Karaalani language: Difference between revisions
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{{WIP}} | {{WIP}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Karaalani | | name = Karaalani | ||
| altname = | | altname = Karaalan, Karaalanish | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = Черноалански език<br>Къраалански език | ||
| acceptance = | | acceptance = | ||
| image = [[File:Karaalan | | image = [[File:Karaalan Ethnic flag.png|border|200px]] | ||
| imagesize = | | imagesize = | ||
| imagealt = | | imagealt = | ||
| imagecaption = | | imagecaption = Ethnic Flag of the Karaalani people | ||
| pronunciation = | | pronunciation = /ˈt͡ʃɛɾnoaɫanski/<br>/kɤɾaˈaɫanski/ | ||
| states = {{flag|Mustelaria}} | | states = {{Tree list}} | ||
*{{flag|Mustelaria}} | |||
**{{flag|Monte Blanco}} | |||
***[[File:MSKaraalanFlag.png|link=|border|23px]] Karaalan Region{{Tree list/end}} | |||
| region = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]] | | region = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]] | ||
| ethnicity = Karaalani Slavs | | ethnicity = Karaalani Slavs | ||
| speakers = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: | | speakers = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: 17,980,000 | ||
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: -<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: - | | speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 1,200,000-<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: 25,000 | ||
| | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| fam2 = | | fam1 = Indo-European | ||
| fam3 = | | fam1 = [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] | ||
| fam2 = {{wp|Balto-Slavic languages|Zarav-Slavic}} | |||
| fam3 = {{wp|Slavic languages Slavic}} | |||
| fam4 = [[Kento-Polyash languages|Kento-Polyash]] | | fam4 = [[Kento-Polyash languages|Kento-Polyash]] | ||
| fam5 = | | fam5 = {{wp|Bulgarian language|Vranic}} | ||
| protoname = | | protoname = | ||
| ancestor = | | ancestor = | ||
| ancestor2 = | | ancestor2 = | ||
| ancestor3 = | | ancestor3 = | ||
| standards = | | standards = | ||
| stand1 = | | stand1 = | ||
| stand2 = | | stand2 = | ||
| dialects = | | dialects = | ||
| listclass = plainlist | | listclass = plainlist | ||
| dia1 = | | dia1 = | ||
| dia2 = | | dia2 = | ||
| dia3 = | | dia3 = | ||
| dia4 = | | dia4 = | ||
| script = | | script = {{wp|Cyrillic script}}<br>{{wp|Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash script}}<br>{{wp|Latin script}} | ||
| sign = | | sign = | ||
| posteriori = | | posteriori = | ||
| nation = [[File:MSKaraalanFlag.png|border| | | nation = {{Tree list}} | ||
| minority = {{flag| | *{{flag|Monte Blanco}} | ||
**[[File:MSKaraalanFlag.png|link=|border|23px]] <!--{{color|#4B61D1|-->Karaalan Region<!--}}-->{{Tree list/end}} | |||
| minority = {{Tree list}} | |||
*{{flag|Zhousheng}} | |||
**[[File:MSKandanFlag.png|link=|border|23px]] Kandan Region | |||
**[[File:ZapreiFlag.png|link=|border|23px]] [[Zaprei Autonomy]] | |||
*{{flag|Monte Blanco}} | |||
**[[File:PhnomMontesFlag.png|link=|border|23px]] [[Phnom Montes Autonomy|Phnom Montes]]{{Tree list/end}} | |||
| agency = | | agency = | ||
| iso1 = KR | | iso1 = KR | ||
Line 72: | Line 84: | ||
| lingua_ref = | | lingua_ref = | ||
| ietf = | | ietf = | ||
| map = | | map = KaraalaniLangMap.png | ||
| mapsize = | | mapsize = | ||
| mapalt = | | mapalt = | ||
Line 83: | Line 95: | ||
| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Karaalani language''' is a [placeholder]-{{wp|Slavic language|Slavic}} {{wp|Pidgin}} language, which arose from [placeholder] merchants and traveler going into whats modern day [[Monte Blanco]], [[Mustelaria]], and settling in the area. The language is co-official in the Karaalani region of [[Monte Blanco]], [[Mustelaria]], and the 4th most spoken langauge in [[Mustelaria]]. | |||
The | |||
=Phonology= | |||
==Consonants== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}} | |||
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}} | |||
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}} | |||
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}} | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}} | |||
! {{small|voiceless}} | |||
| {{IPA link|p}} | |||
| {{IPA link|t}} | |||
| {{IPA link|t͡s}} | |||
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|k}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|voiced}} | |||
| {{IPA link|b}} | |||
| {{IPA link|d}} | |||
| {{IPA link|d͡z}} | |||
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}} | |||
! {{small|voiceless}} | |||
| {{IPA link|f}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|s}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|x}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|voiced}} | |||
| | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|z}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal}} | |||
| {{IPA link|m}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ʋ}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|l}}~{{IPAlink|ɫ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|j}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Liquid consonant|Rhotic}} | |||
| | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ɾ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Vowels== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}} | |||
! align="center" | {{wp|Central vowel|Central}} | |||
! align="center" | {{wp|Back vowel|back}} | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}} | |||
| {{IPA link|i}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|u}} | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ɤ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|o}} | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}} | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA link|a}} | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="2" | Vowels | |||
! colspan="2" | Harmony | |||
|- | |||
! type 1 | |||
! type 2 | |||
|- | |||
! Front | |||
| {{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|ɛ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|i}} | |||
|- | |||
! Back | |||
| {{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA link|ɤ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|ɤ}} | |||
| {{IPA link|a}} | |||
|- | |||
! Round | |||
| {{IPA link|o}}, {{IPA link|u}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|u}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
A - vowel harmony<br> | |||
Type 2 harmony (A<sup>2</sup>) is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and others. | |||
=Writing System= | =Writing System= | ||
Karaalani has | Karaalani officially uses the {{wp|Cyrillic script}} but it also has adapdet co-official {{wp|Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash}} and {{wp|Latin script|Latin}} forms. | ||
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ѣ ѣ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Order | |||
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10 | |||
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20 | |||
| | !21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30 !!31 | ||
! rowspan="10" | | |||
!31 !!32 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} upper case | ||
| Б | |А ||Б ||В ||Г ||Д ||Е ||Ж ||З ||И ||Й ||К ||Л | ||
| | |М ||Н ||О ||П ||Р ||С ||Т ||У ||Ф ||Х ||Ц ||Ч | ||
| | |Ш ||Щ ||Ъ ||Ь ||Ѣ ||Ю ||Я | ||
| | |Дж ||Дз | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} lower case | ||
| | |а ||б ||в ||г ||д ||е ||ж ||з ||и ||й ||к ||л | ||
| | |м ||н ||о ||п ||р ||с ||т ||у ||ф ||х ||ц ||ч | ||
| | |ш ||щ ||ъ ||ь ||ѣ ||ю ||я | ||
| | |дж ||дз | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="34" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{wp|Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash}} upper case | ||
| | |Ⲁ ||Ⲃⲃ ||Ⲃ ||Ⲅ ||Ⲇ ||Ⲉ ||Ⲋ ||Ⲍ ||Ⲏ ||Ⲓ ||Ⲕ ||Ⲗ | ||
| | |Ⲙ ||Ⲛ ||Ⲟ ||Ⲡ ||Ⲣ ||Ⲥ ||Ⲧ ||Ⲩ ||Ⲫ ||Ⲭ ||Ⲯ ||Ϫ | ||
| | |Ϣ ||Ϣⲧ ||Ϩ ||Ⲓ ||- ||Ⲓⲩ ||Ⲓⲁ | ||
| | |Ⲇⲋ ||Ⲇⲍ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{wp|Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash}} lower case | ||
| | |ⲁ ||ⲃⲃ ||ⲃ ||ⲅ ||ⲇ ||ⲉ ||ⲋ ||ⲍ ||ⲏ ||ⲓ ||ⲕ ||ⲗ | ||
| | |ⲙ ||ⲛ ||ⲟ ||ⲡ ||ⲣ ||ⲥ ||ⲧ ||ⲩ ||ⲫ ||ⲭ ||ⲯ ||ϫ | ||
| | |ϣ ||ϣⲧ ||ϩ ||ⲓ ||- ||ⲓⲩ ||ⲓⲁ | ||
| | |ⲇⲋ ||ⲇⲍ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="34" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case | ||
| | |A ||B ||V ||G ||D ||E ||Ž ||Z ||I ||J ||K ||L | ||
| | |M ||N ||O ||P ||R ||S ||T ||U ||F ||H ||C ||Č | ||
| | |Š ||Št ||Y ||J ||- ||JU ||JA | ||
| | |Dž ||Dz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case | ||
| | |a ||b ||v ||g ||d ||e ||ž ||z ||i ||j ||k ||l | ||
| | |m ||n ||o ||p ||r ||s ||t ||u ||f ||h ||c ||č | ||
| | |š ||št ||y ||j ||- ||ju ||ja | ||
| | |dž ||dz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | !{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound | ||
| | ! {{IPAlink|a}} | ||
| | ! {{IPAlink|b}} | ||
| | ! {{IPAlink|ʋ}} | ||
| | ! {{IPAlink|ɣ}} | ||
! {{IPAlink|d}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|ɛ}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|ʒ}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|z}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|i}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|j}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|k}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|l}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|m}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|n}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|o}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|p}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|ɾ}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|s}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|t}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|u}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|f}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|h}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|t͡s}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|ʃ}} | |||
! ʃt | |||
! {{IPAlink|ɤ}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|◌ʲ}} | |||
! ja/{{IPAlink|ɛ}}{{ref label|Beta|2}} | |||
! ju | |||
! ja | |||
! {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|d͡z}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
| | <sup>{{note|Beta|2}}</sup> read as /ja/ when the vowel in the next syllable is of back or round harmony, or there is no other syllable, and as /ɛ/ when the vowel in the next syllable is of front harmony. | ||
=Grammar= | |||
| | ==Pronouns== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Number and Person | ||
| | ! rowspan="2" | Nominative | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Dative / Locative 1/2 | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | Genitive | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | Accusitive | ||
! rowspan="2" | Instrumental-<br>Commitative | |||
! rowspan="2" | Abessive | |||
|- | |- | ||
!stressed | |||
!clitic dat. | |||
!clitic loc. | |||
!stressed | |||
!clitic | |||
!stressed | |||
!clitic | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="4" |Singular | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | First | ||
| | | Я | ||
| | | Мену | ||
| / | | -мА<sup>2</sup> | ||
| -мАн | |||
| Мой / Моя / Мое | |||
| -мА<sup>2</sup> | |||
| Мен(е) | |||
| -мА | |||
| Менем | |||
| Менез | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="2" | Second | ||
| | ! informal | ||
| | | Ти | ||
| | | Тебу | ||
| / | | -тА<sup>2</sup> | ||
| -тАн | |||
| Твой / Твоя / Твое | |||
| -тА<sup>2</sup> | |||
| Теб(е) | |||
| -тА | |||
| Тебем | |||
| Тебез | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! formal | ||
| | | Вие | ||
| | | Васу | ||
| | | -вА<sup>2</sup> | ||
| / | | -вАн | ||
| Ваш / Ваша / Ваше | |||
| -вА<sup>2</sup> | |||
| Вас | |||
| -вА | |||
| Васам | |||
| Васаз | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | Third | ||
| | | Тон | ||
| | | Негу | ||
| | | -гА<sup>2</sup> | ||
| / | | -гАн | ||
| Негов / Негова / Негово | |||
| -мА | |||
| Него | |||
| -гА | |||
| Негом | |||
| Негоз | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="3" | Plural | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | First | ||
| | | Ние | ||
| | | Насу | ||
| / | | -нА<sup>2</sup> | ||
| -нАн | |||
| Наш / Наша / Наше | |||
| -нА<sup>2</sup> | |||
| Нас | |||
| -нА | |||
| Насам | |||
| Насаз | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | Second | ||
| | | Вие | ||
| | | Васу | ||
| | | -вА<sup>2</sup> | ||
| / | | -вАн | ||
| Ваш / Ваша / Ваше | |||
| -вА<sup>2</sup> | |||
| Вас | |||
| -вА | |||
| Васам | |||
| Васаз | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | Third | ||
| | | Тѣх | ||
| | | Тѣху | ||
| | | -гА<sup>2</sup> | ||
| / | | -тАн | ||
| Тѣхен / Тѣхна / Тѣхно | |||
| -(А<sup>2</sup>)м | |||
| Тѣх | |||
| -гА | |||
| Тѣхем | |||
| Тѣхез | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Self | ||
| | | Себеси | ||
| | | Себу | ||
| | | -сА<sup>2</sup> | ||
| / | | -сАн | ||
| Свой / Своя / Свое | |||
| -сА<sup>2</sup> | |||
| Себеси | |||
| -сА | |||
| Себем | |||
| Себез | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
A - type1 vowel harmony<br> | |||
А<sup>2</sup> - type 2 vowel harmony | |||
| | ==Nouns== | ||
===Gender=== | |||
Modern Karaalani has kept it's gender system partually, it appears in few places, like the stressed forms of the genitive pronouns, and in plurality. | |||
===Number=== | |||
Number in Karaalani varies depending on the word, mainly due to their gender. | |||
Examples of plurality: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | мъж (man) | ||
| мъж'''е''' (men) | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | жена (woman) | ||
| | | жен'''и''' (women) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | дете (child) | ||
| | | де'''ца''' (children) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
| | <br> | ||
In old Karaalani there used to be a counting form of words' plurality, that appeared in most monosyllabic words, and has disapeared in modern Karaalani, but it was kept in the cloasy related languages like {{wp|Bulgarian langauge|Vranic}} and Zaltylani. | |||
| | Examples of couning plurality: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural general | |||
! Plural counting | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Old Karaalani | |||
| | | rowspan="2" | бор (pine) | ||
| | | бор'''ове''' (pines) | ||
| | | бор'''а''' (pines) | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Modern Karaalani | |||
| colspan="2" | бор'''а''' (pines) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Old Karaalani | |||
| | | rowspan="2" | хлѣб (bread) | ||
| | | хлѣб'''ове''' (breads) | ||
| | | хлѣб'''а''' (breads) | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Modern Karaalani | |||
| colspan="2" | хлѣб'''а''' (breads) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |} | ||
===Case=== | |||
| | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Case | |||
! affix | |||
! Example | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative/<br>Accusitive | |||
| -∅ | |||
| мъж (man)<br>жена (woman)<br>дете (child) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative/<br>Genitive/<br>Locative 1 | |||
| | | -(А)на | ||
| мъж'''ъна''' (to / on / at / of a man)<br>жена'''на''' (to / on / at / of a woman)<br>дете'''не''' (to / on / at / of a child) | |||
| / | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative 2<br>(Innesive) | |||
| -(A)в | |||
| мъж'''ъв''' (in a man)<br>жена'''в''' (in a woman)<br>дете'''в''' (in a child) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental-<br>Commitative | |||
| | | -(А)м | ||
| | | мъж'''ъм''' (with man)<br>жена'''м''' (with woman)<br>дете'''м''' (with child) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Abessive | |||
| -(А)з | |||
| мъж'''ъз''' (without a man)<br>жена'''з''' (without a woman)<br>дете'''з''' (without a child) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
= | |||
[ | ==Adjectives & Adverbs== | ||
[[ | |||
==Verbs== | |||
===Copula=== | |||
===Verbs "Пър" & "Шур"-=== | |||
The "пър"and "шур" verbs came from the [Placeholder] language, which is the direct ancestor of modern Karaalani's agglutinative aspect, they are used in the context of "there is" and "there is not", these verbs also apear in the Zaltylani langauge, but not in the {{wp|Bulgarian language|Vranic language}} or Old-Karaalani, where the verb meaning "to have" in the third person singular is used.<br> | |||
==Questions== | |||
The question particle -'ли is used to form yes-no type questions. | |||
=Language examples= | |||
{{wp|Lord's prayer}} | |||
The following text shows the {{wp|Lord's prayer}} written in Karaalani: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! {{wp|English language}} | |||
! Karaalani (Cyrillic) | |||
! Karaalani (Protopolyash) | |||
! Karaalani (Latin) | |||
|- | |||
| Our Father in heaven, | |||
| Очени небесав, | |||
| | |||
| Očeni nebesav, | |||
|- | |||
| hallowed be your name. | |||
| да светисе имети. | |||
| | |||
| da svetise imeti. | |||
|- | |||
| Your kingdom come. | |||
| да дойде царствоту, | |||
| | |||
| da dojde carstvotu, | |||
|- | |||
| Your will be done, | |||
| да бъде волята, | |||
| | |||
| da byde voljata, | |||
|- | |||
| on earth as it is in heaven. | |||
| както небене, така и земянъ. | |||
| | |||
| kakto nebene, taka i zemjany | |||
|- | |||
| Give us this day our daily bread | |||
| Днес дайна хлѣбна дневен | |||
| | |||
| Dnes najna hljabna dneven | |||
|- | |||
| and forgive us our debts, | |||
| и простине дълговени, | |||
| | |||
| i prostine dylgoveni, | |||
|- | |||
| as we also have forgiven our debtors. | |||
| както ние прощаваме длъжницинине. | |||
| | |||
| kakto nie proštavame dlyžnicinine. | |||
|- | |||
| And do not bring us into temptation, | |||
| И не въвеждайне изкушениев, | |||
| | |||
| I ne vyveždajne izkušeniev, | |||
|- | |||
| but rescue us from the evil one. | |||
| но избавине от Лъкави. | |||
| | |||
| no izbavine ot Lykavi. | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]] | |||
[[Category:Mustelaria]] | |||
[[Category:Kento-Polyash languages]] |
Latest revision as of 15:47, 30 December 2021
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Karaalani | |
---|---|
Karaalan, Karaalanish | |
Черноалански език Къраалански език | |
![]() Ethnic Flag of the Karaalani people | |
Pronunciation | /ˈt͡ʃɛɾnoaɫanski/ /kɤɾaˈaɫanski/ |
Native to |
|
Region | Slavic Belt in Thuadia |
Ethnicity | Karaalani Slavs |
Native speakers | L1: 17,980,000 L2: 1,200,000- FL: 25,000 |
Cyrillic script Protopolyash script Latin script | |
Official status | |
Official language in |
|
Recognised minority language in |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | KR |
ISO 639-2 | KRA |
ISO 639-3 | KRA |
![]() Distribution of the language Absolute majority >30% of native speakers | |
The Karaalani language is a [placeholder]-Slavic Pidgin language, which arose from [placeholder] merchants and traveler going into whats modern day Monte Blanco, Mustelaria, and settling in the area. The language is co-official in the Karaalani region of Monte Blanco, Mustelaria, and the 4th most spoken langauge in Mustelaria.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k |
voiced | b | d | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | |
voiced | z | ʒ | ɣ | |||
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Approximant | ʋ | l~ɫ | j | |||
Rhotic | ɾ |
Vowels
Front | Central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɛ | ɤ | o |
Open | a |
Vowels | Harmony | ||
---|---|---|---|
type 1 | type 2 | ||
Front | i, ɛ | ɛ | i |
Back | a, ɤ | ɤ | a |
Round | o, u | u |
A - vowel harmony
Type 2 harmony (A2) is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and others.
Writing System
Karaalani officially uses the Cyrillic script but it also has adapdet co-official Protopolyash and Latin forms.
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | З з |
И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п |
Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч |
Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ь ь | Ѣ ѣ | Ю ю | Я я |
Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic upper case | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ь | Ѣ | Ю | Я | Дж | Дз | |
Cyrillic lower case | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ь | ѣ | ю | я | дж | дз | |
Protopolyash upper case | Ⲁ | Ⲃⲃ | Ⲃ | Ⲅ | Ⲇ | Ⲉ | Ⲋ | Ⲍ | Ⲏ | Ⲓ | Ⲕ | Ⲗ | Ⲙ | Ⲛ | Ⲟ | Ⲡ | Ⲣ | Ⲥ | Ⲧ | Ⲩ | Ⲫ | Ⲭ | Ⲯ | Ϫ | Ϣ | Ϣⲧ | Ϩ | Ⲓ | - | Ⲓⲩ | Ⲓⲁ | Ⲇⲋ | Ⲇⲍ | |
Protopolyash lower case | ⲁ | ⲃⲃ | ⲃ | ⲅ | ⲇ | ⲉ | ⲋ | ⲍ | ⲏ | ⲓ | ⲕ | ⲗ | ⲙ | ⲛ | ⲟ | ⲡ | ⲣ | ⲥ | ⲧ | ⲩ | ⲫ | ⲭ | ⲯ | ϫ | ϣ | ϣⲧ | ϩ | ⲓ | - | ⲓⲩ | ⲓⲁ | ⲇⲋ | ⲇⲍ | |
Latin upper case | A | B | V | G | D | E | Ž | Z | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | F | H | C | Č | Š | Št | Y | J | - | JU | JA | Dž | Dz | |
Latin lower case | a | b | v | g | d | e | ž | z | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | u | f | h | c | č | š | št | y | j | - | ju | ja | dž | dz | |
IPA sound | a | b | ʋ | ɣ | d | ɛ | ʒ | z | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | ɾ | s | t | u | f | h | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ʃ | ʃt | ɤ | ◌ʲ | ja/ɛ[2] | ju | ja | d͡ʒ | d͡z |
^2 read as /ja/ when the vowel in the next syllable is of back or round harmony, or there is no other syllable, and as /ɛ/ when the vowel in the next syllable is of front harmony.
Grammar
Pronouns
Number and Person | Nominative | Dative / Locative 1/2 | Genitive | Accusitive | Instrumental- Commitative |
Abessive | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | clitic dat. | clitic loc. | stressed | clitic | stressed | clitic | ||||||
Singular | First | Я | Мену | -мА2 | -мАн | Мой / Моя / Мое | -мА2 | Мен(е) | -мА | Менем | Менез | |
Second | informal | Ти | Тебу | -тА2 | -тАн | Твой / Твоя / Твое | -тА2 | Теб(е) | -тА | Тебем | Тебез | |
formal | Вие | Васу | -вА2 | -вАн | Ваш / Ваша / Ваше | -вА2 | Вас | -вА | Васам | Васаз | ||
Third | Тон | Негу | -гА2 | -гАн | Негов / Негова / Негово | -мА | Него | -гА | Негом | Негоз | ||
Plural | First | Ние | Насу | -нА2 | -нАн | Наш / Наша / Наше | -нА2 | Нас | -нА | Насам | Насаз | |
Second | Вие | Васу | -вА2 | -вАн | Ваш / Ваша / Ваше | -вА2 | Вас | -вА | Васам | Васаз | ||
Third | Тѣх | Тѣху | -гА2 | -тАн | Тѣхен / Тѣхна / Тѣхно | -(А2)м | Тѣх | -гА | Тѣхем | Тѣхез | ||
Self | Себеси | Себу | -сА2 | -сАн | Свой / Своя / Свое | -сА2 | Себеси | -сА | Себем | Себез |
A - type1 vowel harmony
А2 - type 2 vowel harmony
Nouns
Gender
Modern Karaalani has kept it's gender system partually, it appears in few places, like the stressed forms of the genitive pronouns, and in plurality.
Number
Number in Karaalani varies depending on the word, mainly due to their gender.
Examples of plurality:
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
мъж (man) | мъже (men) |
жена (woman) | жени (women) |
дете (child) | деца (children) |
In old Karaalani there used to be a counting form of words' plurality, that appeared in most monosyllabic words, and has disapeared in modern Karaalani, but it was kept in the cloasy related languages like Vranic and Zaltylani.
Examples of couning plurality:
Singular | Plural general | Plural counting | |
---|---|---|---|
Old Karaalani | бор (pine) | борове (pines) | бора (pines) |
Modern Karaalani | бора (pines) | ||
Old Karaalani | хлѣб (bread) | хлѣбове (breads) | хлѣба (breads) |
Modern Karaalani | хлѣба (breads) |
Case
Case | affix | Example |
---|---|---|
Nominative/ Accusitive |
-∅ | мъж (man) жена (woman) дете (child) |
Dative/ Genitive/ Locative 1 |
-(А)на | мъжъна (to / on / at / of a man) женана (to / on / at / of a woman) детене (to / on / at / of a child) |
Locative 2 (Innesive) |
-(A)в | мъжъв (in a man) женав (in a woman) детев (in a child) |
Instrumental- Commitative |
-(А)м | мъжъм (with man) женам (with woman) детем (with child) |
Abessive | -(А)з | мъжъз (without a man) женаз (without a woman) детез (without a child) |
Adjectives & Adverbs
Verbs
Copula
Verbs "Пър" & "Шур"-
The "пър"and "шур" verbs came from the [Placeholder] language, which is the direct ancestor of modern Karaalani's agglutinative aspect, they are used in the context of "there is" and "there is not", these verbs also apear in the Zaltylani langauge, but not in the Vranic language or Old-Karaalani, where the verb meaning "to have" in the third person singular is used.
Questions
The question particle -'ли is used to form yes-no type questions.
Language examples
Lord's prayer The following text shows the Lord's prayer written in Karaalani:
English language | Karaalani (Cyrillic) | Karaalani (Protopolyash) | Karaalani (Latin) |
---|---|---|---|
Our Father in heaven, | Очени небесав, | Očeni nebesav, | |
hallowed be your name. | да светисе имети. | da svetise imeti. | |
Your kingdom come. | да дойде царствоту, | da dojde carstvotu, | |
Your will be done, | да бъде волята, | da byde voljata, | |
on earth as it is in heaven. | както небене, така и земянъ. | kakto nebene, taka i zemjany | |
Give us this day our daily bread | Днес дайна хлѣбна дневен | Dnes najna hljabna dneven | |
and forgive us our debts, | и простине дълговени, | i prostine dylgoveni, | |
as we also have forgiven our debtors. | както ние прощаваме длъжницинине. | kakto nie proštavame dlyžnicinine. | |
And do not bring us into temptation, | И не въвеждайне изкушениев, | I ne vyveždajne izkušeniev, | |
but rescue us from the evil one. | но избавине от Лъкави. | no izbavine ot Lykavi. |