List of Themiclesian monarchs: Difference between revisions

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The ''[[Springs and Autumns of Six States]]'', writting around the 4th century CE, provides a long list of known monarchs of all the states in Themiclesia during the [[Hexarchy]].  Though accepted as historical canon, they have been considerably revised by unearthed texts and historical research.   
The ''[[Springs and Autumns of Six States]]'', writting around the 4th century CE, provides a long list of known monarchs of all the states in Themiclesia during the [[Hexarchy]].  Though accepted as historical canon, they have been considerably revised by unearthed texts and historical research.   


The ''Six States'' lists 32 "patriarchs" (徹先伯), conventionally interpreted as leading figures in the lineage of the Tsjinh ruling house.  The first ten figures are conventionally thought to be mythological figures.  First, their names recapitulate the ten-member {{wp|heavenly stem}} sequence in order, which contrasts with the 22 following names, where there are no sequences at all.  Second, the [[Six States]] provides that they were ten members in a single generation, which the maximum elsewhere is five after each other.  Third, their names are never mentioned in the [[State cult of Themiclesia|cyclical sacrifice]] oracles, which record the list of venerated parriarchs almost unerringly.  Finally, anthropologists think the first ten rulers were imagined by later writers as a rationalization for the Tsjinh clan's original kinship structure, forgotten in later ages because it was either overthrown or fell into disuse, never written down in either case.
The ''Six States'' lists 32 "patriarchs" (徹先伯), conventionally interpreted as leading figures in the lineage of the Tsjinh ruling house.  The first ten figures are conventionally thought to be mythological figures.  First, their names recapitulate the ten-member {{wp|heavenly stem}} sequence in order, which contrasts with the 22 following names, where there are no sequences at all.  Second, the ''Six States'' provides that they were ten members in a single generation, which the maximum elsewhere is five after each other.  Third, their names are never mentioned in the [[State cult of Themiclesia|cyclical sacrifice]] oracles, which record the list of venerated parriarchs almost unerringly.  Finally, anthropologists think the first ten rulers were imagined by later writers as a rationalization for the Tsjinh clan's original kinship structure, forgotten in later ages because it was either overthrown or fell into disuse, never written down in either case.


From the figure of High P.rjang′, the lineage becomes less problematic.  A considerable number of scholars think that High P.rjang′ is the first historical figure in the Tsjinh lineage, though his whereabouts and activities are unknown.  Some date him to the 8th or 9th century BCE, though others believe even an approximate date cannot be established, since his biological relationship with the succeeding members of the list is uncertain.  The historical part of the lineage is reconstructed by comparison between oracular plates.  In the 19th century, the veracity of the earlier part of the lineage was placed under question, despite their similarity to oracular charges to lists of ancestors.  However, as more caches of oracular inscriptions were found, it was discovered that many lineages converge towards a common ancestry.  For example:
From the figure of High P.rjang′, the lineage becomes less problematic.  A considerable number of scholars think that High P.rjang′ is the first historical figure in the Tsjinh lineage, though his whereabouts and activities are unknown.  Some date him to the 8th or 9th century BCE, though others believe even an approximate date cannot be established, since his biological relationship with the succeeding members of the list is uncertain.  The historical part of the lineage is reconstructed by comparison between oracular plates.  In the 19th century, the veracity of the earlier part of the lineage was placed under question, despite their similarity to oracular charges to lists of ancestors.  However, as more caches of oracular inscriptions were found, it was discovered that many lineages converge towards a common ancestry.  For example:
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In this case, lineages 1 and 2 would be said to converge at the sixth generation, and lineages 2 and 3 at the ninth, where the identity of their respective ancestors are considered too remote to be a sheer coincidence.  The main lineage most similar to that recovered from historical documents is attested on over 54 separate instances, maPatriarch the matter "virtually beyond question" in an age where there is very little evidence of mutual contact between diverging branches of the family, beyond a cultic context, or motivation to create a common ancestry.  This conclusion is further buttressed by archaeological dating of the sites where these lineages are recovered.   
In this case, lineages 1 and 2 would be said to converge at the sixth generation, and lineages 2 and 3 at the ninth, where the identity of their respective ancestors are considered too remote to be a sheer coincidence.  The main lineage most similar to that recovered from historical documents is attested on over 54 separate instances, making the matter "virtually beyond question" in an age where there is very little evidence of mutual contact between diverging branches of the family, beyond a cultic context, or motivation to create a common ancestry.  This conclusion is further buttressed by archaeological dating of the sites where these lineages are recovered.   


There is a degree of variance between the oracular and ′′Springs and Autumns′′ record prior to the reign of [[P.rjang′|Pêk]].  It begins to record historical events for Tsjinh state beginning in his reign.  The motivation of this historiographic change is still unclear, but it seems connected to a century of instability in the lineage, changes to succession rules, and the nature of Patriarchship.  It has been argued by some that the author of the ′′Springs and Autumns′′ was not aware of a collegiate nature of Patriarchship before Pêk′s reign, thus the omission of certain figures found in the oracular record, which may still have been available in the 4th century.
There is a degree of variance between the oracular and ''Springs and Autumns'' record prior to the reign of [[P.rjang'|Pêk]].  It begins to record historical events for Tsjinh state beginning in his reign.  The motivation of this historiographic change is still unclear, but it seems connected to a century of instability in the lineage, changes to succession rules, and the nature of Patriarchship.  It has been argued by some that the author of the ''Springs and Autumns'' was not aware of a collegiate nature of Patriarchship before Pêk's reign, thus the omission of certain figures found in the oracular record, which may still have been available in the 4th century.
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Gen. !!colspan="2"|Textual name  !!colspan="2"| Name !! Reign !! style="width: 3em"| Bronze !! style="width: 3em"|Oracle<ref>Includes only those mentioned in sacrificial order</ref> !! style="width: 3em"|Texts !! colspan="2"|Oracular name !! colspan="2"| Consort(s) !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="10"|1 || Krap || 甲 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||rowspan="10"| Considered mythical by historians
|-
| ′Rjut || 乙 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
| P.rjang′ || 丙 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
| Têng || 丁 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
| Mjet || 戊 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
| Kje′ || 己 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
| K.rang || 庚 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
| Sjin || 辛 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
| Njem || 壬 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
| Kwrji′ || 癸 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || ||  ||  || 
|-
|2|| P.rjang′ || 高祖丙 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||High P.rjang′ || 高祖丙 || Consort Krap || 奭甲 ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|3|| ′Rjut || 祖乙 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||High ′Rjut || 高祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Njem || 祖壬 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|4||Têng || 大祖丁 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||High Têng || 高祖丁 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Krap || 祖甲 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||Former Kje′ || 先祖己 ||  ||  ||
|-
| P.rjang′ || 大祖丙 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||2nd Prjang || 二祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|5||′Rjut || 祖乙 ||  ||  || 7th c. BCE (?) || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||′Rjut || 祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Former K.rang]] || 祖庚 || Gjên || 臣 || 6th c. BCE (?) || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||Former K.rang || 先祖庚 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 6|| Elder Brother Têng || 大兄丁 ||  ||  ||  || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||Long Têng || 延祖丁 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Njem || 祖壬 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|7||Krap || 祖甲 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||2nd Krap || 二祖甲 ||  ||  4||
|-
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||2nd Têng || 二祖丁 ||  ||  ||
|-
| Middle Brother P.rjang′ || 中兄丙 ||  ||  ||  || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||3rd P.rjang′ || 三祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||Earlier Sjin || 先祖辛 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||Mjet || 祖戊 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|8|| ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Later Sjin || 後祖辛 ||  ||  ||
|-
| P.rjang′ || 小丙 || Sngja || 寫 ||  || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||4th Prjang || 四祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 9 || ′Rjut || 小乙 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||3rd ′Rjut || 三祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|10||K.rang || 小庚 ||  ||  ||  || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||Later K.rang || 後祖庚 ||  ||  ||
|-
|  ||  ||  ||  || 4th c. (?) || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||3rd Têng || 三祖丁 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|11||Krap || 次祖甲 || Ser || 先 || 4th c. (?) || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||3rd Krap || 三祖甲 ||  ||  ||
|-
| Kje′ || 祖己 || K.rjang || 景 || 4th c. (?) || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||Later Kje′ || 後祖己 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 12 || P.rjang′ || 父丙 || Gw(r)et || 滑 ||  || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||5th P.rjang′ || 五祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|13||Patriarch Brother ′Rjut || 大兄乙 || S(ts)rêng || 生 || 4th c. || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||4th ′Rjut || 四祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| Patriarch P.rjang′ || 伯丙 || Pêk || 辟 || 295 – 260 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || 6th Prjang || 六祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 14 || Patriarch Sjin || 伯辛 || Stsrorh|| 算 || 260 – 254 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || 3rd Sjin || 三祖辛 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 15 || Patriarch Krap || 惠伯甲 || Ga′ || 戶 || 254 – 220 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || 4th Krap || 四祖甲 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 14 || Complex Patriarch Têng  || 文伯丁 || Ran || 闌 || 220 – 217 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || 4th Têng || 四祖丁 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 15 || Patriarch K.rang || 伯庚 || K.rak || 各 || 217 – 202 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || 3rd K.rang || 三祖庚 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|(16) || Prince || 公子 || Rui || 雷 || 202 || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || Prince Rui || 子雷 ||  ||  ||rowspan="6"|Six Princes′ Quarrel
|-
| Prince || 公子 || Ghor || 桓 || 201 || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || Prince Ghor || 子桓 ||  ||
|-
| Prince || 公子 || Djêng || 成 || 201 || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || Prince Têng || 子成 ||  || 
|-
| Prince || 公子 || Gem || 含 || 201 || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || Prince Gem || 子含 ||  || 
|-
| Prince || 公子 || Tjebh || 摯 || 200 || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || Prince Tjebh || 子摯 ||  || 
|-
| Prince || 公子 || N′onh || 患 || 200 || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || Prince N′onh || 子患 ||  || 
|-
|rowspan="2"|17 ||Bright Patriarch || 昭伯 || N′ubh || 退 || 200 – 168 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Bright K.rang || 昭祖庚 ||  ||  ||
|-
| Tranquil Patriarch || 平伯 || P′rjang || 亨 || 168 – 154 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Tranquil Kwji || 平祖癸 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 18 || Content Patriarch K.rang || 康伯庚 || L′jek || 式 || 154 – 140 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Content K.rang || 康祖庚 ||  ||  ||
|-
| 19 || Beautiful Patriarch || 懿伯 || Ron || 鸞 || 140 – 82 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Beautiful ′Rjut || 懿祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 20|| Pious Elder || 孝伯 || Stjawh || 紹 || 82 – 65 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Pious Krap || 孝祖甲 ||  ||  ||
|-
| Careful Patriarch || 釐伯 || Mi || 眉 || 65 – 47 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Careful Sjin || 釐祖辛 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|21||Quiet Patriarch || 靜伯 || Tong || 東 || 47 – 20 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Quiet P.rjang || 靜祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| Patriarch || 伯 || Ljak || 亦 || 20 – 19 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || 5th ′Rjut || 五祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
| Prince || 伯子 || Trjoh || 宁 || 19 || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || Prince Trjoh || 子宁 ||  ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|22||Stately Patriarch || 穆伯 || Njuk || 辱 || 19 – 3 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Stately Mjet || 穆祖戊 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Smart Patriarch || 靈伯 || Stsur || 酸 || 3 BCE – 14 CE || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Smart ′Rjut || 靈祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 23 ||Happy Patriarch || 僖伯 || K.ru || 丂 || 14 – 21 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Happy Kje′ || 僖祖己 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Regal Patriarch || 龏伯 || Ga || 胡 || 21 – 25 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Regal Krap || 龏祖甲 ||  ||  ||
|-
| Strong Patriarch || 莊伯 || Ko || 冓 || 25 – 47 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Strong Sjin || 莊祖辛 ||  ||  ||
|-
|24||Stable Patriarch || 定伯 || Rjuk || 祿 || 47 – 71 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Stable P.rjang′ || 定祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|25||Wise Patriarch || 獻伯 || Ger || 痕 || 71 – 105 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Wise ′Rjut || 獻祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|26||Helpful Patriarch || 襄伯 || Kwang || 光 || 105 – 113 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Helpful Njem || 襄祖壬 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Courteous Patriarch || 敬伯 || Sng′rja || 楚 || 113 – 140 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Krjangh Têng || 敬祖丁 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|27||Loving Patriarch || 懷伯 || L′jui || 睢 || 140 – 145 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Loving Kwji′ || 懷祖癸 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Astute Patriarch || 慎伯 || Ghwrang || 楻 || 145 – 188 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Astute P.rjang || 慎祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|28||Immediate Patriarch || 頃伯 || Smrjangh || 灀 || 188 – 202 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Immediate P.rjang || 頃祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Righting Patriarch || 匡伯 || K.r′ang || 康 || 202 – 217 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Rightful Têng || 匡祖丁 ||  ||  ||
|-
|29||Direct Patriarch || 簡伯 || Skrur || 蒐 || 217 – 232 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Direct Kje′ || 簡祖己 ||  ||  ||
|-
|30||Content Patriarch || 康伯 || Dzi || 齊 || 232 – 285 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Content Sjin || 康祖辛 ||  ||  ||
|-
|31||Sad Patriarch || 哀伯 || Hor || 酄 || 285 – 287 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Sad Kwji || 哀祖癸 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|32||Safe Patriarch || 安伯 || Rjep || 立 || 287 – 312 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Safe Patriarch Krap || 安伯祖甲 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Famous Patriarch || 顯伯 || Trjon || 叀 || 312 – 315 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Famous Patriarch Sjin || 顯伯祖辛 ||  ||  ||
|-
|33||Content Patriarch || 康伯 || Kun || 昆 || 315 – 353 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Content Patriarch ′Rjut || 康伯祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|34||Strong Patriarch || 莊伯 || Rje || 里 || 353 – 367 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Strong Patriarch P.rjang || 莊伯祖丙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Famous Patriarch || 桓伯 || L′jin || 申 || 367 – 380 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Famous Patriarch ′Rjut || 桓伯祖乙 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Tranquil Patriarch || 平伯 || Sluih || 遂 || 380 – 391 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Tranquil Patriarch Têng || 平伯祖丁 ||  ||  ||
|-
|35||Pious Patriarch || 孝伯 || Regh || 來 || 391 – 402 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Father Krap || 父甲 ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|36||Careful Patriarch || 釐伯 || Kah || 固 || 402 – 412 || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Elder Brother Mjet || 大兄戊 ||  ||  ||
|-
|Late Patriarch || 後主 || Pjang || 方 || 412 – 420 || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
|}


==Modern timeline==
==Modern timeline==

Latest revision as of 06:33, 13 April 2021

The following is a near-complete list of all monarchs who have ruled as sovereigns of Themiclesia.

Pre-treaty

See also: Treaty of Five Kings

Tsjinh patriarchs

The Springs and Autumns of Six States, writting around the 4th century CE, provides a long list of known monarchs of all the states in Themiclesia during the Hexarchy. Though accepted as historical canon, they have been considerably revised by unearthed texts and historical research.

The Six States lists 32 "patriarchs" (徹先伯), conventionally interpreted as leading figures in the lineage of the Tsjinh ruling house. The first ten figures are conventionally thought to be mythological figures. First, their names recapitulate the ten-member heavenly stem sequence in order, which contrasts with the 22 following names, where there are no sequences at all. Second, the Six States provides that they were ten members in a single generation, which the maximum elsewhere is five after each other. Third, their names are never mentioned in the cyclical sacrifice oracles, which record the list of venerated parriarchs almost unerringly. Finally, anthropologists think the first ten rulers were imagined by later writers as a rationalization for the Tsjinh clan's original kinship structure, forgotten in later ages because it was either overthrown or fell into disuse, never written down in either case.

From the figure of High P.rjang′, the lineage becomes less problematic. A considerable number of scholars think that High P.rjang′ is the first historical figure in the Tsjinh lineage, though his whereabouts and activities are unknown. Some date him to the 8th or 9th century BCE, though others believe even an approximate date cannot be established, since his biological relationship with the succeeding members of the list is uncertain. The historical part of the lineage is reconstructed by comparison between oracular plates. In the 19th century, the veracity of the earlier part of the lineage was placed under question, despite their similarity to oracular charges to lists of ancestors. However, as more caches of oracular inscriptions were found, it was discovered that many lineages converge towards a common ancestry. For example:

Generations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lineage 1 P.rjang′ ′Rjut Njem Têng Krap Kje P.rjang′ ′Rjut K.rang Têng
Lineage 2 P.rjang′ ′Rjut Njem Têng Krap Kje K.rang Kwji′ P.rjang′ ′Rjut
Lineage 3 P.rjang′ ′Rjut Njem Têng Krap Kje K.rang Kwji′ P.rjang′ Sjin

In this case, lineages 1 and 2 would be said to converge at the sixth generation, and lineages 2 and 3 at the ninth, where the identity of their respective ancestors are considered too remote to be a sheer coincidence. The main lineage most similar to that recovered from historical documents is attested on over 54 separate instances, making the matter "virtually beyond question" in an age where there is very little evidence of mutual contact between diverging branches of the family, beyond a cultic context, or motivation to create a common ancestry. This conclusion is further buttressed by archaeological dating of the sites where these lineages are recovered.

There is a degree of variance between the oracular and Springs and Autumns record prior to the reign of Pêk. It begins to record historical events for Tsjinh state beginning in his reign. The motivation of this historiographic change is still unclear, but it seems connected to a century of instability in the lineage, changes to succession rules, and the nature of Patriarchship. It has been argued by some that the author of the Springs and Autumns was not aware of a collegiate nature of Patriarchship before Pêk's reign, thus the omission of certain figures found in the oracular record, which may still have been available in the 4th century.

Modern timeline

See also

Notes

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