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User:Gabrielland/Sandbox: Difference between revisions
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Gabrielland (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{| class="wikitable" ! Constituecy name !! Provinces !! Voting Population !! Seats !! Turnout !! Voter participation !! Gabrielts First !! !! !! People's Democratic Allian...") |
Gabrielland2 (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
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{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| Case | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="4" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="4" | 2nd | |||
! colspan="12"| 3rd | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Masculine | |||
! colspan="4" | Feminine | |||
! colspan="4" | Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Paucal | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Paucal | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Paucal | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Paucal | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Paucal | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>mésoh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>á | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub>à | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *kʷistʰòh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *witʰòh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>àh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰe | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰíz | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰe | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízàh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰi | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰíze | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰey | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰazìh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>1</sub> | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative-I | |||
| *míśam | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>mésom | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *míśam<sub>2</sub>à | |||
| *smìtʰòm | |||
| *kʷistʰòm | |||
| *witʰòh<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *smìtʰòmàh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰem | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰmíz | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰem | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰmízàh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰim | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰmíze | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰmey | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰmazìh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>em | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùrm<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>me | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>meh<sub>1</sub> | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative-II | |||
| *míśr<sub>1</sub>a | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>mésr<sub>1</sub>o | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>r<sub>1</sub>á | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub>r<sub>1</sub>à | |||
| *smìtʰr<sub>1</sub>òh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *kʷistʰr<sub>1</sub>òh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *witʰr<sub>1</sub>òh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>r<sub>1</sub>àh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰer<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰr<sub>1</sub>íz | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰer<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰr<sub>1</sub>ízàh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰir<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰr<sub>1</sub>íze | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰeyr<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰr<sub>1</sub>azìh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>er<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>r<sub>1</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>er<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>r<sub>1</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>1</sub> | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-I | |||
| *míśai | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>maysoh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>ái | |||
| *míśayh<sub>2</sub>à | |||
| *smìtʰòyh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *kʷistʰòyh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *witʰòyh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *smìtʰòyh<sub>2</sub>àh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰey | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízai | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰey | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízàyh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰiyei | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízey | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰeya | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰeyzìh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>ey | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>ey | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>ey | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eyh<sub>1</sub> | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-II | |||
| *míśes | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>méses | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>es | |||
| *míśeh<sub>2</sub>às | |||
| *smìtʰr<sub>1</sub>eh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *kʷistʰr<sub>1</sub>eh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *witʰr<sub>1</sub>eh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *smìtʰr<sub>1</sub>eh<sub>2</sub>àh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰes | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízes | |||
| *wúks<sub>1</sub>ʰe | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰr<sub>1</sub>ízàh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰis | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízes | |||
| *wúks<sub>1</sub>ʰey | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰr<sub>1</sub>azìh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>es | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>er<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>er<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>seh<sub>1</sub> | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| *míśi | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>mési | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>i | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub>ày | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>oy | |||
| *kʷistʰòh<sub>2</sub>oy | |||
| *witʰòh<sub>2</sub>oy | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>àyh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰoy | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰoyz | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰoy | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰoyzàh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰoy | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízey | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰoy | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰoyzìh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>i | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>ey | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>oy | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>oyeh<sub>1</sub> | |||
|- | |||
! Comitative | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub>am | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>mésem | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>em | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub>àym | |||
| *smìtʰeh<sub>2</sub>em | |||
| *kʷistʰòh<sub>2</sub>em | |||
| *witʰòme | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>àm | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰem | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízom | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰim | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízàh<sub>1</sub>am | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰim | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízeym | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰeym | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰazìh<sub>1</sub>am | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>em | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùrm<sub>2</sub>em | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>mem | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùrm<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>1</sub> | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| *míśol | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>mésol | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>ál | |||
| *míślah<sub>2</sub>à | |||
| *smìtʰòl | |||
| *kʷistʰòl | |||
| *witʰlòh<sub>2</sub> | |||
| *smìtʰlòh<sub>2</sub>àh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰel | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰlíz | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰle | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰlízàh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰil | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰlíze | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰley | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰlazìh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>el | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>el | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>le | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>leh<sub>1</sub> | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| *míśaya | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>mésoyo | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>áya | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub>àya | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>yp | |||
| *kʷistʰòh<sub>2</sub>yo | |||
| *witʰòh<sub>2</sub>yo | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>yàh<sub>1</sub> | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰeye | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰíyiz | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰeye | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízàh<sub>1</sub>a | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰiye | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰíyize | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰeyi | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰazìh<sub>1</sub>a | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eye | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eye | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>eye | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>1</sub>a | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>mésoh<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *wisk<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *míśah<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *kʷistʰòh<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *witʰòh<sub>2</sub>e | |||
| *smìtʰòh<sub>2</sub>àh<sub>1</sub>e | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰu | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰíze | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰu | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízàh<sub>1</sub>e | |||
| *pr<sub>1</sub>úk<sub>1</sub>ʰu | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰízu | |||
| *wúk<sub>1</sub>ʰeyu | |||
| *núk<sub>1</sub>ʰazìh<sub>1</sub>u | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>u | |||
| *h<sub>1</sub>g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>u | |||
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>u | |||
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>1</sub>e | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Number | |||
! Proto Gabrielt | |||
! Aldzinian | |||
! Literary Gabrielt | |||
! Standard Gabrielt | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| *h<sub>2</sub>áyma | |||
| кӏвáйма <br> khwáyma | |||
| aima | |||
| am | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| *èh<sub>1</sub>sa | |||
| èҗьсьa <br> èź's'a | |||
| ēsa | |||
| dza | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| *beyr<sub>2</sub>è | |||
| бейp̆e <br> beyŕe | |||
| pēra | |||
| pe | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| *h<sub>2</sub>áda | |||
| ҳáда <br> ẋáda | |||
| āda | |||
| ada | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| *mádatà | |||
| мадат <br> mádat | |||
| mada | |||
| maja | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| *ar<sub>1</sub>eydʰa | |||
| арейдӏa <br> areydha | |||
| arēda | |||
| redi | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| *g<sub>1</sub>ʰìijaur<sub>1</sub>á | |||
| ѓӏиявp̆вa <br> ģhiyawŕwa | |||
| giyara | |||
| gyo | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| *antʰaban | |||
| антӏабан <br> anthaban | |||
| ątapa | |||
| tap | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| *áuwandʰa | |||
| áувандӏва <br> áuwandhwa | |||
| owąda | |||
| odi | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| *tʰesátu | |||
| тӏeсвáту <br> theswátu | |||
| tesa | |||
| tez | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Literary Gabrielt== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="3"| Simple | |||
! colspan="3"| Perfect | |||
|- | |||
! Past | |||
! Present | |||
! Future | |||
! Past | |||
! Present | |||
! Future | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 1 | |||
! Singular | |||
| Tran'''o''' | |||
| Tran | |||
| Tran'''as''' | |||
| Agan'''o''' Tran'''i''' | |||
| Agan Tran'''i''' | |||
| Agan'''as''' Tran'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| Tran'''owu''' | |||
| Tran'''au''' | |||
| Tran'''azu''' | |||
| Agan'''owu''' Tran'''i''' | |||
| Agan'''au''' Tran'''i''' | |||
| Agan'''azu''' Tran'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
| Tran'''uwa''' | |||
| Tran'''aha''' | |||
| Tran'''asah''' | |||
| Agan'''uwa''' Tran'''i''' | |||
| Agan'''aha''' Tran'''i''' | |||
| Agan'''asah''' Tran'''i''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 2 | |||
! Singular | |||
| Tran'''on''' | |||
| Tran'''in''' | |||
| Tran'''si''' | |||
| Agan'''on''' Tran'''o''' | |||
| Agan'''in''' Tran'''o''' | |||
| Agan'''si''' Tran'''o''' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| Tran'''uni''' | |||
| Tran'''ani''' | |||
| Tran'''ansi''' | |||
| Agan'''uni''' Tran'''o''' | |||
| Agan'''ani''' Tran'''o''' | |||
| Agan'''ansi''' Tran'''o''' | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
| Tran'''oya''' | |||
| Tran'''aiha''' | |||
| Tran'''sayh''' | |||
| Agan'''oya''' Tran'''o''' | |||
| Agan'''aiha''' Tran'''o''' | |||
| Agan'''sayh''' Tran'''o''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="6"| 3 | |||
! rowspan="3"| Animate | |||
! Singular | |||
| Tran'''oni''' | |||
| Tran'''i''' | |||
| Tran'''sit''' | |||
| Agan'''oni''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''i''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''sit''' '''U'''tran | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| Tran'''uwe''' | |||
| Tran'''e''' | |||
| Tran'''som''' | |||
| Agan'''uwe''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''e''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''som''' '''U'''tran | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
| Tran'''aweh''' | |||
| Tran'''eh''' | |||
| Tran'''seyh''' | |||
| Agan'''aweh''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''eh''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''seyh''' '''U'''tran | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Inanimate | |||
! Singular | |||
| Tran'''on''' | |||
| Tran'''an''' | |||
| Tran'''son''' | |||
| Agan'''on''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''an''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''son''' '''U'''tran | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| Tran'''uwe''' | |||
| Tran'''e''' | |||
| Tran'''som''' | |||
| Agan'''uwe''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''e''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''som''' '''U'''tran | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
| Tran'''aweh''' | |||
| Tran'''eh''' | |||
| Tran'''seyh''' | |||
| Agan'''aweh''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''eh''' '''U'''tran | |||
| Agan'''seyh''' '''U'''tran | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| Case | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd | |||
! colspan="9"| 3rd | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Masculine | |||
! colspan="3" | Feminine | |||
! colspan="3" | Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| Mižā / Mi | |||
| Hmezō | |||
| Mižaha | |||
| Smitō | |||
| Kuwistō | |||
| Smitohā | |||
| Wuk | |||
| Nukis | |||
| Nukisa | |||
| Wuki | |||
| Nukis | |||
| Nukisa | |||
| Hure | |||
| Gure | |||
| Hurē | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| Mižą | |||
| Hmezǫ | |||
| Mižam | |||
| Smitǫ | |||
| Kuwistǫ | |||
| Smitoma | |||
| Wukę | |||
| Nukmis | |||
| Nukmizā | |||
| Wukį | |||
| Nukmis | |||
| Nukmizā | |||
| Hurę | |||
| Gurme | |||
| Hurmē | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-I | |||
| Miže | |||
| Hmeizō | |||
| Mižeha | |||
| Smitōy | |||
| Kuwistōy | |||
| Smitoihā | |||
| Wukei | |||
| Nukise | |||
| Nukisei | |||
| Wukei | |||
| Nukise | |||
| Nukisei | |||
| Hurei | |||
| Gurei | |||
| Hurēyi | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-II | |||
| Mižes | |||
| Hmezes | |||
| Mižahas | |||
| Smitrē | |||
| Kuwistrē | |||
| Smitrehā | |||
| Wukes | |||
| Nukises | |||
| Nukisas | |||
| Wukis | |||
| Nukises | |||
| Nukisas | |||
| Hures | |||
| Gurer | |||
| Hursē | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| Miži | |||
| Hmezi | |||
| Mižahe | |||
| Smitōi | |||
| Kuwistōi | |||
| Smitohāi | |||
| Wuko | |||
| Nukoy | |||
| Nukoysa | |||
| Wuko | |||
| Nukoy | |||
| Nukoysa | |||
| Huri | |||
| Gurei | |||
| Hurēi | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| Mižāya | |||
| Hmezōyo | |||
| Mižahaya | |||
| Smitōyo | |||
| Kuwistōyo | |||
| Smitohāya | |||
| Wukeye | |||
| Nukiyis | |||
| Nukisaya | |||
| Wukiye | |||
| Nukiyis | |||
| Nukisaya | |||
| Hureye | |||
| Gureye | |||
| Hurēye | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| Miže | |||
| Hmeze | |||
| Mižahe | |||
| Smite | |||
| Kuwiste | |||
| Smitohe | |||
| Wuku | |||
| Nukise | |||
| Nukise | |||
| Wuku | |||
| Nukise | |||
| Nukise | |||
| Huru | |||
| Guru | |||
| Hurē | |||
|} | |||
===First Declension=== | |||
The first declension is used to decline masculine nouns and feminine | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="4"| Ōsa (brother) | |||
|- | |||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| Ōs'''a''' | |||
| Ōs'''as''' | |||
| Ōs'''ō''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| Ōs'''ą''' | |||
| Ōs'''ǫs''' | |||
| Ōs'''ǫmo''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-I | |||
| Ōs'''oš''' | |||
| Ōs'''as''' | |||
| Ōs'''ašā''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-II | |||
| Ōs'''e''' | |||
| Ōs'''eso''' | |||
| Ōs'''asiyo''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| Ōs'''ai''' | |||
| Ōs'''ei''' | |||
| Ōs'''eyā''' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| Ōs'''ā''' | |||
| Ōs'''ayā''' | |||
| Ōs'''eyō''' | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| Ōs'''u''' | |||
| Ōs'''u''' | |||
| Ōs'''usā''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Second declension=== | |||
The second declension is use to decline masculine and feminine nouns. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="4"| Šuwēš (Farmer) | |||
|- | |||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| Šuwēš | |||
| Šuwēš'''i''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''iyo''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| Šuwēš'''ę''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''ęį''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''ēn''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-I | |||
| Šuwēš'''e''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''ąį''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''ēyo''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-II | |||
| Šuwēš'''eru''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''irų''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''ēru''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| Šuwēš'''i''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''į''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''eyu''' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| Šuwēš'''e''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''į''' | |||
| Šuwēš'''eyu''' | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| Šuw'''oh''' | |||
| Šuw'''ohi''' | |||
| Šuw'''oheyu''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Third declension=== | |||
The third declension is used to decline neuter nouns. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="4"| Šēn (House) | |||
|- | |||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| Šēn | |||
| Šēn'''a''' | |||
| Šēn'''ayo''' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| Šēn'''ų''' | |||
| Šēn'''ųna''' | |||
| Šēn'''ūyo''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-I | |||
| Šēn'''o''' | |||
| Šēn'''oi''' | |||
| Šēn'''ōyo''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive-II | |||
| Šēn'''asi''' | |||
| Šēn'''aisa''' | |||
| Šēn'''aiya''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| Šēn'''ai''' | |||
| Šēn'''āyi''' | |||
| Šēn'''ayu''' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| Šēn'''ar''' | |||
| Šēn'''ir''' | |||
| Šēn'''arayu''' | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| Šēn'''e''' | |||
| Šēn'''ei''' | |||
| Šēn'''eyu''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Descendants of Literary Gabrielt== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Literary | |||
! 1 | |||
! 2 | |||
! 3 | |||
! 4 | |||
! 5 | |||
! 6 | |||
! 7 | |||
|- | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
| æ | |||
| a | |||
|- | |||
| ā | |||
| ā | |||
| ah | |||
| a | |||
| æ | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
| a | |||
|- | |||
| e | |||
| e | |||
| e | |||
| e | |||
| e | |||
| e | |||
| e | |||
| e | |||
|- | |||
| ē | |||
| ē | |||
| eh | |||
| e | |||
| æ | |||
| e, æ | |||
| eh | |||
| e | |||
|- | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
| e | |||
| e | |||
| i | |||
|- | |||
| ī | |||
| ē | |||
| ih | |||
| i | |||
| y | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
| i | |||
|- | |||
| o | |||
| o | |||
| o | |||
| o | |||
| o | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| o | |||
|- | |||
| ō | |||
| ō | |||
| oh | |||
| o | |||
| ø | |||
| o | |||
| o | |||
| o | |||
|- | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
|- | |||
| ū | |||
| ū | |||
| uh | |||
| u | |||
| y | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
| u | |||
|- | |||
| ą | |||
| an | |||
| ah | |||
| an | |||
| au | |||
| ain | |||
| a | |||
| am | |||
|- | |||
| ę | |||
| em | |||
| eh | |||
| en | |||
| en | |||
| ein | |||
| e | |||
| em | |||
|- | |||
| į | |||
| im | |||
| ih | |||
| in | |||
| in | |||
| in | |||
| i | |||
| im | |||
|- | |||
| ǫ | |||
| oh | |||
| oh | |||
| on | |||
| ou | |||
| om | |||
| o | |||
| om | |||
|- | |||
| ų | |||
| uh | |||
| uh | |||
| un | |||
| un | |||
| um | |||
| u | |||
| um | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Literary | |||
! 1 | |||
! 2 | |||
! 3 | |||
! 4 | |||
! 5 | |||
! 6 | |||
! 7 | |||
|- | |||
| b | |||
| Vb/s : p <br> b | |||
| Vb/s : p <br> b | |||
| VbV : p <br> b | |||
| bV/s : f <br> VbV : p <br> b | |||
| Vb : p <br> b | |||
| b | |||
| b | |||
|- | |||
| d | |||
| Vd/s : t <br> d | |||
| Vd/s : t <br> d | |||
| VdV : ts <br> Vd/s : dz <br> d | |||
| Vd/s : s <br> VbV : t <br> d | |||
| Vd : l <br> d | |||
| d | |||
| d | |||
|- | |||
| g | |||
| gV/s : k <br> g | |||
| gV/s : k <br> g | |||
| gV/s : ng <br> g | |||
| gV/s : š <br> VbV : h <br> g | |||
| gV : r <br> g | |||
| g | |||
| h | |||
|- | |||
| p | |||
| pV/s : f <br> VpV : f <br> p | |||
| VpV : b <br> p | |||
| Vpa : gy <br> Vpi : k <br> pV/s : b <br> p | |||
| VpV : m <br> p | |||
| p | |||
| VpV : v <br> p | |||
| Vp/f : - <br> p | |||
|- | |||
| t | |||
| tV/s : θ <br> t | |||
| t | |||
| VtV : ts <br> Vt/f : s <br> t | |||
| Vta : s <br> t | |||
| t | |||
| t | |||
| VtV : z <br> | |||
|- | |||
| k | |||
| Vk/f : - <br> VkV : k <br> kV/s : g | |||
| Vk/f : - <br> VkV : g <br> kV/s : k | |||
| VkV : gy, ky <br> k | |||
| Vk/f : h <br> VsV: s <br> k | |||
| k | |||
| VkV : g <br> k | |||
| Vk/f : - <br> k | |||
|- | |||
| s | |||
| VsV : č <br> s | |||
| VsV : š <br> s | |||
| VsV : dz <br> s | |||
| VsV : ž <br> s | |||
| s | |||
| s | |||
| VsV : z <br> s | |||
|- | |||
| ž | |||
| VžI : š <br> ž | |||
| š | |||
| s | |||
| z <br> VžV : dz | |||
| š | |||
| s | |||
| s | |||
|- | |||
| š | |||
| VšV : k <br> Vš : h <br> | |||
| VšV : š <br> s | |||
| Vš/f : s <br> š | |||
| š | |||
| s | |||
| s | |||
| z | |||
|- | |||
| w | |||
| v | |||
| v | |||
| v | |||
| v | |||
| v | |||
| w | |||
| w | |||
|- | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
| Vm : n <br> m | |||
| Vm : n <br> m | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
| m | |||
|- | |||
| z | |||
| z | |||
| z | |||
| VzV : dz <br> z | |||
| VzV : ž | |||
| z | |||
| s | |||
| z | |||
|- | |||
| r | |||
| Vr : - <br> Vra : l <br> r | |||
| VrV : l <br> r | |||
| Vr : n <br> r | |||
| r | |||
| r | |||
| Vr/f : l <br> r | |||
| Vr/f : l <br> r | |||
|- | |||
| l | |||
| l | |||
| l | |||
| l | |||
| VlV : h <br> l | |||
| lV : n <br> l | |||
| r | |||
| r | |||
|- | |||
| n | |||
| VnV : m <br> n | |||
| Vn : ng <br> n | |||
| inV : nny <br> n | |||
| VnV : ny <br> n | |||
| n | |||
| n | |||
| n | |||
|- | |||
| y | |||
| y | |||
| y | |||
| VyV : gy,ky <br> y | |||
| y | |||
| y | |||
| y | |||
| y | |||
|- | |||
| h | |||
| h | |||
| h | |||
| h | |||
| h | |||
| h | |||
| VhV : h <br> - | |||
| VhV : h <br> - | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Literary | |||
! 1 | |||
! 2 | |||
! 3 | |||
! 4 | |||
! 5 | |||
! 6 | |||
! 7 | |||
|- | |||
| Ōsa | |||
| Ōča | |||
| Ohša | |||
| Odza | |||
| Öža | |||
| Osa | |||
| Ōsa | |||
| Oza | |||
|- | |||
| Šēn | |||
| Šēn | |||
| Šehna | |||
| Shen | |||
| Šän | |||
| Sen | |||
| Sehne | |||
| Zen | |||
|- | |||
| Trāwęŋi | |||
| Thrāvem | |||
| Trahvehki | |||
| Travenni | |||
| Träveng | |||
| Traveing | |||
| Trawen | |||
| Trawemmi | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''1''' | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="3"| Simple | |||
! colspan="3"| Perfect | |||
|- | |||
! Past | |||
! Present | |||
! Future | |||
! Past | |||
! Present | |||
! Future | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 1 | |||
! Singular | |||
| rowspan="6" | Thramo | |||
| Thram | |||
| rowspan="6" | Thramač | |||
| rowspan="6" | Agamo thram | |||
| Agan thram | |||
| rowspan="6" | Agamač thram | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| rowspan="2" | Thrama | |||
| rowspan="2" | Agan Thrama | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 2 | |||
! Singular | |||
| Thramin | |||
| Agamin thram | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| rowspan="2"| Thramāha | |||
| rowspan="2"| Agamāha thram | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="6"| 3 | |||
! rowspan="3"| Animate | |||
! Singular | |||
| rowspan="6"| Thramon | |||
| Trami | |||
| rowspan="6"| Thransi | |||
| rowspan="6"| Agamon thram | |||
| Agami tram | |||
| rowspan="6"| Agansi thram | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| rowspan="2"| Thrame | |||
| rowspan="2"| Agame thram | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| Innimate | |||
! Singular | |||
| Thraman | |||
| Agaman thram | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| rowspan="2"| Thrame | |||
| rowspan="2"| Agame thram | |||
|- | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| Case | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd | |||
! colspan="8"| 3rd | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Animate | |||
! colspan="3" | Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| Mišā | |||
| Mez | |||
| Miža | |||
| Smit | |||
| Visto | |||
| Smitā | |||
| Vu | |||
| Nukič | |||
| Nukiča | |||
| Ure | |||
| Gur | |||
| Urē | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| Mišan | |||
| Mezoh | |||
| Mižam | |||
| Smiton | |||
| Viston | |||
| Smitom | |||
| Vun | |||
| Nukičam | |||
| Nukičam | |||
| Uren | |||
| Guren | |||
| Urem | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| Miše | |||
| Mezo | |||
| Mižeya | |||
| Smite | |||
| Vistoi | |||
| Smitāya | |||
| Vue | |||
| Nukiče | |||
| Nukiče | |||
| Urea | |||
| Gura | |||
| Urēa | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| Miši | |||
| Mezi | |||
| Mižai | |||
| Smiti | |||
| Visti | |||
| Smitāi | |||
| Vui | |||
| Nukiči | |||
| Nukiči | |||
| Uri | |||
| Guri | |||
| Urēi | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! colspan="4"| Ōča (Brother) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Ōča | |||
| Ōča'''s''' | |||
| Ōč'''os''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Accusative | ||
| Ōč'''an''' | |||
| Ōč'''ohs''' | |||
| Ōč'''ohmo''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| Ōč'''e''' | |||
| Ōča'''s''' | |||
| Ōča'''jah''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Dative | ||
| Ōč'''ā''' | |||
| Ōč'''ē''' | |||
| Ōč'''ei''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
'''2''' | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="3"| Simple | |||
! colspan="3"| Perfect | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Past | |||
! Present | |||
! Future | |||
! Past | |||
! Present | |||
! Future | |||
|- | |- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 1 | |||
! Singular | |||
| rowspan="6" | Trano | |||
| Tran | |||
| rowspan="6" | Tranaš | |||
| rowspan="6" | Gano trani | |||
| Gan trani | |||
| rowspan="6" | Ganaš trani | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Plural | ||
| rowspan="2" | Tranah | |||
| rowspan="2" | Ganaha trani | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 2 | |||
! Singular | |||
| Traning | |||
| Ganing trami | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Plural | ||
| rowspan="2"| Tranaha | |||
| rowspan="2"| Ganaha trami | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="6"| 3 | |||
! rowspan="3"| Animate | |||
! Singular | |||
| rowspan="6"| Tranong | |||
| Trani | |||
| rowspan="6"| Tranši | |||
| rowspan="6"| Ganong u tran | |||
| Gani u tran | |||
| rowspan="6"| Ganši u tran | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Plural | ||
| rowspan="2"| Trane | |||
| rowspan="2"| Gane u tran | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"| Innimate | |||
! Singular | |||
| Tranang | |||
| Ganang u tram | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Plural | ||
| rowspan="2"| Trane | |||
| rowspan="2"| Gane u tran | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="3"| Case | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd | |||
! colspan="8"| 3rd | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" | Animate | |||
! colspan="3" | Inanimate | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Mis | |||
| Mez | |||
| Misah | |||
| Smi | |||
| Kuwi | |||
| Smito | |||
| Vu | |||
| Nu | |||
| Nui | |||
| Hu | |||
| Gu | |||
| Hur | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Objective | ||
| Misah | |||
| Mezoh | |||
| Misam | |||
| Smim | |||
| Kuwim | |||
| Smitom | |||
| Vum | |||
| Num | |||
| Num | |||
| Hum | |||
| Gum | |||
| Huren | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| Mise | |||
| Mezo | |||
| Misahes | |||
| Smo | |||
| Kuwo | |||
| Smitoi | |||
| Vue | |||
| Nue | |||
| Nue | |||
| Hui | |||
| Gui | |||
| Huri | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="4"| Ohša (Brother, a) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Ohš'''a''' | |||
| Ohš'''az''' | |||
| Ohš'''on''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Objective | ||
| Ohš'''ah''' | |||
| Ohš'''en''' | |||
| Ohš'''om''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| Ohš'''o''' | |||
| Ohš'''az''' | |||
| Ohš'''asi''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
'''3''' | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"| Case | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 2nd | |||
! colspan="6"| 3rd | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Masculine | |||
! colspan="2" | Feminine | |||
! colspan="2" | Inanimate | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Miza | |||
| Medz | |||
| Smi | |||
| Kuvi | |||
| Vuk | |||
| Nugi | |||
| Vik | |||
| Nugi | |||
| Ure | |||
| Gur | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Accusative | ||
| Mizan | |||
| Medzon | |||
| Smin | |||
| Kuvon | |||
| Vuken | |||
| Nugin | |||
| Vikin | |||
| Nugin | |||
| Uren | |||
| Guren | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| Mize | |||
| Medzo | |||
| Smite | |||
| Kuvito | |||
| Vuke | |||
| Nugito | |||
| Vike | |||
| Nugito | |||
| Ureto | |||
| Guro | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Dative | ||
| Mizi | |||
| Medzi | |||
| Smiti | |||
| Kuviti | |||
| Vuko | |||
| Nugitoi | |||
| Viko | |||
| Nugitoi | |||
| Uretoi | |||
| Guroi | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Odza (Brother, a) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Odz'''a''' | |||
| Odz'''as''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Accusative | ||
| Odz'''an''' | |||
| Odz'''on''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Dative | ||
| Odz'''ai''' | |||
| Odz'''ei''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| Odz'''e''' | |||
| Odz'''etso''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
'''4''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Öža (Brother, a) | |||
|- | |||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Öž'''a''' | |||
| Öž'''ö''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Accusative | ||
| Öž'''au''' | |||
| Öž'''ou''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Dative | ||
| Öž'''e''' | |||
| Öž'''ei''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
'''5''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Osa (Brother, m) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Os'''a''' | |||
| Os'''as''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Objective | ||
| Os'''ain''' | |||
| Os'''oms''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| Os'''os''' | |||
| Os'''es''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Vocative | ||
| Os'''u''' | |||
| Os'''u''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
'''6''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Ōsa (Brother, m) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Ōs'''a''' | |||
| Ōs'''ō''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Accusative | ||
| Ōs'''a''' | |||
| Ōs'''os | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Dative | ||
| Ōs'''e''' | |||
| Ōs'''ei''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| Ōs'''ots''' | |||
| Ōs'''ats''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Vocative | ||
| Ōs'''u''' | |||
| Ōs'''us''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
'''7''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Oza (Brother, m) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Case | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| Oz'''a''' | |||
| Oz'''o''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Accusative | ||
| Oz'''am''' | |||
| Oz'''om''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Dative | ||
| Oz'''ai''' | |||
| Oz'''eta''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| Oz'''e''' | |||
| Oz'''azi''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Locative | ||
| Oz'''au''' | |||
| Oz'''aya''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Vocative | ||
| Oz'''u''' | |||
| Oz'''uz''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
==AAAA== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! {{wp|Bilabial consonant|Bilabial}} | |||
! {{wp|Labiodental consonant|Labio-<br />dental}} | |||
! {{wp|Dental consonant|Dental}}/<br />{{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}} | |||
! {{wp|Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar}} | |||
! {{wp|Palatal consonant|Palatal}} | |||
! {{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}} | |||
! {{wp|Uvular consonant|Uvular}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal consonant|Nasal}} | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
| {{IPAlink|m}} | |||
| ({{IPAlink|ɱ}}) | |||
| {{IPAlink|n}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ({{IPAlink|ŋ}}) | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
| {{IPA|mʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Stop consonant|Plosive}} | ||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{IPAlink|b}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{IPAlink|d}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |||
| q | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
| {{IPA|pʲ}} {{IPA|bʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|tʲ}} {{IPA|dʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|c}} {{IPAlink|ɟ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Affricate consonant|Affricate}} | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}} ({{IPAlink|d͡z}}) | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|t͡sʲ}} ({{IPA|d͡zʲ}}) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative consonant|Fricative}} | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|f}} {{IPAlink|v}} | |||
| {{IPAlink|s}} {{IPAlink|z}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{IPAlink|ʒ}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|x}}, ({{IPAlink|ɣ}}) | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
| | |||
| {{IPA|fʲ}} {{IPA|vʲ}} | |||
| {{IPA|sʲ}} {{IPA|zʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| ({{IPA|xʲ}}) | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Trill consonant|Trill}} | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|r}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|rʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant consonant|Approximant}} | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
| ({{IPAlink|w}}) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|j}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Lateral consonant|Lateral}} | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|ɫ}} ({{IPAlink|l}}) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPAlink|ʎ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! | |||
! Front | |||
! Central | |||
! Back | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Close | ||
| i | |||
| ɨ ʉ | |||
| u | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Near-close | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| ʊ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Close-mid | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| ɤ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Open-mid | ||
| ɛ œ | |||
| ɜ | |||
| ɔ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Near-open | ||
| æ | |||
| ɐ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Open | ||
| a | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
==1== | |||
===NORTHERN=== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="3"| Case | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd | |||
! colspan="8"| 3rd | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" | Animate | |||
! colspan="3" | Inanimate | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Direct | ||
| Me | |||
| Mes | |||
| Miz | |||
| Sme | |||
| Ves | |||
| Smitai | |||
| Vo | |||
| Nuke | |||
| Nukisa | |||
| Ur | |||
| Go | |||
| Ure | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| Men | |||
| Meso | |||
| Mizam | |||
| Smen | |||
| Veson | |||
| Smiton | |||
| Von | |||
| Nuken | |||
| Nukisan | |||
| Urn | |||
| Gon | |||
| uren | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==3== | |||
===NORTHERN=== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| Case | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 2nd | |||
! colspan="6"| 3rd | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Masculine | |||
! colspan="2" | Feminine | |||
! colspan="2" | Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| Mis | |||
| Mej | |||
| Sme | |||
| Kuve | |||
| Vo | |||
| Nuge | |||
| Ve | |||
| Nuge | |||
| Ur | |||
| Gu | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| Misa | |||
| Medjo | |||
| Smi | |||
| Kuvo | |||
| Vuke | |||
| Nugi | |||
| Viki | |||
| Nugi | |||
| Ure | |||
| Gure | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| Mize | |||
| Mejo | |||
| Smite | |||
| Kuvito | |||
| Vuke | |||
| Nugito | |||
| Vike | |||
| Nugito | |||
| Ureto | |||
| Guro | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Verbs== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Colspan="2"|Unaffected prefixes | |||
! Colspan="2"|Affected prefixes | |||
! Window | |||
! Stem | |||
! Window | |||
! Colspan="2"|Suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| 1 | |||
| align="center"| 2 | |||
| align="center"| 3 | |||
| align="center"| 4 | |||
| align="center"| 5a | |||
| align="center"| 6 | |||
| align="center"| 5b | |||
| align="center"| 7 | |||
| align="center"| 8 | |||
|- | |||
| align="center"| Evidentiality | |||
| align="center"| Minor aspect | |||
| align="center"| Major aspect | |||
| align="center"| Iterative | |||
| align="center"| Mode-aspect | |||
| align="center"| Stem | |||
| align="center"| Mode-aspect | |||
| align="center"| Direct object | |||
| align="center"| Indirect object |
Latest revision as of 02:16, 16 April 2023
Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Inanimate | ||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | Paucal | Collective | Singular | Plural | Paucal | Collective | Singular | Plural | Paucal | Collective | Singular | Plural | Paucal | Collective | Singular | Plural | Paucal | Collective | |
Nominative | *míśah2 | *h1mésoh2 | *wisk2á | *míśah2à | *smìtʰòh2 | *kʷistʰòh2 | *witʰòh2 | *smìtʰòh2àh1 | *pr1úk1ʰe | *núk1ʰíz | *wúk1ʰe | *núk1ʰízàh1 | *pr1úk1ʰi | *núk1ʰíze | *wúk1ʰey | *núk1ʰazìh1 | *g2ùr2e | *h1g2ùr2e | *wùr2e | *g2ùr2eh1 |
Accusative-I | *míśam | *h1mésom | *wisk2eh2 | *míśam2à | *smìtʰòm | *kʷistʰòm | *witʰòh2eh2 | *smìtʰòmàh1 | *pr1úk1ʰem | *núk1ʰmíz | *wúk1ʰem | *núk1ʰmízàh1 | *pr1úk1ʰim | *núk1ʰmíze | *wúk1ʰmey | *núk1ʰmazìh1 | *g2ùr2em | *h1g2ùrm2e | *wùr2me | *g2ùr2meh1 |
Accusative-II | *míśr1a | *h1mésr1o | *wisk2r1á | *míśah2r1à | *smìtʰr1òh2 | *kʷistʰr1òh2 | *witʰr1òh2 | *smìtʰòh2r1àh1 | *pr1úk1ʰer1 | *núk1ʰr1íz | *wúk1ʰer1 | *núk1ʰr1ízàh1 | *pr1úk1ʰir1 | *núk1ʰr1íze | *wúk1ʰeyr1 | *núk1ʰr1azìh1 | *g2ùr2er1 | *h1g2r1ùr2e | *wùr2er1 | *g2r1ùr2eh1 |
Genitive-I | *míśai | *h1maysoh2 | *wisk2ái | *míśayh2à | *smìtʰòyh2 | *kʷistʰòyh2 | *witʰòyh2 | *smìtʰòyh2àh1 | *pr1úk1ʰey | *núk1ʰízai | *wúk1ʰey | *núk1ʰízàyh1 | *pr1úk1ʰiyei | *núk1ʰízey | *wúk1ʰeya | *núk1ʰeyzìh1 | *g2ùr2ey | *h1g2ùr2ey | *wùr2ey | *g2ùr2eyh1 |
Genitive-II | *míśes | *h1méses | *wisk2es | *míśeh2às | *smìtʰr1eh2 | *kʷistʰr1eh2 | *witʰr1eh2 | *smìtʰr1eh2àh1 | *pr1úk1ʰes | *núk1ʰízes | *wúks1ʰe | *núk1ʰr1ízàh1 | *pr1úk1ʰis | *núk1ʰízes | *wúks1ʰey | *núk1ʰr1azìh1 | *g2ùr2es | *h1g2ùr2er1 | *wùr2er1 | *g2ùr2seh1 |
Dative | *míśi | *h1mési | *wisk2i | *míśah2ày | *smìtʰòh2oy | *kʷistʰòh2oy | *witʰòh2oy | *smìtʰòh2àyh1 | *pr1úk1ʰoy | *núk1ʰoyz | *wúk1ʰoy | *núk1ʰoyzàh1 | *pr1úk1ʰoy | *núk1ʰízey | *wúk1ʰoy | *núk1ʰoyzìh1 | *g2ùr2i | *h1g2ùr2ey | *wùr2oy | *g2ùr2oyeh1 |
Comitative | *míśah2am | *h1mésem | *wisk2em | *míśah2àym | *smìtʰeh2em | *kʷistʰòh2em | *witʰòme | *smìtʰòh2àm | *pr1úk1ʰem | *núk1ʰízom | *wúk1ʰim | *núk1ʰízàh1am | *pr1úk1ʰim | *núk1ʰízeym | *wúk1ʰeym | *núk1ʰazìh1am | *g2ùr2em | *h1g2ùrm2em | *wùr2mem | *g2ùrm2eh1 |
Ablative | *míśol | *h1mésol | *wisk2ál | *míślah2à | *smìtʰòl | *kʷistʰòl | *witʰlòh2 | *smìtʰlòh2àh1 | *pr1úk1ʰel | *núk1ʰlíz | *wúk1ʰle | *núk1ʰlízàh1 | *pr1úk1ʰil | *núk1ʰlíze | *wúk1ʰley | *núk1ʰlazìh1 | *g2ùr2el | *h1g2ùr2el | *wùr2le | *g2ùr2leh1 |
Locative | *míśaya | *h1mésoyo | *wisk2áya | *míśah2àya | *smìtʰòh2yp | *kʷistʰòh2yo | *witʰòh2yo | *smìtʰòh2yàh1 | *pr1úk1ʰeye | *núk1ʰíyiz | *wúk1ʰeye | *núk1ʰízàh1a | *pr1úk1ʰiye | *núk1ʰíyize | *wúk1ʰeyi | *núk1ʰazìh1a | *g2ùr2eye | *h1g2ùr2eye | *wùr2eye | *g2ùr2eh1a |
Vocative | *míśah2e | *h1mésoh2e | *wisk2e | *míśah2e | *smìtʰòh2e | *kʷistʰòh2e | *witʰòh2e | *smìtʰòh2àh1e | *pr1úk1ʰu | *núk1ʰíze | *wúk1ʰu | *núk1ʰízàh1e | *pr1úk1ʰu | *núk1ʰízu | *wúk1ʰeyu | *núk1ʰazìh1u | *g2ùr2u | *h1g2ùr2u | *wùr2u | *g2ùr2eh1e |
Number | Proto Gabrielt | Aldzinian | Literary Gabrielt | Standard Gabrielt |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | *h2áyma | кӏвáйма khwáyma |
aima | am |
2 | *èh1sa | èҗьсьa èź's'a |
ēsa | dza |
3 | *beyr2è | бейp̆e beyŕe |
pēra | pe |
4 | *h2áda | ҳáда ẋáda |
āda | ada |
5 | *mádatà | мадат mádat |
mada | maja |
6 | *ar1eydʰa | арейдӏa areydha |
arēda | redi |
7 | *g1ʰìijaur1á | ѓӏиявp̆вa ģhiyawŕwa |
giyara | gyo |
8 | *antʰaban | антӏабан anthaban |
ątapa | tap |
9 | *áuwandʰa | áувандӏва áuwandhwa |
owąda | odi |
10 | *tʰesátu | тӏeсвáту theswátu |
tesa | tez |
Literary Gabrielt
Simple | Perfect | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | |||
1 | Singular | Trano | Tran | Tranas | Agano Trani | Agan Trani | Aganas Trani | |
Plural | Tranowu | Tranau | Tranazu | Aganowu Trani | Aganau Trani | Aganazu Trani | ||
Collective | Tranuwa | Tranaha | Tranasah | Aganuwa Trani | Aganaha Trani | Aganasah Trani | ||
2 | Singular | Tranon | Tranin | Transi | Aganon Trano | Aganin Trano | Agansi Trano | |
Plural | Tranuni | Tranani | Tranansi | Aganuni Trano | Aganani Trano | Aganansi Trano | ||
Collective | Tranoya | Tranaiha | Transayh | Aganoya Trano | Aganaiha Trano | Agansayh Trano | ||
3 | Animate | Singular | Tranoni | Trani | Transit | Aganoni Utran | Agani Utran | Agansit Utran |
Plural | Tranuwe | Trane | Transom | Aganuwe Utran | Agane Utran | Agansom Utran | ||
Collective | Tranaweh | Traneh | Transeyh | Aganaweh Utran | Aganeh Utran | Aganseyh Utran | ||
Inanimate | Singular | Tranon | Tranan | Transon | Aganon Utran | Aganan Utran | Aganson Utran | |
Plural | Tranuwe | Trane | Transom | Aganuwe Utran | Agane Utran | Agansom Utran | ||
Collective | Tranaweh | Traneh | Transeyh | Aganaweh Utran | Aganeh Utran | Aganseyh Utran |
Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Inanimate | |||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | |
Nominative | Mižā / Mi | Hmezō | Mižaha | Smitō | Kuwistō | Smitohā | Wuk | Nukis | Nukisa | Wuki | Nukis | Nukisa | Hure | Gure | Hurē |
Accusative | Mižą | Hmezǫ | Mižam | Smitǫ | Kuwistǫ | Smitoma | Wukę | Nukmis | Nukmizā | Wukį | Nukmis | Nukmizā | Hurę | Gurme | Hurmē |
Genitive-I | Miže | Hmeizō | Mižeha | Smitōy | Kuwistōy | Smitoihā | Wukei | Nukise | Nukisei | Wukei | Nukise | Nukisei | Hurei | Gurei | Hurēyi |
Genitive-II | Mižes | Hmezes | Mižahas | Smitrē | Kuwistrē | Smitrehā | Wukes | Nukises | Nukisas | Wukis | Nukises | Nukisas | Hures | Gurer | Hursē |
Dative | Miži | Hmezi | Mižahe | Smitōi | Kuwistōi | Smitohāi | Wuko | Nukoy | Nukoysa | Wuko | Nukoy | Nukoysa | Huri | Gurei | Hurēi |
Locative | Mižāya | Hmezōyo | Mižahaya | Smitōyo | Kuwistōyo | Smitohāya | Wukeye | Nukiyis | Nukisaya | Wukiye | Nukiyis | Nukisaya | Hureye | Gureye | Hurēye |
Vocative | Miže | Hmeze | Mižahe | Smite | Kuwiste | Smitohe | Wuku | Nukise | Nukise | Wuku | Nukise | Nukise | Huru | Guru | Hurē |
First Declension
The first declension is used to decline masculine nouns and feminine
Ōsa (brother) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural | Collective |
Nominative | Ōsa | Ōsas | Ōsō |
Accusative | Ōsą | Ōsǫs | Ōsǫmo |
Genitive-I | Ōsoš | Ōsas | Ōsašā |
Genitive-II | Ōse | Ōseso | Ōsasiyo |
Dative | Ōsai | Ōsei | Ōseyā |
Locative | Ōsā | Ōsayā | Ōseyō |
Vocative | Ōsu | Ōsu | Ōsusā |
Second declension
The second declension is use to decline masculine and feminine nouns.
Šuwēš (Farmer) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural | Collective |
Nominative | Šuwēš | Šuwēši | Šuwēšiyo |
Accusative | Šuwēšę | Šuwēšęį | Šuwēšēn |
Genitive-I | Šuwēše | Šuwēšąį | Šuwēšēyo |
Genitive-II | Šuwēšeru | Šuwēširų | Šuwēšēru |
Dative | Šuwēši | Šuwēšį | Šuwēšeyu |
Locative | Šuwēše | Šuwēšį | Šuwēšeyu |
Vocative | Šuwoh | Šuwohi | Šuwoheyu |
Third declension
The third declension is used to decline neuter nouns.
Šēn (House) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural | Collective |
Nominative | Šēn | Šēna | Šēnayo |
Accusative | Šēnų | Šēnųna | Šēnūyo |
Genitive-I | Šēno | Šēnoi | Šēnōyo |
Genitive-II | Šēnasi | Šēnaisa | Šēnaiya |
Dative | Šēnai | Šēnāyi | Šēnayu |
Locative | Šēnar | Šēnir | Šēnarayu |
Vocative | Šēne | Šēnei | Šēneyu |
Descendants of Literary Gabrielt
Literary | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | a | a | a | a | æ | a |
ā | ā | ah | a | æ | a | a | a |
e | e | e | e | e | e | e | e |
ē | ē | eh | e | æ | e, æ | eh | e |
i | i | i | i | i | e | e | i |
ī | ē | ih | i | y | i | i | i |
o | o | o | o | o | u | u | o |
ō | ō | oh | o | ø | o | o | o |
u | u | u | u | u | u | u | u |
ū | ū | uh | u | y | u | u | u |
ą | an | ah | an | au | ain | a | am |
ę | em | eh | en | en | ein | e | em |
į | im | ih | in | in | in | i | im |
ǫ | oh | oh | on | ou | om | o | om |
ų | uh | uh | un | un | um | u | um |
Literary | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | Vb/s : p b |
Vb/s : p b |
VbV : p b |
bV/s : f VbV : p b |
Vb : p b |
b | b |
d | Vd/s : t d |
Vd/s : t d |
VdV : ts Vd/s : dz d |
Vd/s : s VbV : t d |
Vd : l d |
d | d |
g | gV/s : k g |
gV/s : k g |
gV/s : ng g |
gV/s : š VbV : h g |
gV : r g |
g | h |
p | pV/s : f VpV : f p |
VpV : b p |
Vpa : gy Vpi : k pV/s : b p |
VpV : m p |
p | VpV : v p |
Vp/f : - p |
t | tV/s : θ t |
t | VtV : ts Vt/f : s t |
Vta : s t |
t | t | VtV : z |
k | Vk/f : - VkV : k kV/s : g |
Vk/f : - VkV : g kV/s : k |
VkV : gy, ky k |
Vk/f : h VsV: s k |
k | VkV : g k |
Vk/f : - k |
s | VsV : č s |
VsV : š s |
VsV : dz s |
VsV : ž s |
s | s | VsV : z s |
ž | VžI : š ž |
š | s | z VžV : dz |
š | s | s |
š | VšV : k Vš : h |
VšV : š s |
Vš/f : s š |
š | s | s | z |
w | v | v | v | v | v | w | w |
m | m | m | Vm : n m |
Vm : n m |
m | m | m |
z | z | z | VzV : dz z |
VzV : ž | z | s | z |
r | Vr : - Vra : l r |
VrV : l r |
Vr : n r |
r | r | Vr/f : l r |
Vr/f : l r |
l | l | l | l | VlV : h l |
lV : n l |
r | r |
n | VnV : m n |
Vn : ng n |
inV : nny n |
VnV : ny n |
n | n | n |
y | y | y | VyV : gy,ky y |
y | y | y | y |
h | h | h | h | h | h | VhV : h - |
VhV : h - |
Literary | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ōsa | Ōča | Ohša | Odza | Öža | Osa | Ōsa | Oza |
Šēn | Šēn | Šehna | Shen | Šän | Sen | Sehne | Zen |
Trāwęŋi | Thrāvem | Trahvehki | Travenni | Träveng | Traveing | Trawen | Trawemmi |
1
Simple | Perfect | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | |||
1 | Singular | Thramo | Thram | Thramač | Agamo thram | Agan thram | Agamač thram | |
Plural | Thrama | Agan Thrama | ||||||
Collective | ||||||||
2 | Singular | Thramin | Agamin thram | |||||
Plural | Thramāha | Agamāha thram | ||||||
Collective | ||||||||
3 | Animate | Singular | Thramon | Trami | Thransi | Agamon thram | Agami tram | Agansi thram |
Plural | Thrame | Agame thram | ||||||
Collective | ||||||||
Innimate | Singular | Thraman | Agaman thram | |||||
Plural | Thrame | Agame thram | ||||||
Collective |
Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | Inanimate | |||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | |||
Nominative | Mišā | Mez | Miža | Smit | Visto | Smitā | Vu | Nukič | Nukiča | Ure | Gur | Urē | ||
Accusative | Mišan | Mezoh | Mižam | Smiton | Viston | Smitom | Vun | Nukičam | Nukičam | Uren | Guren | Urem | ||
Genitive | Miše | Mezo | Mižeya | Smite | Vistoi | Smitāya | Vue | Nukiče | Nukiče | Urea | Gura | Urēa | ||
Dative | Miši | Mezi | Mižai | Smiti | Visti | Smitāi | Vui | Nukiči | Nukiči | Uri | Guri | Urēi |
Ōča (Brother) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural | Collective |
Nominative | Ōča | Ōčas | Ōčos |
Accusative | Ōčan | Ōčohs | Ōčohmo |
Genitive | Ōče | Ōčas | Ōčajah |
Dative | Ōčā | Ōčē | Ōčei |
2
Simple | Perfect | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Present | Future | Past | Present | Future | |||
1 | Singular | Trano | Tran | Tranaš | Gano trani | Gan trani | Ganaš trani | |
Plural | Tranah | Ganaha trani | ||||||
Collective | ||||||||
2 | Singular | Traning | Ganing trami | |||||
Plural | Tranaha | Ganaha trami | ||||||
Collective | ||||||||
3 | Animate | Singular | Tranong | Trani | Tranši | Ganong u tran | Gani u tran | Ganši u tran |
Plural | Trane | Gane u tran | ||||||
Collective | ||||||||
Innimate | Singular | Tranang | Ganang u tram | |||||
Plural | Trane | Gane u tran | ||||||
Collective |
Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | Inanimate | |||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | |||
Nominative | Mis | Mez | Misah | Smi | Kuwi | Smito | Vu | Nu | Nui | Hu | Gu | Hur | ||
Objective | Misah | Mezoh | Misam | Smim | Kuwim | Smitom | Vum | Num | Num | Hum | Gum | Huren | ||
Genitive | Mise | Mezo | Misahes | Smo | Kuwo | Smitoi | Vue | Nue | Nue | Hui | Gui | Huri |
Ohša (Brother, a) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural | Collective |
Nominative | Ohša | Ohšaz | Ohšon |
Objective | Ohšah | Ohšen | Ohšom |
Genitive | Ohšo | Ohšaz | Ohšasi |
3
Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Inanimate | ||||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | Miza | Medz | Smi | Kuvi | Vuk | Nugi | Vik | Nugi | Ure | Gur |
Accusative | Mizan | Medzon | Smin | Kuvon | Vuken | Nugin | Vikin | Nugin | Uren | Guren |
Genitive | Mize | Medzo | Smite | Kuvito | Vuke | Nugito | Vike | Nugito | Ureto | Guro |
Dative | Mizi | Medzi | Smiti | Kuviti | Vuko | Nugitoi | Viko | Nugitoi | Uretoi | Guroi |
Odza (Brother, a) | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | Odza | Odzas |
Accusative | Odzan | Odzon |
Dative | Odzai | Odzei |
Genitive | Odze | Odzetso |
4
Öža (Brother, a) | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | Öža | Öžö |
Accusative | Öžau | Öžou |
Dative | Öže | Öžei |
5
Osa (Brother, m) | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | Osa | Osas |
Objective | Osain | Osoms |
Genitive | Osos | Oses |
Vocative | Osu | Osu |
6
Ōsa (Brother, m) | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | Ōsa | Ōsō |
Accusative | Ōsa | Ōsos |
Dative | Ōse | Ōsei |
Genitive | Ōsots | Ōsats |
Vocative | Ōsu | Ōsus |
7
Oza (Brother, m) | ||
---|---|---|
Case | Singular | Plural |
Nominative | Oza | Ozo |
Accusative | Ozam | Ozom |
Dative | Ozai | Ozeta |
Genitive | Oze | Ozazi |
Locative | Ozau | Ozaya |
Vocative | Ozu | Ozuz |
AAAA
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | hard | m | (ɱ) | n | (ŋ) | |||
soft | mʲ | ɲ | ||||||
Plosive | hard | p b | t d | k ɡ | q | |||
soft | pʲ bʲ | tʲ dʲ | c ɟ | |||||
Affricate | hard | t͡s (d͡z) | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | |||||
soft | t͡sʲ (d͡zʲ) | |||||||
Fricative | hard | f v | s z | ʃ ʒ | x, (ɣ) | |||
soft | fʲ vʲ | sʲ zʲ | (xʲ) | |||||
Trill | hard | r | ||||||
soft | rʲ | |||||||
Approximant | hard | (w) | ||||||
soft | j | |||||||
Lateral | hard | ɫ (l) | ||||||
soft | ʎ |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ ʉ | u |
Near-close | ʊ | ||
Close-mid | ɤ | ||
Open-mid | ɛ œ | ɜ | ɔ |
Near-open | æ | ɐ | |
Open | a |
1
NORTHERN
Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | Inanimate | |||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | Singular | Plural | Collective | |||
Direct | Me | Mes | Miz | Sme | Ves | Smitai | Vo | Nuke | Nukisa | Ur | Go | Ure | ||
Oblique | Men | Meso | Mizam | Smen | Veson | Smiton | Von | Nuken | Nukisan | Urn | Gon | uren |
3
NORTHERN
Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | Inanimate | ||||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | Mis | Mej | Sme | Kuve | Vo | Nuge | Ve | Nuge | Ur | Gu |
Accusative | Misa | Medjo | Smi | Kuvo | Vuke | Nugi | Viki | Nugi | Ure | Gure |
Genitive | Mize | Mejo | Smite | Kuvito | Vuke | Nugito | Vike | Nugito | Ureto | Guro |
Verbs
Unaffected prefixes | Affected prefixes | Window | Stem | Window | Suffixes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5a | 6 | 5b | 7 | 8 |
Evidentiality | Minor aspect | Major aspect | Iterative | Mode-aspect | Stem | Mode-aspect | Direct object | Indirect object |