Azmaran language

Azmaran language
Azmaariś sprek
Native to	Azmara
Ethnicity	Azmaran people
Native speakers	10 million L1 (2017) 5 million L2
Language family	Satroeculean Weranic Continental Weranic Embro-Azmaran Azmaran language
Writing system	Solarian alphabet
Official status
Official language in	Azmara
Recognised minority language in	Borland
Regulated by	Azmaran Language Authority
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

The Azmaran language, (Azmaran: Azmaariś sprek, [ɑzmɑːɹɪʃ spɹɛk]), is a Weranic language spoken by approximately 10 million people in Azmara. It is closely related to Swathish, Estmerish, Borish and Dellish.

Old Azmaran was brought to Azmara by Weranic settlers in the 4th and 5th centuries in an early form: similar to many early Weranic languages, this form was an inflected language. As the language became the dominant language of the people of Azmara, it developed and modernised, levelling much of the noun inflections of Old Azmaran and undergoing phonological processes of palatalisation and an extensive form of umlaut. However, the language retains features lost in other Weranic languages, such as first and second person dual pronouns.

Classification

Azmaran is considered to fall into the Weranic family of languages, as well as Estmerish, Borish, Weranian and Dellish. It is considered to be part of the South Weranic subfamily of this, which excludes the Weranian and Hennish languages. The internal classification of South Weranic is disputed, with many splitting the family into a Dello-Wealdish group consisting of Estmerish, Swathish and Dellish, with Borish and Azmaran being considered either forming their own subgroup together or considered to be two independent subgroups.

Orthography

In the modern day, Azmaran is written in a modified Solarian alphabet containing 27 letters: A Â B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S Ś T U W Y Z Ź Þ. Q V and X are not natively used in Azmaran; the functions of Q and X are replaced by K and KS while the sound V represents is merely a dialectal pronounciation of W.

The Azmaran alphabet features four extra letters: Þ Â Ź Ś, used for the sounds /θ æ ʒ ʃ/ respectively. The first of these, þorn, comes from the old Runic alphabet, while the other three, âś, twii-zet and twii-sig, are modifications of Solarian letters used to express Azmaran sounds.

Phonology

Consonants

Azmaran consonant phonemes

	Labial	Coronal		Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m	n			ŋ
Stop	p b	t d			k g
Fricative	f β	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ	x ɣ
Affricate				t͡ʃ
Approximant	ʋ ~ w			j
Lateral		l
Rhotic		ɹ ~ ɾ

• [ŋ] is a common realisation of /n/ before /k/, /g/ or /x/.
• The sequences /mb/ and /nd/ are often realised as [mː] and [nː] in the Groonbankish dialect.
• Unlike Estmerish, /p t k/ are never aspirated as [pʰ tʰ kʰ], but are often partially voiced when medial or word-final as [b̥ d̥ ɡ̊].
• /b d g/ are often lenited to fricatives /β ð ɣ/ medially or word-final, hence the pronunciation of daag (day) as [dɑːɣ].
• [β] is often bilabial but is realised as labiodental [v] in Southern dialects.
• /x/ is often realised as /ç/ when preceding or succeeding /æ ɛ ɪ iː ʏ yː/, hence hym (him) being pronounced as [çʏm]
• /ʋ/ and /ɹ/ are often used in transcription as the standard pronounciation in the Aalmsteder and Groonbankish dialects, yet are often realised as [w] and [ɾ] in Westmaarkish and Haadlander dialects and as [v] and [r] in the Nordberg dialect, turning Weraanija (Werania) from /ʋɛɹɑːnɪjɑ/ into [wɛɾɑːnɪjə] and [vɛrɑːnɪjə] respectively.
• /l/ is released as [ɫ] before velar consonants, and word-final in Westmaarkic.
• While /ʒ/ is considered a phoneme in standard Azmaran, it is only found in loanwords such as źungel (jungle).

Vowels

Azmaran vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	iː ɪ yː ʏ		uː ʊ
Mid	ɛ	ə	o ɔː
Open	æ		ɑ ɑː

With the exception of /ɛ/ and /æ/, whose long and short forms have merged, most vowels can be considered as long and short pairs, and in some dialects, such as in the Sompland dialect, a lengthening of /ɛ/ to [ɛː] followed by /æ/ moving to [e] has occured, leading to the two being reanalysed as a long-short pair.

Orthography	Long	Short
i	/iː/	/ɪ/
y	/yː/	/ʏ/
u	/uː/	/ʊ/
e	/ɛ/
o	/ɔː/	/o/
â	/æ/
a	/ɑː/	/ɑ/

Azmaran has four diphthongs /ai ei oi au/, spelt either aj ej oj au or less commonly ai ei oi au, such as in the town name Stajnensby [stainɛnzbʏ], the color grej [gɹei], the river Bojner [boinɛɹ] and in the word for female fraulyk [fɹaulʏk].

In most dialects, word-final /ɑ/, /ɛ/ and /ɛɹ/ are reduced to /ə/.

Grammar

Azmaran grammar is the result of a move away from the inflected nature and relatively free word order of Proto-Weranic towards a rather analytic structure and a fixed word order.

Nouns

Azmaran nouns are relatively simple in their morphology. Nouns are only inflected to show plurals, which are made through the affixation of -en to the end of the noun, with maan becoming maanen in the plural form.

The Weranic case system has been discarded in favour of word order; subjects and direct objects are marked by their place in a sentence, while indirect objects and possession are shown through analytic constructions: the indirect object is generally shown using the preposition taa, which translates as to, while possession is shown through the use of âb, which translates as of. An example of this would be the sentence De maan gabeþ en ben taa de hund âb de frâu, in which de maan is the subject, en ben is the direct object, de hund is the indirect object and de frau possesses the indirect object.

While Azmaran technically has two genders, common and neuter, the grammatical characteristics of the common gender have been generalised to all nouns in the past century, leading to the loss of gender in all practical purposes.

Pronouns

Azmaran pronouns are notable among Weranic languages in that the dual first and second person pronouns are retained; they are used often when someone is referring to themselves and their significant other collectively, or to the person they are addressing and their significant other collectively.

Notably, the suppletion of the original second-person singular pronouns, þu/þy/þyn, by the plural second-person pronouns ju/je/jun due to their use as formal forms and generalisation, happened in Azmaran as it did in Estmerish and Hennish, yet as the use of the phrase ju þyyd (you people) caused umlaut to jy þyyd, the form jy became the new second-person plural form in the nominative and jym and jyn developed in comparison to the third-person singular forms.

Azmaran pronouns

Person		Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st	sing.	ik	my	myn
	dual	wit	unk	unken
	pl.	wy	us	wyn
2nd	sing.	ju	je	jun
	dual	jut	jet	juten
	pl.	jy	jym	jyn
3rd	sing. masc.	hy	hym	hyn
	sing. fem.	zy	zym	zyn
	sing. epi.	y	ym	yn
	sing. neut.	et		eten
	pl.	zer	zerem	zeren

Verbs

Like other Weranic languages, Azmaran has two grammaticalised tenses, the past and the present, although a system of marking the future tense through auxiliaries has developed, in which the construction wâsan gaanen taa (to be going to) is conjugated to express the concept in question while the original verb is placed at the end in the infinitive form.

In standard Azmaran, aspect and mood are not grammaticalised, and information shown through aspect and mood in other languages is often shown through adverbs. However, a singular or plural second person inflected verb without a pronoun is often used as an imperative, for example Gaast! is used to mean Go! when talking to one person. However, some dialects, most notably the Ostlaak dialect, have gained a conditional form through the use of past tense forms of wâsan in the future construction, while a habitual aspect has developed in the Haadland dialect through the use of wâsan by itself as an auxiliary and the moving of the original verb to the end of the sentence.

Furthermore, the verb haaben is sometimes used as an auxilary to form a present perfect or an explicit preterite to distinguish it from the potential ambiguity of inflected forms - while Ik hab taa de bokhaas gaanen. explicitly means "I went to the library." or "I have been to the library.", Ik gân taa de bokhaas. could be interpreted as the former or either one of "I was going to the library." or "I used to go to the library.".

The way tense is grammaticalised depends on the verb; while most verbs are weak verbs and show past tense through the use of the -t- morpheme, some verbs are strong verbs and show tense through the use of vowel ablaut. Infinitive forms are shown using the -en suffix.

Azmaran verbs also conjugate for person, with distinct inflections for the first, second and third person in the singular and a common plural inflections. The dual subject pronouns, wit and jut, normally take their respective singular conjugations, but in some dialects the plural form is used. Most verbs conjugate for person in a regular manner, with the -est, -eþ and -e suffixes for second person, third person and plural being used consistently, but in some verbs these are irregular: wâsan (to be), gaanen (to go) and hâben (to have) are the most notable examples of this.

Weak verbs: talken (to talk)

Person	Present	Past
Ik/wit	talk	talkt
Ju/jut	talkest	talktest
Hy/zy/et	talkeþ	talkteþ
Wy/jy/zer	talke	talkte

Strong verbs: singen (to sing)

Person	Present	Past
Ik/wit	sing	sang
Ju/jut	singest	sangest
Hy/zy/et	singeþ	sangeþ
Wy/jy/zer	singe	sange

Syntax

For the most part, Azmaran has an SVO word order; with the subject noun phrase being placed at the start of the sentence, the verb being placed in the middle and the object noun phrase being placed at the end. However, Azmaran has V2 tendencies like many other Weranic languages; this is most notable in future tense constructions such as Ik by gaanen taa de bokhaas loopen. (I will walk to the library), in which the future tense construction, Ik by gaanen taa, is placed at the start of the sentence, while the actual verb, loopen (to walk), is moved to the end, after the object. It can also be seen in phrases such as Afta is gaanen et raad rosen rejnen., in which the word afta (then) moves the initial verb construction is gaanen forward to be the second topic in the sentence, and the second verb construction rejnen is moved to the end.

Notably, the use of the copula and gaanen in the future tense is considered a single verb for the purposes of word order, with many linguists analysing the various constructions of by gaanen, byst gaanen, is gaanen and byyn gaanen as functioning as a single verb in practice, with many noting sandhi between the two words and spelling reforms changing them to bygaanen, bystkaanen, iskaanen and byngaanen have been proposed.

Due to the use of prepositions to show indirect objects, indirect object noun phrases can sometimes be fronted for emphasis; compare Ik gân for de bok. to For de bok, gân ik. Note the fronting of gân due to Azmaran's V2 tendencies; For de bok counts as the first part of the phrase and thus causes gân to move forwards.

Questions are primarily made by altering the word order from SVO to VSO, with "Gaast ju taa de bokhaas?" translating as "Are you going to the library?" or "Do you go to the library?" based on context.

Example

Preamble to the Basic Law of the Commonwealth of Azmara:

• Azmaran

Wy de þyyd âb Azmaara śapen de grundlagen âb wyn land þruh de gemen þyyd âb þis śein, groon en behaagenlyk þyyden râgelen. Wy utcenen de strânghed âb ân þyyd fân de ânhed en de galykhed âb eten þyyd, en þruh de rehten âb ale âb zerem taa liiben, friihed en de forfolgen âb bliiþe komen.

• IPA

[ʋʏ dɛ θyːð æβ ɑzmɑːɹə ʃɑpn̩ dɛ gɹʊndlɑɣn̩ æβ ʋʏn lɑnd θɹʊx dɛ gɛmn̩ θyːð æβ θɪs ʃein gɹɔːn ɛn bəxɑːɣn̩lʏk θyːðn̩ ɹɑɣl̩n̩ ʋʏ ʊtt͡ʃɛnn̩ dɛ stɹæŋçɛð æβ æn θyːð fæn dɛ ænçɛð ɛn dɛ gɑlʏkçɛð æβ ɛtn̩ θyːð ɛn θɹʊx dɛ ɹɛçtn̩ æβ ɑlə æβ zɛɹm̩ tɑː liːβn̩ fɹiːçɛð ɛn dɛ foɹfolɣn̩ æβ bliːθə komn̩]

• Estmerish

We the people of Azmara hereby establish the basic law of our land to derive its authority from the common people of this fine green and pleasant nation. We recognise that the strength of a nation comes from both the unity and equality of its people and through the rights of each one of them to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.