision is characterised by three general characteristics: tipicality, imperativity and enforceability. The administrative provision is also unassailable when the deadlines for the remedies have elapsed. In any case, the administration can call into question the legal relationship by exercising the power of self-protection or revocation.

Tipicality

The principle of typicality is one of the consequences of the principle of legality, which administrative provision must respect. Administrative provisions must be based on the law and correspond only to the types provided by law. The principle of typicality excludes that the administration may have "implicit powers". The contingent and urgent orders constitute an exception of the typicality principle.

Imperativity

Imperativity operates in terms of the production of legal effects. The administrative provision is endowed with a legal force capable of making public interest prevail over private interests.
Therefore, the administrative provision is imperative: the public administration holding a power conferred by the law can impose its will on the private subject addressed to the administrative provision. The vertical dimension of the relationship between state and citizen is manifested.
Imperativity highlights the particular mode of production of legal effects: it has the ability to unilaterally change the legal sphere of the private recipient, without it being necessary to acquire its consent. The possibly contrary will of the private person does not preclude the production of the legal effect. The addressee is therefore in a position of subjection.

Enforceability

The enforceability operates on the level of the material activities necessary to bring reality into conformity with the legal situation. The enforceability is the power of the administration to proceed with the enforcement of the provision in case of non-cooperation by the private individual, without having to previously contact a judge in order to obtain enforcement.
Unlike the private entity, which has the prohibition of self-justice, the public administration has the opportunity to implement the measures with their own men and means.
The private subject not only cannot oppose the executive activities, but must actively cooperate. The lack of cooperation and, above all, the opposition to executive activities is a behavior that detects in criminal cases. Enforceability is also attributable to obligations with a negotiating nature.

See also

• Government of the Kingdom of Italy