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{{Region icon Kylaris}} [[Category:Carucere]]
{{Infobox Political post
{{Infobox legislature
| post = President
|name              = Senate of Carucere
| body = the<br />Republic of Carucere
|native_name       = <small>''Sénat de Caruquère <br> Senat Karuku''</small>
| native_name             = <small>''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''</small>
|native_name_lang  =  
| insignia = Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
|transcription_name =  
| insigniasize =  
|legislature        = 21st Senate of Carucere
| insigniacaption = Presidential Emblem
|coa_pic            = File:Coat of arms of Annene.png
| flag = Annene flag.png{{!}}border
|coa_res            = 150px
| flagsize =  
|coa_alt            =
| flagcaption = Presidential Standard
|foundation        =  2 February 1972<br>({{age|1972|2|14|p=1|br=1}} years ago)
| nativename =  
| preceded_by        = [[Provincial Senate of Carucere|Provincial Senate]]
| image = Irfaan Ali in 2020.jpg
|house_type        = Unicameral
| imagesize = 200px
|body              =  
| incumbent = [[Neil Gaubina]]
|houses            =  
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2018
|leader1_type      = [[President of the Senate of Carucere |President of the Senate]]
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
|leader1            = [[Roy Dazeje]]
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}
|party1            = [[Democratic Party (Carucere)|Democratic]]
| seat = [[Kingston]]
|election1          = 12 July 2023
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
|leader2_type      =
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
|leader2            =
| appointer =  {{wp|Direct election}}
|party2            =
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
|election2          =
| termlength = Four years
|leader3_type      =
| formation = 17 July 1957
|leader3            =
| succession = [[Premier of Carucere]]<br />{{small|(as Vice President)}}
|party3            =
| inaugural = [[Jean Preval]]
|election3          =
| deputy = Vice President of Carucere
|members            = 79 members
| website =  
|house1            =
|house2            =  
|structure1        =  
{{Parliament diagram
|width=
|height=
|caption=
|show=0
|background=#fcfcfc
|n1= 5 |p1= Carucerean National Congress | c1=#008100
|n2= 7 |p2= Country Party |  c2=#0000ae
|n3= 8 |p3= General Assembly | c3=#00c400
|n4= 22 |p4= United Progressive | c4=#000000
|n5= 12 |p5= Democratic | c5=#E03C31
|n6= 10 |p6= National | c6=#edad08
|n7= 13 |p7= Reformed Social | c7=#89cff0
|n8= 2 |p8= Front | c8=#FF6600
}}
|structure1_res    = 250px
|structure1_alt    =
|structure2        =
|structure2_res    =
|structure2_alt    =
|political_groups1  =
'''Government (42)'''
* {{Color box|#000000}}&nbsp;[[United Progressive Party (Carucere)|Progressive]] (22)
* {{Color box|#E03C31}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Party (Carucere)|Democratic]] (12)
* {{Color box|#00c400}}&nbsp;[[General Assembly for Development Party|Assembly]] (8)
'''Opposition (39)'''
* {{Color box|#89cff0}}&nbsp;[[Reformed Social Party (Carucere)|Reformed]] (13)
* {{Color box|#E03C31}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Party (Carucere)|Democratic]] (12)
* {{Color box|#edad08}}&nbsp;[[National Party of Carucere|National]] (10)
* {{Color box|#0000ae}}&nbsp;[[Carucerean Country Party|Country]] (7)
* {{Color box|#008100}}&nbsp;[[Carucerean National Congress|Congress]] (5)
* {{Color box|#FF6600}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Front of Carucere|Front]] (2)
|political_groups2  =
|committees1        =
|committees2        =
|joint_committees  =
|voting_system1    = {{wp|Closed list}} {{wp|proportional representation}}
|voting_system2    =  
|last_election1    = [[2020 Carucerean legislative election|23 August 2020]]
|last_election2    =
|next_election1    = [[2023 Carucerean legislative election|2023]]
|session_room      = File:BahamianParliamentPanorama.jpg
|session_res        = 250px
|session_alt        =
|meeting_place      = [[Red House (Carucere)|Red House]], [[Kingston]], [[Carucere]]
|website           =
|footnotes          =
|motto              =  
}}
}}
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Republic of Carucere''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''), is the {{wp|head of state}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]] the president holds the highest office of the national government as {{wp|chief diplomat}} and {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018.
The '''Senate of Carucere''' ({{wp|French langauge|Gaullican}}: ''Sénat de Caruquère'', [[Papotement]]: ''Senat Karuku'') is the primary {{wp|legislature|legislative body}} of [[Carucere]]. The Senate is composed of 79 members, who are directly elected for 4-year terms by regional {{wp|proportional representation}}. It is one of two legislative bodies on the national level, the other being the [[Great Assembly of Carucere|Great Assembly]].
 
Under the {{wp|parliamentary  system}} of the [[Carucerean Republic]], the Presidency was a completely {{wp|figrehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power. Under the new constitution, the office were granted additional executive powers to increase separation of powers. The power further increased under the Presidency by [[Jean Préval]], who held the office for 12 years from 1972 to 1984. Today Carucere functions as a ''de-facto'' {{wp|semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic}}, although it has many unique aspects centered around principles of {{wp|consociationalism}}. The office is elected by a unique electoral system; a candidate must win an absolute majority nationwide and at least 33 percent of the votes in six of the eleven provinces of Carucere.
==Role==
Carucere has a ''de-facto'' {{wp|semi-presidential system}}, with the President as the country's most senior office. Although it is the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] that oversee and direct much of the country's actual governmental affairs, the President president wields significant influence and authority as the guarantor of the country's political stability, although the office is not as powerful as ones found in "strong" presidential systems. The President is chief diplomat and the supreme commander of the Carucerean Defence Force.
 
The President's greatest power is their ability to appoint the Premier. However, since the Senate must approve the election by a two-thirds majority vote, the Premier named by the president must be supported by the Senate, or the candidate will be denied. The President has the discretionary power to dissolve the Senate when they see fit, such as when the Premier is unable to govern due to the Senate's disapproval. As a result, the President has the ability to guide but not directly effect politics in the country.
 
The President must {{wp|Promulgation|promulgate}} all laws enacted by the Senate or the Government for them to come into force. However the President has the authority to {{wp|veto}} laws, although the Senate can override this by a two-thirds majority vote. The president may also refer the law for review by the [[Council of State of Carucere|Council of State]] if the President doubts its constitutionality. Thus the President acts as a sort of "moderating power" among the traditional three branches of government.
 
The role of the President historically varied. As President, Préval used his popularity and continuing political instability to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, the President's power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Préval's political standing. Following his retirement in 1984, the Premier and the Senate reasserted their authority and reduced the power of the Presidency.
 
==Qualification==
In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:
* Be a citizen of Carucere by birth or parentage
* Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
* Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
** Be a citizen of Carucere 18 years or older
** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
==Election==
The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among semi-presidential systems, as it reflects its consociational principles. Under the current electoral law, presidential candidates are nominated by political parties running for the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] to stand for a direct election. To win outright a candidate must win more than half of the total votes cast in the election and at least 33% of the votes cast in six of the eleven provinces of Carucere. If no candidate achieves, the election proceeds to a run-off election, where candidate with the higher number of nationwide votes wins. 
 
The President may only be reelected once and are limited to two full terms in office.
==Powers==
As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere,  the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of state and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:
* to declare war.
* to {{wp|promulgate}} laws.
* to veto laws, decree-laws, regulatory decrees and other Government decrees.
* to refer laws and decrees for constitutional review by the Council of State.
* to dissolve the Senate and call new elections which leads to the resignation of the Government.
* to appoint the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and other members of the [[Cabinet of Carucere|Cabinet]].
* to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
* to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees can be overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
* to submit legislation to the Senate. While the President lacks ''de jure'' authority to draft legislation for the Senate, the President usually asks the Premier to submit a bill on their behalf.
* to issue medals and honors for serving the nation.
* to issue pardons.
* to declare a {{wp|state of emergency}} suspending all laws or enacting a state of {{wp|martial law}}.
* to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
* to appoint senior public officials.  


There are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. With few exceptions, if the Senate votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Government before making important decisions to prevent conflict. Commentators have noted that executive-legislative relations creates a political system where the President wields significant powers but only when the Senate is not opposed.
The origins of the Senate trace to the colonial legislature formed during the Gaullican colonial era. The modern institution of the Senate was established after the colony's incorporation into the [[Arucian Federation]] in 1934. Following the establishment of an independent Carucere, it became the new country's supreme legislative body. However economic and political infighting weakened the authority of the Senate, after a succession after several weak [[Preimer of Carucere|Preimers]]. [[Jean Preval]]'s {{wp|self-coup}} and the new constitution ratified in 1972, ended the Senate's absolute authority over the country. The country formally became a {{wp|semi-presidential system|semi-presidential}} republic and the Senate had to share a system of checks and balances with the [[President of Carucere]]. Its role further declined with the establishment of the [[Great Assembly of Carucere]] as a second legislative body on the federal level.


==Removal==
Today, the Senate usually exercises a secondary, albeit important, role in national politics. The Senate has the final authority on all legislation. In addition it must approve the appointment of the [[Cabinet of Carucere]] and the [[Premier of Carucere]]. In addition, it maintains many supervisory powers such as the power to {{wp|Impeachment|impeach}} officials, dismiss the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and the [[Premier of Cabinet|Cabinet]] by a majority vote, impeach and remove the President, veto presidential decrees, and to dissolve itself and call new elections. Until an election is completed, the Senate maintains its authority in its current composition.
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
==List of Presidents of Carucere==

Latest revision as of 17:07, 11 July 2023

Template:Region icon Kylaris

Senate of Carucere

Sénat de Caruquère
Senat Karuku
21st Senate of Carucere
Coat of arms of Annene.png
Type
Type
History
Founded2 February 1972
(52 years ago)
Preceded byProvincial Senate
Leadership
Roy Dazeje, Democratic
since 12 July 2023
Structure
Seats79 members
5
7
8
22
12
10
13
2
Political groups
Government (42)
  •   Progressive (22)
  •   Democratic (12)
  •   Assembly (8)

Opposition (39)

Elections
Closed list proportional representation
Last election
23 August 2020
Next election
2023
Meeting place
BahamianParliamentPanorama.jpg
Red House, Kingston, Carucere

The Senate of Carucere (Gaullican: Sénat de Caruquère, Papotement: Senat Karuku) is the primary legislative body of Carucere. The Senate is composed of 79 members, who are directly elected for 4-year terms by regional proportional representation. It is one of two legislative bodies on the national level, the other being the Great Assembly.

The origins of the Senate trace to the colonial legislature formed during the Gaullican colonial era. The modern institution of the Senate was established after the colony's incorporation into the Arucian Federation in 1934. Following the establishment of an independent Carucere, it became the new country's supreme legislative body. However economic and political infighting weakened the authority of the Senate, after a succession after several weak Preimers. Jean Preval's self-coup and the new constitution ratified in 1972, ended the Senate's absolute authority over the country. The country formally became a semi-presidential republic and the Senate had to share a system of checks and balances with the President of Carucere. Its role further declined with the establishment of the Great Assembly of Carucere as a second legislative body on the federal level.

Today, the Senate usually exercises a secondary, albeit important, role in national politics. The Senate has the final authority on all legislation. In addition it must approve the appointment of the Cabinet of Carucere and the Premier of Carucere. In addition, it maintains many supervisory powers such as the power to impeach officials, dismiss the Premier and the Cabinet by a majority vote, impeach and remove the President, veto presidential decrees, and to dissolve itself and call new elections. Until an election is completed, the Senate maintains its authority in its current composition.

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