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[[Category:Carucere]]
{{Region icon Kylaris}} [[Category:Carucere]]
{{Infobox Political post
{{Infobox legislature
| post = President
|name              = Senate of Carucere
| body = the<br />Republic of Carucere
|native_name       = <small>''Sénat de Caruquère <br> Senat Karuku''</small>
| native_name             = <small>''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''</small>
|native_name_lang  =  
| insignia = Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
|transcription_name =  
| insigniasize =  
|legislature        = 21st Senate of Carucere
| insigniacaption = Presidential Emblem
|coa_pic            = File:Coat of arms of Annene.png
| flag = Annene flag.png{{!}}border
|coa_res            = 150px
| flagsize =  
|coa_alt            =
| flagcaption = Presidential Standard
|foundation        = 2 February 1972<br>({{age|1972|2|14|p=1|br=1}} years ago)
| nativename =  
| preceded_by        = [[Provincial Senate of Carucere|Provincial Senate]]
| image = Irfaan Ali in 2020.jpg
|house_type        = Unicameral
| imagesize = 200px
|body              =  
| incumbent = [[Neil Gaubina]]
|houses            =
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2018
|leader1_type      = [[President of the Senate of Carucere |President of the Senate]]
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
|leader1            = [[Roy Dazeje]]  
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}<br />{{wp|Head of government}}
|party1            = [[Democratic Party (Carucere)|Democratic]]
| seat = [[Kingston]]
|election1          = 12 July 2023
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
|leader2_type      =
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
|leader2            =
| appointer =  
|party2            =
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
|election2          =
| termlength = Duration of [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] (four years), renewable once
|leader3_type      =
| formation = 17 July 1957
|leader3            =  
| succession = [[Premier of Carucere]]<br />{{small|(as [[Vice President of Carucere|Vice President]])}}
|party3            =  
| inaugural = [[Jean Préval]]
|election3          =  
| deputy = [[Vice President of Carucere|Vice President of Carucere]]
|members            = 79 members
| website =  
|house1            =
|house2            =  
|structure1        =  
{{Parliament diagram
|width=
|height=
|caption=
|show=0
|background=#fcfcfc
|n1= 5 |p1= Carucerean National Congress | c1=#008100
|n2= 7 |p2= Country Party |  c2=#0000ae
|n3= 8 |p3= General Assembly | c3=#00c400
|n4= 22 |p4= United Progressive | c4=#000000
|n5= 12 |p5= Democratic | c5=#E03C31
|n6= 10 |p6= National | c6=#edad08
|n7= 13 |p7= Reformed Social | c7=#89cff0
|n8= 2 |p8= Front | c8=#FF6600
}}
}}
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Republic of Carucere''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''), is the {{wp|head of state}} and the {{wp|head of government}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]] the president heads the executive branch of the national government and is the {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018.
|structure1_res    = 250px
 
|structure1_alt    =
The presidency was originally intended to be a {{wp|figrehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power, as Carucere was originally envisioned as a {{wp|parliamentary  system|parliamentary republic}}. However political power was centralized under the Presidency by [[Jean Préval]], who held the office for 17 years from 1957 to 1974. Today Carucere functions as a {{wp|presidential system|presidential republic}}, although it still maintains many aspects of a parliamentary system. The President is elected by a unique electoral system centered around principles of {{wp|consociationalism}}; the office can be elected by simple plurality of the [[Senate of Carucere]], but no more than one-third of Senators can deny the candidate or they are rejected.
|structure2        =
==History==
|structure2_res    =
The office of the Presidency ultimately originates from the "president" of the post-revolutionary government after the [[Carucerean Revolution]]. First held by [[Jana Maia]], it was purely an informal institution and acted as a public figure and spokesperson of the provisional government; for this reason it is considered as a precursor to the current office of the presidency. When [[Jean Préval]] was elected president by the Senate in early 1954, the institution became increasingly formalized; Préval would use his position to mediate disputes and help draft the constitution. The office was officially created in July 1957 after the ratification of the new constitution. The drafters of the constitution intended Carucere to be a parliamentary republic with the President as a mere figurehead with the Premier as head of government. However Préval was able to extract concessions to empower the President with broad reserve powers. This included the power to command the security forces of the country and the power to enact decrees.
|structure2_alt    =
 
|political_groups1  =
As President, Préval used his popularity and continuing political instability to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Préval's political standing. As his popularity began to wane after economic malaise caused by the [[Sugar Crash]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Préval successfully pushed for constitutional changes that formalized some of his prerogatives, ensuring the primacy of the presidency over the premiership, and reforming Carucere into a presidential republic in 1970.
'''Government (42)'''
 
* {{Color box|#000000}}&nbsp;[[United Progressive Party (Carucere)|Progressive]] (22)
The presidency's new position in the Carucerean political system would survive the Préval's fall from political power, as [[Victorin Lurel]] routinely exercised the powers of the President. In 1986, the electoral system was amended to clarify the election; the President now could be elected by a simple plurality of the vote, but no more than one-third of the Senate could reject the candidate. By the late 1980s, the powers of the President were institutionalized and solidified the presidency as the center of Carucerean politics.
* {{Color box|#E03C31}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Party (Carucere)|Democratic]] (12)
 
* {{Color box|#00c400}}&nbsp;[[General Assembly for Development Party|Assembly]] (8)
In 2003 the method by which the President was elected was clarified once again; if no party gained a majority in the Senate, the candidates of the top two parties by vote share would proceed to the Senate election. As a result, the Senate was firmly established as king-maker for elections and reinforced executive–legislative relations, where Carucerean presidents are bound to to work closely with the legislature. 
'''Opposition (39)'''
==Qualification==
* {{Color box|#89cff0}}&nbsp;[[Reformed Social Party (Carucere)|Reformed]] (13)
In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:
* {{Color box|#E03C31}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Party (Carucere)|Democratic]] (12)
* Be a citizen of Carucere by birth or parentage
* {{Color box|#edad08}}&nbsp;[[National Party of Carucere|National]] (10)
* Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
* {{Color box|#0000ae}}&nbsp;[[Carucerean Country Party|Country]] (7)
* Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
* {{Color box|#008100}}&nbsp;[[Carucerean National Congress|Congress]] (5)
** Be a citizen of Carucere 18 years or older
* {{Color box|#FF6600}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Front of Carucere|Front]] (2)
** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
|political_groups2  =  
==Election==
|committees1        =  
The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among presidential systems, as it reflects its consociational principles. Under the current electoral law, presidential candidates are nominated by political parties running for the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] during legislative elections; then the party or coalition that received the plurality of the popular vote has their candidate presented to the Senate for approval. While the President can be elected by a simple plurality vote, no more than one-third of the Senate’s members can reject the candidate in order for the President to be successfully elected. If a candidate is rejected they must renominate a different one. After the first round other political parties may present candidates and the election order is determined by the number of Senators.
|committees2        =  
 
|joint_committees  =  
The President serves concurrently with the Senate, with their term of office determined by the national legislative elections which are conducted every four years. The President may only be reelected once.
|voting_system1    =  {{wp|Closed list}} {{wp|proportional representation}}
 
|voting_system2    =
==Powers & Duties==
|last_election1    = [[2020 Carucerean legislative election|23 August 2020]]
The Republic of Carucere is a {{wp|presidential system|presidential republic}}. However Carucere's form of presidentialism has many aspects unique to the country, and has been described by commentators as a presidential system combined with certain aspects of a parliamentary system. Although Carucere has a premier, the office only serves to implement policy designed by the president rather than create policy itself.
|last_election2    =
 
|next_election1    = [[2023 Carucerean legislative election|2023]]
As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere,  the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of the executive branch of government and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:
|session_room      = File:BahamianParliamentPanorama.jpg
* to {{wp|promulgate}} laws. The president lacks a formal {{wp|veto}} power but may refer the law for review by the [[Council of State of Carucere|Council of State]] if the President doubts its constitutionality. However if the Council approves, the president must approve the bill.
|session_res        = 250px
* to declare war.
|session_alt        =
* to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
|meeting_place      = [[Red House (Carucere)|Red House]], [[Kingston]], [[Carucere]]
* to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees can be overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
|website            =
* to submit legislation to the Senate. While the President lacks ''de jure'' authority to draft legislation for the Senate, the President usually asks the Premier to submit a bill on their behalf.
|footnotes          =  
* to issue medals and honors for serving the nation.
|motto              =
* to issue pardons.
}}
* to declare a {{wp|state of emergency}} suspending all laws or enacting a state of {{wp|martial law}}.
The '''Senate of Carucere''' ({{wp|French langauge|Gaullican}}: ''Sénat de Caruquère'',  [[Papotement]]: ''Senat Karuku'') is the primary {{wp|legislature|legislative body}} of [[Carucere]]. The Senate is composed of 79 members, who are directly elected for 4-year terms by regional {{wp|proportional representation}}. It is one of two legislative bodies on the national level, the other being the [[Great Assembly of Carucere|Great Assembly]].
* to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
* to appoint the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and other members of the [[Cabinet of Carucere|Cabinet]].
* to appoint senior public officials.  


There are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. If the Senate votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. In addition major decisions, such as budgetary and military matters, requires the assent of the Cabinet for a presidential decision to take effect. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Cabinet before making important decisions to prevent conflict. Commentators have noted that executive-legislative relations creates a political system where the President is given immense power but only within the confines set by the Senate.
The origins of the Senate trace to the colonial legislature formed during the Gaullican colonial era. The modern institution of the Senate was established after the colony's incorporation into the [[Arucian Federation]] in 1934. Following the establishment of an independent Carucere, it became the new country's supreme legislative body. However economic and political infighting weakened the authority of the Senate, after a succession after several weak [[Preimer of Carucere|Preimers]]. [[Jean Preval]]'s {{wp|self-coup}} and the new constitution ratified in 1972, ended the Senate's absolute authority over the country. The country formally became a {{wp|semi-presidential system|semi-presidential}} republic and the Senate had to share a system of checks and balances with the [[President of Carucere]]. Its role further declined with the establishment of the [[Great Assembly of Carucere]] as a second legislative body on the federal level.


==Removal==
Today, the Senate usually exercises a secondary, albeit important, role in national politics. The Senate has the final authority on all legislation. In addition it must approve the appointment of the [[Cabinet of Carucere]] and the [[Premier of Carucere]]. In addition, it maintains many supervisory powers such as the power to {{wp|Impeachment|impeach}} officials, dismiss the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and the [[Premier of Cabinet|Cabinet]] by a majority vote, impeach and remove the President, veto presidential decrees, and to dissolve itself and call new elections. Until an election is completed, the Senate maintains its authority in its current composition.
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
==List of Presidents of Carucere==

Latest revision as of 17:07, 11 July 2023

Template:Region icon Kylaris

Senate of Carucere

Sénat de Caruquère
Senat Karuku
21st Senate of Carucere
Coat of arms of Annene.png
Type
Type
History
Founded2 February 1972
(52 years ago)
Preceded byProvincial Senate
Leadership
Roy Dazeje, Democratic
since 12 July 2023
Structure
Seats79 members
5
7
8
22
12
10
13
2
Political groups
Government (42)
  •   Progressive (22)
  •   Democratic (12)
  •   Assembly (8)

Opposition (39)

Elections
Closed list proportional representation
Last election
23 August 2020
Next election
2023
Meeting place
BahamianParliamentPanorama.jpg
Red House, Kingston, Carucere

The Senate of Carucere (Gaullican: Sénat de Caruquère, Papotement: Senat Karuku) is the primary legislative body of Carucere. The Senate is composed of 79 members, who are directly elected for 4-year terms by regional proportional representation. It is one of two legislative bodies on the national level, the other being the Great Assembly.

The origins of the Senate trace to the colonial legislature formed during the Gaullican colonial era. The modern institution of the Senate was established after the colony's incorporation into the Arucian Federation in 1934. Following the establishment of an independent Carucere, it became the new country's supreme legislative body. However economic and political infighting weakened the authority of the Senate, after a succession after several weak Preimers. Jean Preval's self-coup and the new constitution ratified in 1972, ended the Senate's absolute authority over the country. The country formally became a semi-presidential republic and the Senate had to share a system of checks and balances with the President of Carucere. Its role further declined with the establishment of the Great Assembly of Carucere as a second legislative body on the federal level.

Today, the Senate usually exercises a secondary, albeit important, role in national politics. The Senate has the final authority on all legislation. In addition it must approve the appointment of the Cabinet of Carucere and the Premier of Carucere. In addition, it maintains many supervisory powers such as the power to impeach officials, dismiss the Premier and the Cabinet by a majority vote, impeach and remove the President, veto presidential decrees, and to dissolve itself and call new elections. Until an election is completed, the Senate maintains its authority in its current composition.

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