President of Carucere: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox Political post
{{Infobox Political post
| post = President
| post = President
| body = the<br />Republic of Carucere
| body = the Council of State
| native_name              = <small>''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''</small>
| native_name              = <small>''Prezidan Konsey Deta''</small>
| insignia = Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
| insignia = Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
| insigniasize =  
| insigniasize =  
Line 17: Line 17:
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}
| seat = [[Jameston]]
| seat = [[Kingston]]
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
| appointer =  {{wp|Direct election}}
| appointer =  [[Carucerean electoral college|Electoral College]]
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
| member_of = [[Council of State (Carucere)|Council of State]]
| termlength = Four years
| termlength = Four years
| formation = 17 July 1954
| formation = 17 July 1957
| succession = [[Premier of Carucere]]<br />{{small|(as Vice President)}}
| succession =[[Vice President of Carucere]]
| inaugural = Charles Mathieu Decaen
| inaugural = [[Jean Preval]]
| deputy = Vice President of Carucere
| deputy = [[Premier of Carucere]]
| website =  
| website =  
}}
}}
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Republic of Carucere''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''), is the {{wp|head of state}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]], the president holds the highest office of the federal government as {{wp|chief diplomat}} and {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018 and won re-election in 2022.
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Council of State''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Konsey Deta''), is the head of the [[Council of State (Carucere)|Council of State]] and ''de facto'' {{wp|head of state}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]], the president holds the highest office of the federal government as the ''ex officio'' presiding member of the Council of State which collectively serves as the {{wp|head of government}}, although they are {{wp| primus inter pares}}. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018 and won reelection in 2022.


Under the {{wp|parliamentary system}} that existed from 1954 until the constitution of 1972, the Presidency was a completely {{wp|figrehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power. The Presidency achieved its current role under the constitution of 1972 and [[Jean Preval]], who held the office for 12 years from 1972 to 1984. Today Carucere functions as a ''de-facto'' {{wp|semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic}} where the President serves as moderating role within the federal government. The office is elected by a unique electoral system inspired by {{wp|consociationalism|consociationalist}} principles; a candidate must win an absolute majority nationwide and at least 33 percent of the votes in six of the eleven provinces of Carucere.  
Under the {{wp|parliamentary system}} that existed from independence in 1954 until the constitution of 1972, the Presidency was a completely {{wp|figurehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power. The Presidency achieved its current role under the constitution of 1972 and [[Jean Preval]], who held the office for 12 years from 1972 to 1984. Today Carucere functions as a ''de-facto'' {{wp|Directorial system|collegiate}} system where the President has the leading role in a collective government. The office is elected by a unique electoral system centered around a [[Carucerean electoral college|Electoral College]], which elects the President along with the rest of the   [[Council of State (Carucere)|Council of State]].  
==Role==
==Role==
Today Carucere has a ''de-facto'' {{wp|semi-presidential system}}, with the President as the country's most senior office. Although it is the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] that oversee and direct much of the country's actual governmental affairs, it wields significant influence and authority, especially in the fields of internal stability and foreign policy. While the Premier is responsible to the Senate and their political party or coalition, traditionally the President is "above" ethnic partisanism, drawing their legitimacy from a broad coalition of voters.  
Today Carucere has a ''de-facto'' fusion of a {{wp|presidential system|presidential}} and a {{wp|Directorial system|collegiate}} system, with the President as the country's most senior office who is a member of a collective executive that serves as {{wp|head of government}}. Although it is the Council of State as a whole that oversees and directs much of the country's actual governmental affairs, it is ultimately the President that decides the direction and priorities of the Government. Nevertheless the president has few ''de facto'' powers that can be exercised unilaterally.  


The role of the President historically varied. As President, Preval used his popularity and continuing political instability to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, the President's power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Preval's political standing. Following his retirement in 1984, the Premier and the Senate reasserted their authority and restoring the Premier as ''de facto'' head of government.  
As ''de facto'' {{wp|head of state}}, the President traditionally wields influence and authority in the fields of national security and foreign policy, and assumes the position of {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the Armed Forces during wartime. The President is typically delegated the authority to oversee the portfolios for foreign policy and security. The president carries out some of the representative duties that are normally carried out by a head of state in other democracies. Nevertheless, the president wields these powers and duties with the assent of the Council.


The President's greatest power is their ability to appoint the [[Premier of Carucere]] and other members of the National Council. However, since the Senate must approve the election by a majority vote, the Premier named by the president must be supported by the Senate, or the candidate will be denied. The President has the discretionary power to dissolve the Senate when they see fit, such as when the Premier is unable to govern due to the Senate's disapproval.
As the presiding officer of the Council of State, the president officially chairs the meetings of the Council. The president is {{wp| primus inter pares}} and has no powers over and above the other delegates except in a few circumstances. For example, if a tied vote occurs in the council, their vote is worth double.
 
The President must {{wp|Promulgation|promulgate}} all laws enacted by the Senate or the Government for them to come into force. However the President has the authority to {{wp|veto}} laws, although the Senate can override this by a two-thirds majority vote. The president may also refer the law for review by the [[Council of State of Carucere|Council of State]] if the President doubts its constitutionality. The President also serves as chief legislator by enacting {{wp|decrees}} with the full force of law and by submitting legislation to the Senate.
 
The President serves as chief diplomat and the supreme commander of the [[Carucere Defence Force]]. Internal security and foreign affairs are the sole domain of the President; thus the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade and the Minister of Internal and Ethnic Affairs report to the President directly. As a result, the President oversees Carucere's international relations, international trade, internal security, and disaster response.


==Qualification==
==Qualification==
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** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
==Election==
==Election==
The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among semi-presidential systems, reflecting its consociational principles. Under the current electoral law, presidential candidates are nominated by political parties running for the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] to stand for a direct election. To win outright a candidate must win more than half of the total votes cast in the election and at least 33% of the votes cast in six of the eleven provinces of Carucere. If no candidate achieves this, the election proceeds to a run-off election between the top two candidates with the most votes, where candidate with the higher number of nationwide votes in the second round wins. The President may only be reelected once and are limited to two full terms in office.
 
==Powers & Duties==
==Powers & Duties==
As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere, the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of state and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:
Under the Constitution of Carucere, the President given the authority to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of state and as the commander-in-chief of the military. In practice, the majority of the president's powers cannot be wielded unilaterally and require the assent of the Council of State. These include: 
* to declare war.
*Appointing and dismissing the premier and their cabinet ministers.
* to {{wp|promulgate}} laws.
*Dissolving the Senate.
* to veto laws, decree-laws, regulatory decrees and other Government decrees.
*Regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
* to refer laws and decrees for constitutional review by the Council of State.
*Declaring a state of emergency under certain circumstances
* to dissolve the Senate and call new elections.
*Appointing and dismissing judges, federal civil servants, and officers of the Armed Forces
* to appoint the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and other members of the [[Cabinet of Carucere|Cabinet]].  
*Exercising the power to pardon individual offenders
* to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
*Awarding honors and medals
* to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees can be vetoed by a majority vote from the Senate or overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
The President has a few ''de jure'' powers that can be exercised unilaterally as {{wp|head of state}};
* to submit legislation to the Senate or amendments to laws previously enacted. Such bills may be submitted with a declaration of urgent consideration.
*{{wp|promulgate|promulgating}} laws approved by the Senate and Council of State.
* to issue medals and honors for serving the nation.
*Chairing meetings of the Council of State
* to issue pardons.
*Representing the government at home and abroad
* to declare a {{wp|state of emergency}} suspending laws or enacting a state of {{wp|martial law}}.
*Respond to emergency situations when the Council has no time to meet
* to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
* to appoint senior public officials.
 
Despite the President's central role, there are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. A situation where the majority of the Senate does not unreservedly support the President, is common in Carucerean politics. As a result, the President's power is usually restrained since their ''de facto'' power relies on a supportive Premier and Senate, and is not directly wielded by the President. Most major decisions, such as budgetary and military matters, requires the assent of the Cabinet for a presidential decision to take effect. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Cabinet before making important decisions to prevent internal disputes. Commentators have noted that executive-legislative relations creates a political system where the President is given significant power but only within the confines set by the Senate.


==Removal==
==Removal==
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the President as well as the rest of the Council of State, can be recalled by the [[Carucerean electoral college|Electoral College]] or impeached by the Senate. The [[Carucerean electoral college|Electoral College]] may reassemble in a special session and recall the President by a simple majority vote, after which a new presidential election is held. This has never occurred in Carucerean history. The Senate may remove a member of the Council of State due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against them effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove a delegate from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
==List of Presidents of Carucere==
==List of Presidents of Carucere==

Latest revision as of 14:29, 7 August 2023

President of the Council of State
Prezidan Konsey Deta
Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
Presidential Emblem
Annene flag.png
Presidential Standard
Irfaan Ali in 2020.jpg
Incumbent
Neil Gaubina
since 1 December 2018
StyleHis Excellency
StatusHead of state
Member ofCouncil of State
ResidenceState House, Carucere
SeatKingston
AppointerElectoral College
Term lengthFour years
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Carucere
PrecursorGovernor of Carucere
Inaugural holderJean Preval
Formation17 July 1957
SuccessionVice President of Carucere
DeputyPremier of Carucere

The President of Carucere, officially the President of the Council of State (Papotement: Prezidan Konsey Deta), is the head of the Council of State and de facto head of state of Carucere. Under the Constitution of Carucere, the president holds the highest office of the federal government as the ex officio presiding member of the Council of State which collectively serves as the head of government, although they are primus inter pares. The current president is Neil Gaubina, who took office on 1 December 2018 and won reelection in 2022.

Under the parliamentary system that existed from independence in 1954 until the constitution of 1972, the Presidency was a completely ceremonial office with no real executive power. The Presidency achieved its current role under the constitution of 1972 and Jean Preval, who held the office for 12 years from 1972 to 1984. Today Carucere functions as a de-facto collegiate system where the President has the leading role in a collective government. The office is elected by a unique electoral system centered around a Electoral College, which elects the President along with the rest of the Council of State.

Role

Today Carucere has a de-facto fusion of a presidential and a collegiate system, with the President as the country's most senior office who is a member of a collective executive that serves as head of government. Although it is the Council of State as a whole that oversees and directs much of the country's actual governmental affairs, it is ultimately the President that decides the direction and priorities of the Government. Nevertheless the president has few de facto powers that can be exercised unilaterally.

As de facto head of state, the President traditionally wields influence and authority in the fields of national security and foreign policy, and assumes the position of commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces during wartime. The President is typically delegated the authority to oversee the portfolios for foreign policy and security. The president carries out some of the representative duties that are normally carried out by a head of state in other democracies. Nevertheless, the president wields these powers and duties with the assent of the Council.

As the presiding officer of the Council of State, the president officially chairs the meetings of the Council. The president is primus inter pares and has no powers over and above the other delegates except in a few circumstances. For example, if a tied vote occurs in the council, their vote is worth double.

Qualification

In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:

  • Be a citizen of Carucere by birth or parentage
  • Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
  • Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
    • Be a citizen of Carucere 35 years or older
    • Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language

Election

Powers & Duties

Under the Constitution of Carucere, the President given the authority to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of state and as the commander-in-chief of the military. In practice, the majority of the president's powers cannot be wielded unilaterally and require the assent of the Council of State. These include:

  • Appointing and dismissing the premier and their cabinet ministers.
  • Dissolving the Senate.
  • Regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
  • Declaring a state of emergency under certain circumstances
  • Appointing and dismissing judges, federal civil servants, and officers of the Armed Forces
  • Exercising the power to pardon individual offenders
  • Awarding honors and medals

The President has a few de jure powers that can be exercised unilaterally as head of state;

  • promulgating laws approved by the Senate and Council of State.
  • Chairing meetings of the Council of State
  • Representing the government at home and abroad
  • Respond to emergency situations when the Council has no time to meet

Removal

According to the Constitution of Carucere, the President as well as the rest of the Council of State, can be recalled by the Electoral College or impeached by the Senate. The Electoral College may reassemble in a special session and recall the President by a simple majority vote, after which a new presidential election is held. This has never occurred in Carucerean history. The Senate may remove a member of the Council of State due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate impeachment proceedings against them effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove a delegate from office by a two-thirds majority vote.

List of Presidents of Carucere

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