Proceso de Reorganización Nacional: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
|native_name = ''República Federal de | |native_name = ''República Federal de Anáhuac'' | ||
|conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of | |conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Anáhuac | ||
|common_name = | |common_name = Anáhuac | ||
|era = [[Era of Civil Wars]] | |era = [[Era of Civil Wars]] | ||
|event_start = [[1968 | |event_start = [[1968 Anahuense coup d'état]] | ||
|year_start = 1968 | |year_start = 1968 | ||
|date_start = 5 May | |date_start = 5 May | ||
|event_end = [[Siege of San Jorge Xayacatlán]] | |event_end = [[Siege of San Jorge Xayacatlán]] | ||
|year_end = | |year_end = 1972 | ||
|date_end = 19 September | |date_end = 19 September | ||
|p1 = Rugidoense Political Crisis | |p1 = Rugidoense Political Crisis | ||
|s1 = | |s1 = Anáhuac | ||
|image_flag = File:NPR Gran Rugido Flag.png | |image_flag = File:NPR Gran Rugido Flag.png | ||
|image_coat = File:GR New CoA.png | |image_coat = File:GR New CoA.png | ||
|image_map = File:Map of Gran Rugido.png | |image_map = File:Map of Gran Rugido.png | ||
| map_caption = | | map_caption = Anáhuac shown in dark green | ||
|national_anthem = El Rugido de la Nación | |national_anthem = El Rugido de la Nación | ||
|common_languages = Spanish and other indigenous languages. | |common_languages = Spanish and other indigenous languages. | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
|year_leader5 = November 1969 - March 1970 | |year_leader5 = November 1969 - March 1970 | ||
|leader6 = [[Heriberto Albán]] | |leader6 = [[Heriberto Albán]] | ||
|year_leader6 = March - September 1970 | |year_leader6 = March 1970 - September 1970 | ||
|title_leader = [[President of | |leader7 = [[Leobardo Zavala]] | ||
||currency = [[ | |year_leader7 = September 1970 - November 1971 | ||
|stat_pop1=45,865,776|stat_year1=1968|stat_pop2=47,949,480|stat_year2= | |leader8 = [[Rafael Alemán Valades]] | ||
|year_leader8 = November 1971 - September 1972 | |||
|title_leader = [[President of Anáhuac]] | |||
||currency = [[Anahuaca peso]] (1968–70) | |||
|stat_pop1=45,865,776|stat_year1=1968|stat_pop2=47,949,480|stat_year2=1972 | |||
|religion=Roman Catholicism | |religion=Roman Catholicism | ||
| HDI = 0.665 | | HDI = 0.665 | ||
| Line 41: | Line 45: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Proceso de Reorganización Nacional''' (English: National Reorganization Process, often simply el Proceso, "the Process") was the military dictatorship that ruled [[ | The '''Proceso de Reorganización Nacional''' (English: National Reorganization Process, often simply el Proceso, "the Process") was the military dictatorship that ruled [[Anáhuac]] from 1968 to 1970. In Anáhuac it is often known simply as ''última junta militar'' ("last military junta"), ''última dictadura militar'' ("last military dictatorship") or ''última dictadura cívico-militar'' ("last civil–military dictatorship"), because there have been several in the country's history. | ||
The | The Anahuense military seized political power during the [[1968 Anahuense coup d'etat|May 1968 coup]] against the presidency of [[Susete Hernández Niño]]; a time of state terrorism against civilians started, with the new dictatorship labeling its own use of torture, extrajudicial murder and systematic forced disappearances as "a Dirty War". After starting and then losing the [[Anahuense Civil War]] against the Provisional Government in Isla Roca Roja, preceded by Hernández in August 1968, the military junta faced mounting public opposition and was finally deposed from power in 1972 after the [[Siege of San Jorge Xayacatlán]] and the subsequent [[Santa Elisa Peace Accords]]. | ||
Almost all of the surviving junta members are currently serving sentences for crimes against humanity and genocide. | Almost all of the surviving junta members are currently serving sentences for crimes against humanity and genocide. | ||
| Line 49: | Line 53: | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
''Further information: [[History of | ''Further information: [[History of Anáhuac]]'' | ||
Prior to the 1970s, the military of | Prior to the 1970s, the military of Anáhuac was always been highly influential in the politics, and the untold history is laced with frequent and prolonged intervals of military rule. Controversial leader [[Ángel Lenoci]], President of Anáhuac for 36 years, was a colonel during the Reform War and the War against the Empire who first came to political power in the aftermath of [[Raymundo Vigil]]'s death. Basing upon the ideals of positivism and "order and progress", he ruled the country before the [[Anahuense Revolution]] forced him to exile himself first to [[Prybourne]] and then [[Gavrilia]]. | ||
After a series of weak governments, escalating political unrest, divisions in both the left-wing and right-wing movements, and frequent outbreaks of political violence, the [[1962 Rugidoense general elections|1962 election]] of centrist [[Susete Hernández Niño]] escalated polarization in the politics of the country. At best an average leader, she proved to be a weak, ineffectual ruler. A number of revolutionary organizations escalated their wave of political violence (including kidnappings and bombings) against the campaign of harsh repressive and retaliatory measures enforced by the military and the police. In addition, left-wing paramilitary groups entered the cycle of violence, such as the [[Organización Democrática Nacional|ORDEN]] death squad, The situation escalated until Mrs. Hernández was overthrown. She was replaced on 5 May 1968 by a military junta led by Lieutenant General [[Leobardo Zavala]]. | After a series of weak governments, escalating political unrest, divisions in both the left-wing and right-wing movements, and frequent outbreaks of political violence, the [[1962 Rugidoense general elections|1962 election]] of centrist [[Susete Hernández Niño]] escalated polarization in the politics of the country. At best an average leader, she proved to be a weak, ineffectual ruler. A number of revolutionary organizations escalated their wave of political violence (including kidnappings and bombings) against the campaign of harsh repressive and retaliatory measures enforced by the military and the police. In addition, left-wing paramilitary groups entered the cycle of violence, such as the [[Organización Democrática Nacional|ORDEN]] death squad, The situation escalated until Mrs. Hernández was overthrown. She was replaced on 5 May 1968 by a military junta led by Lieutenant General [[Leobardo Zavala]]. | ||
== Rule == | == Rule == | ||
''Main article: [[Dirty War ( | ''Main article: [[Dirty War (Anáhuac)]]'' | ||
''Further information: [[ | ''Further information: [[Anahuense Civil War]]'' | ||
Immediately after the coup, a state of siege and martial law were implemented, as military patrolling spread to every major city. The morning was seemingly uneventful, but as the day progressed, the detentions multiplied. Hundreds of workers, unionists, students, and political activists were abducted from their homes, their workplaces, or in the streets. Official investigations undertaken after the end of the Dirty War by the [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] documented between 1000 - 2500 ''desaparecidos'' (victims of forced disappearance) and other human rights violations, noting that the correct number is bound to be higher. | Immediately after the coup, a state of siege and martial law were implemented, as military patrolling spread to every major city. The morning was seemingly uneventful, but as the day progressed, the detentions multiplied. Hundreds of workers, unionists, students, and political activists were abducted from their homes, their workplaces, or in the streets. Official investigations undertaken after the end of the Dirty War by the [[National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons]] documented between 1000 - 2500 ''desaparecidos'' (victims of forced disappearance) and other human rights violations, noting that the correct number is bound to be higher. | ||
The Junta assumed the executive power until May 19 when Zavala was designated president. Both the Congress and the Senate were disbanded, and an entity known as Legislative Advising Commission (in Spanish: Comision de Asesoramiento Legislativo - CAL) assumed a Legislative role. The CAL is infamously recognized for being the place where the [[Proclamación del Nuevo Orden]] took place on May 19, 1968. The regime shut down the legislature and restricted both freedom of the press and freedom of speech, adopting severe media censorship. Corruption, in-fightining between generals and lef-wing groups, a failing economy, growing public awareness of the harsh repressive measures taken by the regime, and the begining of the civil war, eroded the public image of the regime. The last ''de facto'' president, Heriberto Albán, was deposed from power after the [[Ejército Leal |Ejército Leal]] occupied the capital on September 19, | The Junta assumed the executive power until May 19 when Zavala was designated president. Both the Congress and the Senate were disbanded, and an entity known as Legislative Advising Commission (in Spanish: Comision de Asesoramiento Legislativo - CAL) assumed a Legislative role. The CAL is infamously recognized for being the place where the [[Proclamación del Nuevo Orden]] took place on May 19, 1968. The regime shut down the legislature and restricted both freedom of the press and freedom of speech, adopting severe media censorship. Corruption, in-fightining between generals and lef-wing groups, a failing economy, growing public awareness of the harsh repressive measures taken by the regime, and the begining of the civil war, eroded the public image of the regime. The last ''de facto'' president, Heriberto Albán, was deposed from power after the [[Ejército Leal |Ejército Leal]] occupied the capital on September 19, 1972 after the Siege of San Jorge. | ||
[[Category:Anáhuac]] | |||
Latest revision as of 18:15, 15 December 2023
Federal Republic of Anáhuac República Federal de Anáhuac | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968–1972 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms
| |||||||||
| Anthem: El Rugido de la Nación | |||||||||
 Anáhuac shown in dark green | |||||||||
| Capital | San Jorge Xayacatlán | ||||||||
| Common languages | Spanish and other indigenous languages. | ||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||||||
| Government | Federal republic under a military dictatorship | ||||||||
| President of Anáhuac | |||||||||
• May - November 1968 | Leobardo Zavala | ||||||||
• November 1968 - February 1969 | Rafael Alemán Valades | ||||||||
• February - April 1969 | Anastasio Kuribeña Müller | ||||||||
• April - November 1969 | Carlos Labarthe | ||||||||
• November 1969 - March 1970 | Eduardo Passeghini | ||||||||
• March 1970 - September 1970 | Heriberto Albán | ||||||||
• September 1970 - November 1971 | Leobardo Zavala | ||||||||
• November 1971 - September 1972 | Rafael Alemán Valades | ||||||||
| Historical era | Era of Civil Wars | ||||||||
| 5 May 1968 | |||||||||
| 19 September 1972 | |||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1968 | 45,865,776 | ||||||||
• 1972 | 47,949,480 | ||||||||
| HDI (1969) | 0.665 medium | ||||||||
| Currency | Anahuaca peso (1968–70) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (English: National Reorganization Process, often simply el Proceso, "the Process") was the military dictatorship that ruled Anáhuac from 1968 to 1970. In Anáhuac it is often known simply as última junta militar ("last military junta"), última dictadura militar ("last military dictatorship") or última dictadura cívico-militar ("last civil–military dictatorship"), because there have been several in the country's history.
The Anahuense military seized political power during the May 1968 coup against the presidency of Susete Hernández Niño; a time of state terrorism against civilians started, with the new dictatorship labeling its own use of torture, extrajudicial murder and systematic forced disappearances as "a Dirty War". After starting and then losing the Anahuense Civil War against the Provisional Government in Isla Roca Roja, preceded by Hernández in August 1968, the military junta faced mounting public opposition and was finally deposed from power in 1972 after the Siege of San Jorge Xayacatlán and the subsequent Santa Elisa Peace Accords.
Almost all of the surviving junta members are currently serving sentences for crimes against humanity and genocide.
Background
Further information: History of Anáhuac
Prior to the 1970s, the military of Anáhuac was always been highly influential in the politics, and the untold history is laced with frequent and prolonged intervals of military rule. Controversial leader Ángel Lenoci, President of Anáhuac for 36 years, was a colonel during the Reform War and the War against the Empire who first came to political power in the aftermath of Raymundo Vigil's death. Basing upon the ideals of positivism and "order and progress", he ruled the country before the Anahuense Revolution forced him to exile himself first to Prybourne and then Gavrilia.
After a series of weak governments, escalating political unrest, divisions in both the left-wing and right-wing movements, and frequent outbreaks of political violence, the 1962 election of centrist Susete Hernández Niño escalated polarization in the politics of the country. At best an average leader, she proved to be a weak, ineffectual ruler. A number of revolutionary organizations escalated their wave of political violence (including kidnappings and bombings) against the campaign of harsh repressive and retaliatory measures enforced by the military and the police. In addition, left-wing paramilitary groups entered the cycle of violence, such as the ORDEN death squad, The situation escalated until Mrs. Hernández was overthrown. She was replaced on 5 May 1968 by a military junta led by Lieutenant General Leobardo Zavala.
Rule
Main article: Dirty War (Anáhuac) Further information: Anahuense Civil War
Immediately after the coup, a state of siege and martial law were implemented, as military patrolling spread to every major city. The morning was seemingly uneventful, but as the day progressed, the detentions multiplied. Hundreds of workers, unionists, students, and political activists were abducted from their homes, their workplaces, or in the streets. Official investigations undertaken after the end of the Dirty War by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons documented between 1000 - 2500 desaparecidos (victims of forced disappearance) and other human rights violations, noting that the correct number is bound to be higher.
The Junta assumed the executive power until May 19 when Zavala was designated president. Both the Congress and the Senate were disbanded, and an entity known as Legislative Advising Commission (in Spanish: Comision de Asesoramiento Legislativo - CAL) assumed a Legislative role. The CAL is infamously recognized for being the place where the Proclamación del Nuevo Orden took place on May 19, 1968. The regime shut down the legislature and restricted both freedom of the press and freedom of speech, adopting severe media censorship. Corruption, in-fightining between generals and lef-wing groups, a failing economy, growing public awareness of the harsh repressive measures taken by the regime, and the begining of the civil war, eroded the public image of the regime. The last de facto president, Heriberto Albán, was deposed from power after the Ejército Leal occupied the capital on September 19, 1972 after the Siege of San Jorge.