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{{Infobox rail network
== 10th Holyn Parliament ==
|name = Holynia
{{Infobox legislature
|color =
| name = National Council of Holynia
|logo =
| native_name = Národná Rada Holynska
|image =
| native_name_lang =
|caption =
| transcription_name =
|nationalrailway = Royal Holyn Railway
| legislature = 10th Holyn Parliament
|infrastructure =
| coa_pic = File:Coat_of_arms_of_Holynia.svg
|majoroperators =
| coa_res =
|ridership = 2.156 billion (2015)
| coa_alt =
|passkm = 201 billion (2015)
| coa_caption =
|freight =
| logo_pic =
|length = 107,634 km
| logo_res =
|doublelength =
| logo_alt =
|ellength = 71,041 km
| logo_caption =
|freightlength = 2.781 billion tonnes
| house_type = Bicameral
|hslength = 1,750 km
| houses = {{ublist|[[Council of Regions (Holynia)|Council of Regions {{smaller|(upper)}}]]|[[Council of Representatives (Holynia)|Council of Representatives {{smaller|(lower)}}]]}}
|gauge = 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
| chambers =
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| term_limits = 5 years
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| new_session =
|el = 25 kV AC 50 Hz
| leader1_type = Speaker
|el1 =
| leader1 = Milan Kríž
|el1length =
| leader1_term = 8 July 2024
|el2 =
| party1 = National Renewal
|el2length =
| election1 =
|el3 =
| leader2_type = 1st Deputy Speaker
|el3length =
| leader2 = Peter Novák
|notunnels =
| party2 = National Renewal
|tunnellength =
| election2 =
|longesttunnel =
| leader2_term = 18 September 2024
|nobridges =
| leader3_type = 2nd Deputy Speaker
|longestbridge =
| leader3 = Robert Pekár
|nostations =
| party3 = National Renewal
|highelevation =
| election3 =
|highelat =
| leader3_term = 21 May 2020
|lowelevation =
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|map =
| party4 =
}}
| election4 =
'''Rail transport in Holynia''' is one of the largest and economically important modes of transport in the country. Holynia has the fourth largest rail networks by length and volume of hauled freight. Holynia has over 100,000 km of railways, of which almost 70,000 is electrified. Traffic levels have increased from rising urbanisation and income levels in Holynia. Almost all operations and track are owned by Royal Holyn Railways, a state owned private company. Several mining companies own and operate seperate rail lines from their mines to ports in western Holynia. Private operators offer luxury train services on the national rail network. Growing investment in the railways has seen improvements in both freight and passenger rail operations. The government of Holynia has designated the rail network as a strategic asset.
{{Colorbox|#BC4444}} Hornat People's Party (9)<br>
{{Colorbox|#FE7F3B}} Bright Skoskie (8)<br>
{{Colorbox|#3A8AF9}} Masovia Advancement (6)<br>
{{Colorbox|#630000}} Alliance for Communism (3)<br>
{{Colorbox|#38E73B}} Fair and Free Holynia (1)<br>
{{Colorbox|#737373}} Independent (1)<br>
| committees2 =
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| seats8_title = <!-- up to | seats10_title = -->
| seats8 = <!-- up to | seats10 = -->
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| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->
| constitution =
| rules =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Národná Rada Holynska''' ({{wp|English language|English}}: '''National Council of Holynia''') is the {{wp|bicameral legislature}} of [[Holynia]], a unitary constitutional monarchy. Power is centralized but devolved through the constitution and legislation to regional governments, creating a framework for local governance without forming a federation. The [[Monarchy of Holynia|King of Holynia]] serves as the ceremonial head of state, while the [[Prime Minister of Holynia|Prime Minister]] and Cabinet exercise executive powers. However, all legislation requires Royal Assent to become law, underscoring the monarch’s constitutional role in Holynian governance.
Holynia uses 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) {{wp|standard gauge}} track for the majority of the national network. Some private lines in northern Holynia uses narrow guage or broad guage track. Several tram and light rail lines use narrow guage and urban heavy rail networks use broad guage.
The current structure of the Národná Rada was established in 2001, following Holynia’s transition from communism to a parliamentary democracy. It consists of two houses; the Council of Representatives, which is directly elected, and the Council of Regions, which represents the interests of Holynia's 20 administrative regions.
== Railway administration ==
== History ==
The railways in Holynia are divided into three categories: the national network, private networks and municipal networks. The national network is run and administered by Royal Holyn Railways whose single shareholder is the Holyn government. The private networks are owned and operated by various private enterprises and are isolated from the national network, with a few exceptions. Municipal networks are generally metro systems and tram networks, which are isolated from the national network.
The modern Národná Rada was established in 2001 following Holynia’s transition from a communist state to a parliamentary democracy. Prior to this, Holynia had a single-party legislature under communist rule, which was dissolved during the democratic reforms of the late 1990s. The 2001 reforms introduced the bicameral structure and mixed electoral system, designed to balance proportional representation with regional interests.
== Composition ==
=== Council of Regions ===
The Council of Regions is the upper house of parliament and is composed of 100 members, with each of Holynia’s 20 regions electing five representatives. Members are selected indirectly by regional assemblies, reflecting the principle of equal regional representation, regardless of population.
=== Council of Representatives ===
The Council of Representatives is the lower house of the Národná Rada and consists of 600 seats. Members are elected every five years through a mixed electoral system that combines at-large constituencies with party lists and proportional representation. This system ensures a balance between regional accountability and proportional political representation.
The Ministry of Transport is the regulatory body for the railways in Holynia. This task is carried out through the Rail Authority, a sub-ministerial branch of the Ministry of Transport. National rail policy, set by the Narodna Rada, is executed through the Ministry of Transport. The Ministry has regulatory oversight to ensure compliance with safety rules and ensure the railway is meeting the standards set out by the government.
The Národná Rada follows a structured legislative process:
== Rolling stock ==
=== Diesel-electric locomotives ===
[[File:66010_,_North_Wingfield_(7375925716).jpg|left|thumb|200px|The Class 99 is primarily used for tighter loading gauges of eastern Holynia.]]
[[File:DR171_003-7_in_Blankenburg.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The Class 70 series of electric locomotive has been in service since the late 1960s.]]
[[File:NTV_ETR575_R01.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The Class 520 high speed EMU trainsets entered service in 2012.]]
[[File:GNER_train_near_Belford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_224653.jpg|Intercity Express service from Cizekporok to Uhrov in 2005.]]
***2nd Royal Life Guards Tank Regiment (HT-15, HT-90AZ, BVP-3, OT-6)
***4th Guards Tank Regiment (HT-90AZ, HT-85BV, OT-5)
***5th Royal Guards Hussars Regiment (HT-90AZ, HT-85BV, BVP-3, OT-5)
***3rd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment (HT-85BV, BVP-3, OT-6, OT-5)
***93rd Guards Artillery Regiment (MD-93, MD-80V)
***651st Rocket Artillery Regiment (RM-70, RM-91)
***60th Guards Air Defence Regiment (PS-08, PS-87, PS-88)
***191st Anti-Tank Battalion
***90th Guards Engineer Battalion
***53rd Guards ISTAR Battalion
***79th Signals Battalion
***23rd Guards NBC-defence Battalion
***70th NBC-defence Battalion
***501st Aviation Company
***156th Medical Battalion
***1st Maintenance Battalion
***10th Logistics/Supply Battalion
*'''Special Operations Command'''
**15th Special Operations Brigade
**18th Special Operations Brigade
==== Ground Force Training and Support Command ====
* Introduction of Bills: Legislation can be proposed by members of either house, the Prime Minister, or through citizen initiatives.
*'''Military Academy of the General Staff'''
* Debate and Committee Review: Bills are debated in the Council of Representatives, with detailed examination conducted by specialized committees.
*'''Combined Arms Academy'''
* Council of Regions Review: The Council of Regions reviews bills passed by the lower house, offering amendments or recommendations to reflect regional interests.
**Engineering Institute
* Approval and Royal Assent: Once approved by both chambers, the bill is sent to the monarch for Royal Assent. Although this is typically a formality, it is constitutionally required for the enactment of laws.
**Artillery Institute
=== Sessions ===
**Signals and Communications Institude
The Národná Rada meets in regular sessions three times a year, with additional extraordinary sessions convened as needed. Sessions alternate between the chambers, although joint sessions may be called for significant national events or major policy debates.
*'''Military Logistics Academy'''
=== Committees ===
*'''NBC Protection Academy'''
Both chambers rely on a network of specialized committees to review legislation, conduct investigations, and provide detailed analysis on key issues. These include committees on defense, foreign affairs, finance, education, and healthcare.
**NBC warfare Insitute
=== Investigative commissions ===
*'''Military Engineering College'''
Members of the Národná Rada are empowered to conduct investigations if a committee and the Národná Rada vote to open a temporary investigative commission. They have broad powers related to the scope of the investigation. At the conclusion of an investigation, the findings are typically read and published to the whole of the Národná Rada. The Národná Rada can order the findings be published under seal, preventing their disclosure to the general public or be publicly read aloud in the chamber. An investigative commission can also forward their findings to the Prosecutor General.
**Maintanence Institute
== Location ==
*'''Warrant Officer Academy'''
The Národná Rada Holynska convenes in Narodný Palác (National Palace), a historic building in the capital city of Cizekporok. The complex includes:
*'''Officer Academy'''
*'''Active Combined Arms Training Regiment'''
*'''Initial Military Training'''
**Leader Option Brigade
**Warfare Training Brigade
==== Ground Operations Command ====
* Assembly Hall of the Council of Representatives: A grand chamber designed to accommodate the 600 representatives.
*'''Northern Military Command''' (Bystrica, Holynia)
* Council of Regions Chamber: A smaller, more formal chamber reflecting the deliberative nature of the upper house.
**'''1st Guards Tank Division''' (HT-85BV2, HT-85BV, BVP-3, BVP-2, OT-6, OT-5)
* Public Galleries: Spaces for citizens and the press to observe parliamentary sessions.
***15th Tank Regiment
== Elections ==
***11th Guards Tank Regiment
Elections to both chambers of the Národná Rada are held every five years, although early elections may be called under specific circumstances, such as a failure to form a government.
***56th Tank Regiment
=== Council of Representatives Elections ===
***59th Tank Regiment
***7th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment
***50th Guards Artillery Regiment
***Royal Artillery Regiment
***8th Rocket Artillery Regiment
***7th Air Defence Regiment
***20th Air Defence Regiment
***97th Reconaisiance Company
***83rd Anti-Tank Battalion
***91st Guards Anti-Tank Battalion
***457th Intelligence Battalion
***95th Signals Battalion
***905th NBC-defence Battalion
***12th Aviation Company
***451st Medical Battalion
***100th Maintenance Battalion
***204th Logistics/Supply Battalion
**'''4th Guards Motor Rifle Division''' (HT-90, HT-85BV, BVP-2, OT-6, OT-5)
|{{flag|Holynia}}|| 125mm main battle tank || HT-15A
|| Active: 60<br>On order: 340
|| Ministry of Defence reviewing an additional 200 unit order by 2023.
|-
|[[HT-90 Pružný]]||[[File:Ukrainian_preparations_for_SETC-2018_03_(cropped).jpg|150px]][[File:BM_Oplot,_Kyiv_2018,_04.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| 125mm main battle tank || HT-90AZ
----HT-90B
----HT-90V
|| Active: 453<br>Reserve: 40
----Active: 161<br>Reserve: 91
----Active: 200
|| HT-90AZ - HT-90A upgraded with new sights and sensors, Clona-4 reactive armor replaced Clona-3.<br>HT-90B - Introduced in 2005, retains Clona-3 reactive armor.<br>HT-90V - Most recent variant of HT-90.
|-
|[[HT-85]]||[[File:4th_Guards_Kantemirovskaya_Tank_Division_(395-37).jpg|150px]]<br>[[File:4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p1-05.jpg|150px]]<br>[[File:T-80BVM.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| 125mm main battle tank || HT-85B
----HT-85BV
----HT-85BV2
|| Active: 35<br>Reserve: 778
----Active: 437<br>Reserve: 1,192
----Active: 119
|| HT-85B - Unupgraded HT-85B will be retired by 2025.<br>HT-85BV - A number of HT-85BV vehicles in reserve to be reactivated to replace HT-75. Adds independent thermal imaging sights for the commander. Removes infrared search light.<br>HT-85BV2 - Adds Clona-5 reactive armor.
|-
|[[HT-75]]||[[File:Best_tank_platoon_of_UAF_competition,_Ukraine_2019,_01.jpg|150px]]<br>[[File:BM_«Bulat»_in_Kyiv.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| 125mm main battle tank || HT-75B
----HT-75BV
|| Active: 125<br>Reserve: 168
----Active: 37
|| HT-75B - Entire fleet will be retired by 2022.<br>HT-75BV - Upgrade program cancelled in 2017 in favour of HT-15.
|-
! colspan="7" style="align: center;" |{{wp|Fire support vehicle}}
|-
|[[VPT-20]]||[[File:Bmpt_REA_2009.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Tank combat support vehicle || VPT-20
|| Active: 30
|| Based on HT-85 chassis.
|-
|[[VPT-10]]||[[File:BMPT_Strazh_01.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Tank combat support vehicle || VPT-10
|| BVP-3A - Armed with 100 mm gun/30 mm autocannon.<br>BVP-3V-K - Increased armour, new 30 mm autocannon turrett.<br>BVP-3V-G - Increased armour, improved thermal sights, armed with 100 mm gun/30 mm autocannon.
|| Equipped with 20mm gun, improved sights and increased armor. No longer amphibious due to added weight. Outstanding orders cancelled in 2018 due to suspension issues.
|[[PS-41]]||[[File:Army-2018-51.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Self propelled short range air defense system || VPT-10
|| Active: 57<br>Reserve: 48
||
|-
|[[PS-3]]||[[File:Army-2020-074.JPG|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Self propelled short range air defense system || VPT-20
|| Active: 53
|| BVP-3 with anti-aircraft gun
|-
|[[PS-08]]||[[File:Pantsir-S1_(tracked)_-_Engineering_Technologies_2012_-1.jpg|150px]]<br>[[File:Moscow_Victory_Parade_2010_-_Training_on_May_4_-_img17.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Self propelled short range air defense system || PS-08S
----PS-08K
|| Active: 188
----Active: 290
||
|-
|[[PS-87]]||[[File:2008_Moscow_May_Parade_Rehearsal_-_Tunguska.JPG|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Self propelled short range air defense system || VPT-20
|| Active: 163<br>Reserve: 90
||
|-
|[[PS-88]]||[[File:VDay_Parade_Rehearsal_Moscow04.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Self propelled short range air defense system || VPT-20
|| Active: 107<br>Reserve: 82
||
|-
|[[PS-72]]||[[File:9A34_Strela-10_-_4th_Separate_Tank_Brigade_(8).jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Self propelled short range air defense system || VPT-20
|| Active: 85<br>Reserve: 31
||
|-
|[[PS-88]]||[[File:9K33_Osa_of_the_Russian_Army.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Medium range surface to air missile complex || VPT-20
|| Active: 310<br>Reserve: 104
||
|-
|[[PS-74]]||[[File:Бойові_стрільби_зенітних_ракетних_підрозділів_Повітряних_Сил_та_Сухопутних_військ_ЗС_України_(31894598818).jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Medium range surface to air missile complex || VPT-20
|| Active: 62<br>Reserve: 20
||
|-
|[[PS-95]]||[[File:Расчеты_ЗРК_«Бук-М3»_отразили_удар_условного_противника_по_пункту_базирования_кораблей_Каспийской_флотилии_в_Дагестане.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Medium range surface to air missile complex || PS-95
|| Active: 30
||
|-
|[[PS-105]]||[[File:S-300_-_2009_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_(2).jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Long range surface to air missile complex || PS-105
|| Active: 42
||
|-
|[[PS-12]]||[[File:MAKS2013firstpix02.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Long range surface to air missile complex || PS-12
|| Active: 2
||
|-
|[[PS-110]]||[[File:ЗРК_С-400_Триумф_(SA-21)_на_репетиции_4_мая_2010.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Long range surface to air missile complex || PS-110
|| Active: 23
||
|-
|[[PS-100]]||[[File:9A83ME_TEL_-_Antey-2500_SAM_02.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Long-range surface to air missile complex || PS-100
|[[P-99]]||[[File:Kornet-T_in_1000th_Training_Center_of_Rocket_and_Artillery_Troops_01.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Mobile anti-tank guided missile system || P-99
|| 207
||
|-
|[[P-98]]||[[File:Khrizantema_1.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Mobile anti-tank guided missile system || P-98
|| 72
||
|-
|[[P-15]]||[[File:Novator,_Kyiv_2019,_02.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Mobile anti-tank guided missile system || P-15
|[[D-6510]]||[[File:KrAZ-6510,_Kyiv_2021,_01.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Heavy truck || D-6510
||
||
|-
|[[D-7510]]||[[File:KrAZ-7634,_Kyiv_2021,_01.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Heavy truck || D-7510
||
||
|-
|[[D-7710]]||[[File:Tatra_8x8,_Kyiv_2021,_01.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Heavy truck || D-7710
||
||
|-
|[[D-055]]||[[File:Kraz_6322.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Heavy truck || D-055
|| 500+
||
|-
|[[D-050]]||[[File:790th_Fighter_Order_of_Kutuzov_3rd_class_Aviation_Regiment,_Khotilovo_airbase_(356-28).jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Heavy truck || D-050
|| 1,000+
||
|-
|[[D-045]]||[[File:KrAZ_255.JPG|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Heavy truck || D-050
|| 200+
||
|-
|[[D-060]]||[[File:Interpolitex_2011_(402-31).jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Heavy truck || D-050
|| 200+
||
|-
|[[D-070]]||[[File:KAMAZ-5350_military_truck_of_Russia.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Heavy truck || D-050
|| 200+
||
|-
|[[D-071]]||[[File:KrAZ-5233VE_in_Kyiv.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Medium truck || D-050
|| 200+
||
|-
|[[D-078]]||[[File:КАМАЗ-4350.JPG|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Medium truck || D-050
|| 500+
||
|-
|[[D-099]]||[[File:A-Jelcz_442.32.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Medium truck || D-050
||
||
|-
|[[D-091]]||[[File:Interpolitex2016part2-11.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Medium truck || D-050
||
||
|-
|[[D-103]]||[[File:Army2016-343.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Medium truck || D-050
||
||
|-
|[[TD-90]]||[[File:ГАЗ-3344.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Tracked transport vehicle || D-050
||
||
|-
|[[TD-95]]||[[File:Army2016demo-146.jpg|150px]]||{{flag|Holynia}}|| Tracked transport vehicle || D-050
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Emblem_of_the_Royal_Holyn_Navy.png|100px|The emblem of RHN]]
| identification_symbol_3_label = Badge
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_helicopter =
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
| start_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1891|02|17}}
}}
The '''Royal Holyn Navy''' is the {{wp|naval warfare}} branch of the [[Royal Holyn Defence Forces]]. It has existed in a number of forms since the 16th century. The current iteration was formed in 1999, when it inherited the navy of the Holyn Socialist Union. It is the second largest branch of the Holyn military.
Holynia maintained a large surface fleet of armed merchant ships from the 1500s to late 1600s. In 1661, the first formal Holyn Navy was formed becoming the official naval fighting branch of the King. During the Holyn Civil War, much of the navy had joined the communist rebellion. During the communist era, the Navy received increased investment. It transformed from a green water navy in the 1940s to a true blue water navy by the 1970s. The Navy reached its largest size in 1990, with 501 combat ships.
To enter the Council of Representatives, a party must surpass a 5% national threshold or win at least one constituency seat. This system balances proportional representation with regional accountability.
=== Council of Regions Elections ===
Following the fall of communism, the Navy had its budget significantly reduced. Procurement all but stopped by 1999. The early 2000s saw limited procurement of new ships. Military reforms in 2005 saw heavy emphasis placed on maintaining a powerful navy. The renewed focus on the Navy saw major restructuring of the Navy around designing new destroyers, cruisers and amphibious assault ships.
The members of the Council of Regions are selected by regional assemblies. Each of Holynia’s 20 regions elects five representatives through a process determined by its regional legislature, ensuring diversity in representation while maintaining equal regional influence.
== History ==
== Incidents ==
The Holyn Navy traces much of its history to to the battle force assembled by Alex I during the Catastrophe in the 12th century. A decisive naval battle between sailing ships of the Grolan Empire and the Holyn Realm cemented Holynia as a naval power. Following the reconstruction period in the 12th and 13th centuries, Holynia's various trading enterprises were tasked with exploration and colononization of the northern Sayuin coast. The ships of the King, as they officially were called, were ships under direct command of the King and the de-facto Navy of Holynia during this period. Navy ships were not tasked with exploration or colonising duties, but did escort private vessels through the busy Great Spero Sea.
In 1999, the Holynian Parliament descended into chaos during a heated debate over the Spero Treaty Organization’s (STO) intervention in Bogoria, led by Cuscan troops. The intervention, aimed at quelling the escalating violence in the neighboring country, divided Holynian lawmakers. Pro-intervention factions, led by Foreign Minister Ivana Petrakova, supported the mission as a necessary step for regional stability, while nationalist hardliners, spearheaded by Marek Sidorov, condemned it as Cuscan imperialism encroaching on Holynia's sphere of influence. Tensions reached a boiling point when Sidorov’s accusations against the intervention provoked a fiery response from Petrakova, leading to shouting, physical intimidation, and an eventual eruption of violence on the parliamentary floor.
The Navy was again sidelined during the initial periods of Holyn colonising in Navron during the 16th century, with the King opting to utilize private trading companies to conquer these lands. However, the colony of Skoskie became a major naval hub in the 17th century, allowing the monarchy close oversight of the privateer Holyn fleets operating here.
The altercation turned into a full-scale brawl, with lawmakers exchanging punches, shoves, and verbal attacks, causing significant chaos in the chamber. Parliamentary security struggled to restore order, with overturned chairs and scattered papers marking the aftermath of the melee. The incident garnered international attention, highlighting the deep divisions in Holynia over its foreign policy and fueling nationalist sentiment among the public. The brawl damaged the government’s credibility, polarized the country further, and became a symbol of Holynia’s volatile political climate during a critical moment in regional geopolitics.
In the 19th century, the Navy participated in its first major battle since the Catastrophy, again with the Grolan Empire. This saw the worlds first usage of steam ships in battle. A series of defeats saw the Holyn Navy decisive defeats in the Northern Spero Sea saw Holynia's navy sidelined to coastal defence. However, the Royal Holyn Navy was instrumental in the Battle of Relo, where Holyn ships shelled the city. During this century, the Royal Holyn Navy inherited more duties of exploration. Private individuals and companies became more restricted in their ability to use force, so Navy ships were required to escort research companies. As industrialisation expanded in Holynia, the shipbuilding abilities of the country improved. Holynia operated the 3rd largest navy in Spero by 1900.
'''Holynska Národná Obnova''' ({{wp|English language|English}}: Holyn National Renewal, HNO), commonly shortened to '''Národná Obnova''', is a right-wing political party in [[Holynia]], founded on June 22, 2015. The party was established through the merger of three political movements: Obnova, Svätá Ludová, and Akcia Teraz, consolidating their ideologies into a unified platform of conservatism, national liberalism, and national conservatism. Since its inception, HNO has grown to become the dominant political force in Holynia, leading the government under the leadership of its founder and chairperson, Renáta Mišurová, the current Prime Minister.
This became instrumental as Holynia possesed the largest Navy of the Eastern Powers during the Great Spero War in 1917. The Holyn Navy was credited with forcing the stalemate which ended the war, following a series of decisive battles in western Spero. The Holyn Navy, however, sufferred in the political chaos of the early 20th century.
The party's headquarters is located at 51 Mlýnské údolí, Cizekporok, and its official color is blue.
==History==
The formation of National Renewal in 2015 was driven by a perceived need to unify the fragmented right-wing opposition to the ruling coalition at the time. Renáta Mišurová and Havel Řehák, prominent figures in Holynia’s conservative political circles, spearheaded the merger of Obnova, Svätá Ludová, and Akcia Teraz. The merger aimed to combine traditional values with modern political strategies, appealing to a broad base of voters concerned about issues such as immigration, national security, and economic stagnation.
The Royal Navy remained loyal to the monarchy, providing safe haven and transport during the Great Escape of 1927. The Royal Navy fled mainland Holynia, with the Royal Family, to the overseas colony of [[Skoskie]]. The Royal Navy provided the basis of the Navy of newly independent [[Skoskie]] during the 1930s.
HNO’s first electoral success came in the 2015 general election, where it secured 126 seats in the Council of Representatives, becoming the largest opposition party. By 2019, the party had solidified its support, achieving a historic victory with 301 seats, marking the first time a single party had come close to an outright majority under Holynia’s proportional representation system.
The Communists found themselves with outdated ships left behind during the Great Escape. The modern, capable ships had fled the ports prior to their capture by the Communists. Only outdated, small ships were abandoned.
The 2019 election victory propelled Renáta Mišurová to the position of Prime Minister, and she has since led the government through successive terms, implementing a robust policy agenda focused on national sovereignty, economic liberalization, and cultural preservation.
== Ideology ==
Holyn National Renewal positions itself on the right-wing of Holynian politics, blending elements of conservatism, national liberalism, national conservatism, and right-wing populism. A strong emphasis on protecting Holynia’s independence, resisting external influences, and prioritizing Holynian interests in foreign policy. Národná Obnova has advocated for a free-market economy with limited government intervention, while promoting strategic industries to ensure national self-reliance. The party has committed to upholding traditional Holynian values and opposing what it sees as threats to the nation’s cultural identity. The party is in favour of implementing stricter immigration policies, citing concerns over security and social cohesion. Supporting increased defense spending and modernizing the armed forces to address emerging security threats.
The government of the newly founded Union of Holyn Socialist States founded the '''Fleet of the Workers'''. As the effort to rebuild the nation progressed, the new military command put emphasis on the ground army. By 1935, the military began to plan a build up of the Navy. Neighboring powers in Spero were putting major emphasis on building powerful Navies and Air Forces, while Holynia had a small coastal force and limited aerial forces. Shipbuilding capabilities began to be ramped up in the 1930s. Holyn shipyards, by 1933, were capable of building 10,000 tonne civilian ships, but were given the task of building roughly 60,000 tonne battleships.
NO’s messaging often includes populist themes, appealing to voters frustrated with the political establishment. The party’s rhetoric frequently criticizes globalism, unchecked immigration, and perceived elitism in Holynia’s political system.
This fleet of battleships came at a time of growing competitition between the naval powers of Spero. The death of Volen Hajek saw a major reorganization of the military. New leader Jan Kříž put a heavy emphasis on overseas expansion of communism and saw the Navy as a critical asset. The Navy was reorganized into the '''Western Fleet''', '''Central Fleet''', and the '''Eastern Fleet'''. Its headquarters was established in Slatnik.
Opponents accuse the party of eroding democratic norms through aggressive rhetoric and centralization of power. The 2023 military action in Kifathe has been widely criticized as an overreach, with accusations that the government stoked tensions to justify the conflict. HNO’s immigration reforms have been labeled xenophobic by human rights organizations. The party has faced accusations of cronyism, though investigations have not led to formal charges.
By 1945, the Navy had a fleet of 10 battleships, 4 Rolník class and 6 Chránit class battleships. These were the new flagships of the Navy. In 1947, Holynia launched its first overseas endeavor into Navron. Salcheny, a colony of Pamtoria, was fighting a war of independence. The Holyn Navy deployed several warships and transport ships to support the communist faction, the Salcheny People's Liberation Army. The withdrawal of Pamtoria was seen largely as the consequence of the Holyn deployment. The SPLA rapidly increased its capabilities after arms shipments from Holynia.
== Election results ==
Holyn National Renewal has demonstrated consistent electoral success since its founding, dominating both the Council of Representatives and the Council of Regions.
=== Council of Representatives===
* 2015: 126 seats
* 2019: 301 seats (peak performance)
* 2024: 275 seats
The Navy numbered roughly 300 ships by 1950. Construction efforts focused on cruisers, submarines and small missile boats. Throughout the 1960s, the Navy began to place significant emphasis on fleet defence capabilities, primarily through mid-sized aircraft carriers and small missile boats. Ships of all sizes had their decks packed with long range missiles. Submarine technology was also significantly improved on during the 1960s.
=== Council of Regions ===
* 2024: 37 out of 100 seats
In 1973, the first Utena class aircraft carrier was commissioned. The 1970s and 1980s would see immense improvements of the capabilities of the Navy. The nuclear powered [[Pozorká class]] heavy {{wp|battlecruiser}}s were introduced in the 1980s, alongside Project 166 and Project 170 destroyers.
While HNO saw a slight decline in the 2024 elections, it retained its status as the largest party in both chambers and remains the leading force in Holynian politics.
== Leadership ==
The party’s leadership has been a significant factor in its success, with Renáta Mišurová serving as its chairperson since its inception. Known for her pragmatic leadership and strong communication skills, Mišurová has guided the party through periods of both growth and controversy.
The diversification of various ship classes would come to an end in the 1990s. Commander of the Navy, Admiral Jaroslav Kopecký, sought to simplify the fleet. The growing budget issues of the government helped this endeavour. Procurement emphasised universal platforms, contrasting with ships built for a single purpose.
Other notable figures within the party include:
* Havel Řehák, co-founder and architect of the party’s initial policy platform.
* Martina Bohušová, Minister of Foreign Affairs and key advocate for HNO’s national sovereignty agenda.
* Lukáš Vojta, Minister of Defense and proponent of Holynia’s increased military spending.
Ship procurement steadily declined in the 1990s, all but coming to a halt by 1998. In 2001, the Holyn Navy inherited the fleet of the Skoskie Navy. Formally, the Skoskie Navy inherited the mainland Navy, to allow continuity with the pre-revolutionary Navy. The post reunification Navy sought to continue the efforts that it had begun in the 1990s. New classes of warships would be able to take on multiple roles. Changes in training and rankform were completed in 2005. Other reforms saw the Naval Infantry become the Royal Holyn Marines in 2003.
The party operates through a hierarchical structure with the Chairperson at the top, supported by a National Executive Committee responsible for strategic decisions. Local party branches play a critical role in organizing grassroots campaigns and voter outreach.
== Submarine fleet ==
The party’s headquarters at 51 Mlýnské údolí, Cizekporok, serves as the central hub for policymaking, media relations, and coordination of national campaigns.
The '''Holyn Workers' Party''' ({{wp|Slovak language|Hornat}}: '''Holynská Robotnícka Strana''', '''HRS''') is a major left-wing political party in [[Holynia]]. Initially established as the ruling party of communist Holynia, it has since transitioned into a key player in the country’s democratic political system. The HRS has historically positioned itself as a champion of labor rights, social justice, and progressive economic policies, but its legacy as the former vanguard of a one-party state has continued to shape its identity and influence its trajectory.
| <span style="color:green">Active
|-
| HMS ''Prince of Stráža''
| 1st fleet
| 2013
| <span style="color:green">Active
|-
| HMS ''Admirál Alexej Kohout''
| 3rd fleet
| 2015
| <span style="color:green">Active
|-
| rowspan="6" | Project 950 large missile submarine
The Holyn Workers' Party was founded in 1921 by Volen Hajek. The party grew in popularity by associating with trade unions and opposing the unpopular government. It soon formed an armed faction and courted members of the military. This buildup and growing opposition to the ruling class saw Holynia fall into civil war. The civil war resulted in a victory for the Workers' Party and its allies. The Workers' Party centralized its rule and pushed out opposition, with Hajek ruling Holynia as a single party state. The Workers' Party functioned to serve as the ruling political organization of the Holyn Socialist States. During this period, it controlled all aspects of political and economic life, implementing centralized planning and collectivization policies. While it oversaw industrialization and expanded access to healthcare and education, its rule was marked by widespread repression, limited political freedoms, and economic stagnation in its later years.
|-
=== Democratic Transition and Reformation ===
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Project
Following the fall of communism in Holynia in 1998, the HRS was forced to relinquish its monopoly on power. Many of its leaders were ousted, and the party underwent a significant transformation, abandoning its communist ideology in favor of democratic socialism. During the 2000s, it struggled to rebuild its support base in a competitive political landscape dominated by center-right and liberal parties. The party inherited much of the real estate and financial assets from the communist era. Some party assets were seized during decommunization efforts in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
By the early 2000s, under the leadership of reformist figures, the HRS successfully rebranded itself as a modern left-wing party, advocating for social welfare programs, labor rights, and equitable economic policies.
The HRS formed its first government in democratic Holynia after winning the 2003 general elections, benefiting from public discontent with the economic inequality and privatization efforts of the early 2000s. The party's administration expanded welfare programs, strengthened labor protections, and pursued moderate economic reforms. However, allegations of corruption and inefficiency led to its defeat in 2009.
After a period in opposition, the HRS returned to power in 2015, led by a new generation of leaders promising progressive reforms. Its policies focused on addressing income inequality, expanding public healthcare, and investing in education. However, internal divisions and growing criticism over its handling of economic challenges resulted in another electoral defeat in 2019.
In the 2024 general elections, the HRS suffered a significant loss to the ruling coalition led by Prime Minister Renáta Mišurová. This defeat marked a period of introspection and internal debate within the party. The resignation of its long-serving leader triggered a leadership race, revealing a rift between moderates seeking to maintain the party’s progressive platform and hardliners advocating for a return to policies reminiscent of Holynia's communist era.
Since 2024, the party’s hardline faction has gained prominence, calling for a radical shift in the HRS's agenda. These members argue that the party should embrace more state control over the economy, nationalize key industries, and adopt a stronger stance against neoliberal policies. Critics have warned that this shift could alienate moderate voters and damage the party’s credibility in democratic Holynia.
The HRS identifies as a democratic socialist party, focusing on expanding access to healthcare, education, and housing. Advocating for workers rights by protecting labor unions and ensuring fair wages. Reducing income inequality through progressive taxation and public investments.
While moderates emphasize collaboration with other parties and pragmatic governance, hardliners within the party advocate for a more confrontational approach and a return to state-dominated economic policies.
The HRS remains one of Holynia’s largest political parties, but its support has fluctuated over the years. It has traditionally drawn strong backing from rural workers, public sector employees, and older voters nostalgic for the stability of the communist era.
|-
=== Leadership ===
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Project
The party’s leadership has been instrumental in shaping its direction. Past leaders include:
National Renewal (37) Supported by (14) Civic Party (14) His Majesty's Official Opposition (16) Workers' Party (16) Other Opposition (36) Greens (14) Social Left (11)
National Renewal (275) Supported by (36) Civic Party (36) His Majesty's Official Opposition (161) Workers' Party (161) Other Opposition (92) Greens (42) Social Left (36) Liberals (22) Hornat People's Party (9) Bright Skoskie (8) Masovia Advancement (6) Alliance for Communism (3) Fair and Free Holynia (1)
Independent (1)
The Národná Rada Holynska (English: National Council of Holynia) is the bicameral legislature of Holynia, a unitary constitutional monarchy. Power is centralized but devolved through the constitution and legislation to regional governments, creating a framework for local governance without forming a federation. The King of Holynia serves as the ceremonial head of state, while the Prime Minister and Cabinet exercise executive powers. However, all legislation requires Royal Assent to become law, underscoring the monarch’s constitutional role in Holynian governance.
The current structure of the Národná Rada was established in 2001, following Holynia’s transition from communism to a parliamentary democracy. It consists of two houses; the Council of Representatives, which is directly elected, and the Council of Regions, which represents the interests of Holynia's 20 administrative regions.
History
The modern Národná Rada was established in 2001 following Holynia’s transition from a communist state to a parliamentary democracy. Prior to this, Holynia had a single-party legislature under communist rule, which was dissolved during the democratic reforms of the late 1990s. The 2001 reforms introduced the bicameral structure and mixed electoral system, designed to balance proportional representation with regional interests.
Composition
Council of Regions
The Council of Regions is the upper house of parliament and is composed of 100 members, with each of Holynia’s 20 regions electing five representatives. Members are selected indirectly by regional assemblies, reflecting the principle of equal regional representation, regardless of population.
Council of Representatives
The Council of Representatives is the lower house of the Národná Rada and consists of 600 seats. Members are elected every five years through a mixed electoral system that combines at-large constituencies with party lists and proportional representation. This system ensures a balance between regional accountability and proportional political representation.
The Národná Rada follows a structured legislative process:
Introduction of Bills: Legislation can be proposed by members of either house, the Prime Minister, or through citizen initiatives.
Debate and Committee Review: Bills are debated in the Council of Representatives, with detailed examination conducted by specialized committees.
Council of Regions Review: The Council of Regions reviews bills passed by the lower house, offering amendments or recommendations to reflect regional interests.
Approval and Royal Assent: Once approved by both chambers, the bill is sent to the monarch for Royal Assent. Although this is typically a formality, it is constitutionally required for the enactment of laws.
Sessions
The Národná Rada meets in regular sessions three times a year, with additional extraordinary sessions convened as needed. Sessions alternate between the chambers, although joint sessions may be called for significant national events or major policy debates.
Committees
Both chambers rely on a network of specialized committees to review legislation, conduct investigations, and provide detailed analysis on key issues. These include committees on defense, foreign affairs, finance, education, and healthcare.
Investigative commissions
Members of the Národná Rada are empowered to conduct investigations if a committee and the Národná Rada vote to open a temporary investigative commission. They have broad powers related to the scope of the investigation. At the conclusion of an investigation, the findings are typically read and published to the whole of the Národná Rada. The Národná Rada can order the findings be published under seal, preventing their disclosure to the general public or be publicly read aloud in the chamber. An investigative commission can also forward their findings to the Prosecutor General.
Location
The Národná Rada Holynska convenes in Narodný Palác (National Palace), a historic building in the capital city of Cizekporok. The complex includes:
Assembly Hall of the Council of Representatives: A grand chamber designed to accommodate the 600 representatives.
Council of Regions Chamber: A smaller, more formal chamber reflecting the deliberative nature of the upper house.
Public Galleries: Spaces for citizens and the press to observe parliamentary sessions.
Elections
Elections to both chambers of the Národná Rada are held every five years, although early elections may be called under specific circumstances, such as a failure to form a government.
Council of Representatives Elections
Elections to the Council of Representatives use a mixed-member proportional representation system, with voters casting two votes:
Constituency Vote: For a political party within their at-large constituency (300 seats).
National List Vote: For a political party at the national level, which determines the allocation of the remaining 300 seats.
To enter the Council of Representatives, a party must surpass a 5% national threshold or win at least one constituency seat. This system balances proportional representation with regional accountability.
Council of Regions Elections
The members of the Council of Regions are selected by regional assemblies. Each of Holynia’s 20 regions elects five representatives through a process determined by its regional legislature, ensuring diversity in representation while maintaining equal regional influence.
Incidents
In 1999, the Holynian Parliament descended into chaos during a heated debate over the Spero Treaty Organization’s (STO) intervention in Bogoria, led by Cuscan troops. The intervention, aimed at quelling the escalating violence in the neighboring country, divided Holynian lawmakers. Pro-intervention factions, led by Foreign Minister Ivana Petrakova, supported the mission as a necessary step for regional stability, while nationalist hardliners, spearheaded by Marek Sidorov, condemned it as Cuscan imperialism encroaching on Holynia's sphere of influence. Tensions reached a boiling point when Sidorov’s accusations against the intervention provoked a fiery response from Petrakova, leading to shouting, physical intimidation, and an eventual eruption of violence on the parliamentary floor.
The altercation turned into a full-scale brawl, with lawmakers exchanging punches, shoves, and verbal attacks, causing significant chaos in the chamber. Parliamentary security struggled to restore order, with overturned chairs and scattered papers marking the aftermath of the melee. The incident garnered international attention, highlighting the deep divisions in Holynia over its foreign policy and fueling nationalist sentiment among the public. The brawl damaged the government’s credibility, polarized the country further, and became a symbol of Holynia’s volatile political climate during a critical moment in regional geopolitics.
Holynska Národná Obnova (English: Holyn National Renewal, HNO), commonly shortened to Národná Obnova, is a right-wing political party in Holynia, founded on June 22, 2015. The party was established through the merger of three political movements: Obnova, Svätá Ludová, and Akcia Teraz, consolidating their ideologies into a unified platform of conservatism, national liberalism, and national conservatism. Since its inception, HNO has grown to become the dominant political force in Holynia, leading the government under the leadership of its founder and chairperson, Renáta Mišurová, the current Prime Minister.
The party's headquarters is located at 51 Mlýnské údolí, Cizekporok, and its official color is blue.
History
The formation of National Renewal in 2015 was driven by a perceived need to unify the fragmented right-wing opposition to the ruling coalition at the time. Renáta Mišurová and Havel Řehák, prominent figures in Holynia’s conservative political circles, spearheaded the merger of Obnova, Svätá Ludová, and Akcia Teraz. The merger aimed to combine traditional values with modern political strategies, appealing to a broad base of voters concerned about issues such as immigration, national security, and economic stagnation.
HNO’s first electoral success came in the 2015 general election, where it secured 126 seats in the Council of Representatives, becoming the largest opposition party. By 2019, the party had solidified its support, achieving a historic victory with 301 seats, marking the first time a single party had come close to an outright majority under Holynia’s proportional representation system.
The 2019 election victory propelled Renáta Mišurová to the position of Prime Minister, and she has since led the government through successive terms, implementing a robust policy agenda focused on national sovereignty, economic liberalization, and cultural preservation.
Ideology
Holyn National Renewal positions itself on the right-wing of Holynian politics, blending elements of conservatism, national liberalism, national conservatism, and right-wing populism. A strong emphasis on protecting Holynia’s independence, resisting external influences, and prioritizing Holynian interests in foreign policy. Národná Obnova has advocated for a free-market economy with limited government intervention, while promoting strategic industries to ensure national self-reliance. The party has committed to upholding traditional Holynian values and opposing what it sees as threats to the nation’s cultural identity. The party is in favour of implementing stricter immigration policies, citing concerns over security and social cohesion. Supporting increased defense spending and modernizing the armed forces to address emerging security threats.
NO’s messaging often includes populist themes, appealing to voters frustrated with the political establishment. The party’s rhetoric frequently criticizes globalism, unchecked immigration, and perceived elitism in Holynia’s political system.
Opponents accuse the party of eroding democratic norms through aggressive rhetoric and centralization of power. The 2023 military action in Kifathe has been widely criticized as an overreach, with accusations that the government stoked tensions to justify the conflict. HNO’s immigration reforms have been labeled xenophobic by human rights organizations. The party has faced accusations of cronyism, though investigations have not led to formal charges.
Election results
Holyn National Renewal has demonstrated consistent electoral success since its founding, dominating both the Council of Representatives and the Council of Regions.
Council of Representatives
2015: 126 seats
2019: 301 seats (peak performance)
2024: 275 seats
Council of Regions
2024: 37 out of 100 seats
While HNO saw a slight decline in the 2024 elections, it retained its status as the largest party in both chambers and remains the leading force in Holynian politics.
Leadership
The party’s leadership has been a significant factor in its success, with Renáta Mišurová serving as its chairperson since its inception. Known for her pragmatic leadership and strong communication skills, Mišurová has guided the party through periods of both growth and controversy.
Other notable figures within the party include:
Havel Řehák, co-founder and architect of the party’s initial policy platform.
Martina Bohušová, Minister of Foreign Affairs and key advocate for HNO’s national sovereignty agenda.
Lukáš Vojta, Minister of Defense and proponent of Holynia’s increased military spending.
The party operates through a hierarchical structure with the Chairperson at the top, supported by a National Executive Committee responsible for strategic decisions. Local party branches play a critical role in organizing grassroots campaigns and voter outreach.
The party’s headquarters at 51 Mlýnské údolí, Cizekporok, serves as the central hub for policymaking, media relations, and coordination of national campaigns.
The Holyn Workers' Party (Hornat: Holynská Robotnícka Strana, HRS) is a major left-wing political party in Holynia. Initially established as the ruling party of communist Holynia, it has since transitioned into a key player in the country’s democratic political system. The HRS has historically positioned itself as a champion of labor rights, social justice, and progressive economic policies, but its legacy as the former vanguard of a one-party state has continued to shape its identity and influence its trajectory.
History
Foundation and single-party rule (1921–1998)
The Holyn Workers' Party was founded in 1921 by Volen Hajek. The party grew in popularity by associating with trade unions and opposing the unpopular government. It soon formed an armed faction and courted members of the military. This buildup and growing opposition to the ruling class saw Holynia fall into civil war. The civil war resulted in a victory for the Workers' Party and its allies. The Workers' Party centralized its rule and pushed out opposition, with Hajek ruling Holynia as a single party state. The Workers' Party functioned to serve as the ruling political organization of the Holyn Socialist States. During this period, it controlled all aspects of political and economic life, implementing centralized planning and collectivization policies. While it oversaw industrialization and expanded access to healthcare and education, its rule was marked by widespread repression, limited political freedoms, and economic stagnation in its later years.
Democratic Transition and Reformation
Following the fall of communism in Holynia in 1998, the HRS was forced to relinquish its monopoly on power. Many of its leaders were ousted, and the party underwent a significant transformation, abandoning its communist ideology in favor of democratic socialism. During the 2000s, it struggled to rebuild its support base in a competitive political landscape dominated by center-right and liberal parties. The party inherited much of the real estate and financial assets from the communist era. Some party assets were seized during decommunization efforts in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
By the early 2000s, under the leadership of reformist figures, the HRS successfully rebranded itself as a modern left-wing party, advocating for social welfare programs, labor rights, and equitable economic policies.
The HRS formed its first government in democratic Holynia after winning the 2003 general elections, benefiting from public discontent with the economic inequality and privatization efforts of the early 2000s. The party's administration expanded welfare programs, strengthened labor protections, and pursued moderate economic reforms. However, allegations of corruption and inefficiency led to its defeat in 2009.
After a period in opposition, the HRS returned to power in 2015, led by a new generation of leaders promising progressive reforms. Its policies focused on addressing income inequality, expanding public healthcare, and investing in education. However, internal divisions and growing criticism over its handling of economic challenges resulted in another electoral defeat in 2019.
Recent Developments
In the 2024 general elections, the HRS suffered a significant loss to the ruling coalition led by Prime Minister Renáta Mišurová. This defeat marked a period of introspection and internal debate within the party. The resignation of its long-serving leader triggered a leadership race, revealing a rift between moderates seeking to maintain the party’s progressive platform and hardliners advocating for a return to policies reminiscent of Holynia's communist era.
Since 2024, the party’s hardline faction has gained prominence, calling for a radical shift in the HRS's agenda. These members argue that the party should embrace more state control over the economy, nationalize key industries, and adopt a stronger stance against neoliberal policies. Critics have warned that this shift could alienate moderate voters and damage the party’s credibility in democratic Holynia.
Ideology
The HRS identifies as a democratic socialist party, focusing on expanding access to healthcare, education, and housing. Advocating for workers rights by protecting labor unions and ensuring fair wages. Reducing income inequality through progressive taxation and public investments.
While moderates emphasize collaboration with other parties and pragmatic governance, hardliners within the party advocate for a more confrontational approach and a return to state-dominated economic policies.
Election results
The HRS remains one of Holynia’s largest political parties, but its support has fluctuated over the years. It has traditionally drawn strong backing from rural workers, public sector employees, and older voters nostalgic for the stability of the communist era.
Leadership
The party’s leadership has been instrumental in shaping its direction. Past leaders include:
Andrej Sedláček (2000–2009): Oversaw the party’s first democratic government.
Vincent Jeleň (2009-2014): Largely viewed as an interim leader, defeated in the 2012 election.
Štefan Jahnátek (2014–2024): Led the HRS’s return to power with a progressive platform.
Kryštof Lázňovský (2024-present): Far-left economist advocating for a strong central government.
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