User:Gabrielland/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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| *wùr<sub>2</sub>u
| *wùr<sub>2</sub>u
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>1</sub>e
| *g<sub>2</sub>ùr<sub>2</sub>eh<sub>1</sub>e
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Number
! Proto Gabrielt
! Aldzinian
! Literary Gabrielt
! Standard Gabrielt
|-
! 1
| *h<sub>2</sub>áyma
| кӏвáйма <br> khwáyma
| aima
| am
|-
! 2
| *èh<sub>1</sub>sa
| èҗьсьa <br> èź's'a
| ēsa
| dza
|-
! 3
| *beyr<sub>2</sub>è
| бейp̆e <br> beyŕe
| pēra
| pe
|-
! 4
| *h<sub>2</sub>áda
| ҳáда <br> ẋáda
| āda
| ada
|-
! 5
| *mádatà
| мадат <br> mádat
| mada
| maja
|-
! 6
| *ar<sub>1</sub>eydʰa
| арейдӏa <br> areydha
| arēda
| redi
|-
! 7
| *g<sub>1</sub>ʰìijaur<sub>1</sub>á
| ѓӏиявp̆вa <br> ģhiyawŕwa
| giyara
| gyo
|-
! 8
| *antʰaban
| антӏабан <br> anthaban
| ątapa
| tap
|-
! 9
| *áuwandʰa
| áувандӏва <br> áuwandhwa
| owąda
| odi
|-
! 10
| *tʰesátu
| тӏeсвáту <br> theswátu
| tesa
| tez
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="3"| Simple
! colspan="3"| Perfect
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| Case
! Past
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st
! Present
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd
! Future
! colspan="8"| 3rd
! Past
! Present
! Future
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | Animate
|-
! colspan="3" | Inanimate
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 1
! Singular
| rowspan="6" | Thramo
| Thram
| rowspan="6" | Thramač
| rowspan="6" | Agamo thram
| Agan thram
| rowspan="6" | Agamač thram
|-
! Plural
| rowspan="2" | Thrama
| rowspan="2" | Agan Thrama
|-
! Collective
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 2
! Singular
| Thramin
| Agamin thram
|-
! Plural
| rowspan="2"| Thramāha
| rowspan="2"| Agamāha thram
|-
! Collective
|-
! rowspan="6"| 3
! rowspan="3"| Animate
! Singular
| rowspan="6"| Thramon
| Trami
| rowspan="6"| Thransi
| rowspan="6"| Agamon thram
| Agami tram
| rowspan="6"| Agansi thram
|-
! Plural
| rowspan="2"| Thrame
| rowspan="2"| Agame thram
|-
! Collective
|-
! rowspan="3"| Innimate
! Singular
| Thraman
| Agaman thram
|-
! Plural
| rowspan="2"| Thrame
| rowspan="2"| Agame thram
|-
! Collective
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3"| Case
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd
! colspan="8"| 3rd
|-
! colspan="3" | Animate
! colspan="3" | Inanimate
|-
|-
! Singular
! Singular
Line 1,124: Line 1,260:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| Case
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"|
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st
! colspan="3"| Simple
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd
! colspan="3"| Perfect
! colspan="8"| 3rd
|-
! Past
! Present
! Future
! Past
! Present
! Future
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | Animate
! colspan="3" | Inanimate
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 1
! Singular
! Singular
| rowspan="6" | Trano
| Tran
| rowspan="6" | Tranaš
| rowspan="6" | Gano trani
| Gan trani
| rowspan="6" | Ganaš trani
|-
! Plural
! Plural
| rowspan="2" | Tranah
| rowspan="2" | Ganaha trani
|-
! Collective
! Collective
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"| 2
! Singular
! Singular
| Traning
| Ganing trami
|-
! Plural
! Plural
| rowspan="2"| Tranaha
| rowspan="2"| Ganaha trami
|-
! Collective
! Collective
|-
! rowspan="6"| 3
! rowspan="3"| Animate
! Singular
! Singular
| rowspan="6"| Tranong
| Trani
| rowspan="6"| Tranši
| rowspan="6"| Ganong u tran
| Gani u tran
| rowspan="6"| Ganši u tran
|-
! Plural
! Plural
| rowspan="2"| Trane
| rowspan="2"| Gane u tran
|-
! Collective
! Collective
|-
! rowspan="3"| Innimate
! Singular
! Singular
| Tranang
| Ganang u tram
|-
! Plural
! Plural
| rowspan="2"| Trane
| rowspan="2"| Gane u tran
|-
! Collective
! Collective
|-
|-
! Nominative
|}
| Mis
 
| Mez
{|class="wikitable"
| Misah
| Smi
| Kuwi
| Smito
| Vu
| Nu
| Nui
| Hu
| Gu
| Hur
|-
|-
! Objective
! rowspan="3"| Case
| Misah
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st
| Mezoh
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd
| Misam
! colspan="8"| 3rd
| Smim
| Kuwim
| Smitom
| Vum
| Num
| Num
| Hum
| Gum
| Huren
|-
|-
! Genitive
! colspan="3" | Animate
| Mise
! colspan="3" | Inanimate
| Mezo
| Misahes
| Smo
| Kuwo
| Smitoi
| Vue
| Nue
| Nue
| Hui
| Gui
| Huri
|-
|-
|}
! Singular
{| class="wikitable"
! Plural
! colspan="4"| Ohša (Brother, a)
! Collective
|-
! Singular
! Case
! Plural
! Collective
! Singular
! Plural
! Collective
! Singular
! Singular
! Plural
! Plural
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| Ohš'''a'''
| Mis
| Ohš'''az'''
| Mez
| Ohš'''on'''
| Misah
|-
| Smi
! Objective
| Kuwi
| Ohš'''ah'''
| Smito
| Ohš'''en'''
| Vu
| Ohš'''om'''
| Nu
| Nui
| Hu
| Gu
| Hur
|-
! Objective
| Misah
| Mezoh
| Misam
| Smim
| Kuwim
| Smitom
| Vum
| Num
| Num
| Hum
| Gum
| Huren
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| Ohš'''o'''
| Mise
| Ohš'''az'''
| Mezo
| Ohš'''asi'''
| Misahes
| Smo
| Kuwo
| Smitoi
| Vue
| Nue
| Nue
| Hui
| Gui
| Huri
|-
|-
|}
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
'''3'''
! colspan="4"| Ohša (Brother, a)
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3"| Case
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="6"| 3rd
|-
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
! colspan="2" | Inanimate
|-
|-
! Case
! Singular
! Singular
! Plural
! Plural
! Singular
! Collective
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| Miza
| Ohš'''a'''
| Medz
| Ohš'''az'''
| Smi
| Ohš'''on'''
| Kuvi
| Vuk
| Nugi
| Vik
| Nugi
| Ure
| Gur
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Objective
| Mizan
| Ohš'''ah'''
| Medzon
| Ohš'''en'''
| Smin
| Ohš'''om'''
| Kuvon
| Vuken
| Nugin
| Vikin
| Nugin
| Uren
| Guren
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| Mize
| Ohš'''o'''
| Medzo
| Ohš'''az'''
| Smite
| Ohš'''asi'''
| Kuvito
| Vuke
| Nugito
| Vike
| Nugito
| Ureto
| Guro
|-
|-
! Dative
|}
| Mizi
 
| Medzi
'''3'''
| Smiti
{|class="wikitable"
| Kuviti
|-
| Vuko
! rowspan="3"| Case
| Nugitoi
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| Viko
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 2nd
| Nugitoi
! colspan="6"| 3rd
| Uretoi
| Guroi
|-
|-
|}
! colspan="2" | Masculine
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Feminine
! colspan="3"| Odza (Brother, a)
! colspan="2" | Inanimate
|-
|-
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Singular
! Plural
! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| Odz'''a'''
| Miza
| Odz'''as'''
| Medz
| Smi
| Kuvi
| Vuk
| Nugi
| Vik
| Nugi
| Ure
| Gur
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| Odz'''an'''
| Mizan
| Odz'''on'''
| Medzon
|-
| Smin
! Dative
| Kuvon
| Odz'''ai'''
| Vuken
| Odz'''ei'''
| Nugin
| Vikin
| Nugin
| Uren
| Guren
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| Odz'''e'''
| Mize
| Odz'''etso'''
| Medzo
| Smite
| Kuvito
| Vuke
| Nugito
| Vike
| Nugito
| Ureto
| Guro
|-
|-
|}
! Dative
 
| Mizi
'''4'''
| Medzi
| Smiti
| Kuviti
| Vuko
| Nugitoi
| Viko
| Nugitoi
| Uretoi
| Guroi
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3"| Öža (Brother, a)
! colspan="3"| Odza (Brother, a)
|-
|-
! Case
! Case
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| Öž'''a'''
| Odz'''a'''
| Öž'''ö'''
| Odz'''as'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| Öž'''au'''
| Odz'''an'''
| Öž'''ou'''
| Odz'''on'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| Öž'''e'''
| Odz'''ai'''
| Öž'''ei'''
| Odz'''ei'''
|-
! Genitive
| Odz'''e'''
| Odz'''etso'''
|-
|}
 
'''4'''
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3"| Öža (Brother, a)
|-
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| Öž'''a'''
| Öž'''ö'''
|-
! Accusative
| Öž'''au'''
| Öž'''ou'''
|-
! Dative
| Öž'''e'''
| Öž'''ei'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,605: Line 1,810:
|}
|}


==3==
==1==
===NORTHERN===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3"| Case
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 1st
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | 2nd
! colspan="8"| 3rd
|-
! colspan="3" | Animate
! colspan="3" | Inanimate
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Collective
! Singular
! Plural
! Collective
! Singular
! Plural
! Collective
! Singular
! Plural
! Collective
|-
! Direct
| Me
| Mes
| Miz
| Sme
| Ves
| Smitai
| Vo
| Nuke
| Nukisa
| Ur
| Go
| Ure
|-
! Oblique
| Men
| Meso
| Mizam
| Smen
| Veson
| Smiton
| Von
| Nuken
| Nukisan
| Urn
| Gon
| uren
|-
|}
==3==
===NORTHERN===
===NORTHERN===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
Line 1,666: Line 1,925:
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Verbs==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Colspan="2"|Unaffected prefixes
! Colspan="2"|Affected prefixes
! Window
! Stem
! Window
! Colspan="2"|Suffixes
|-
| align="center"| 1
| align="center"| 2
| align="center"| 3
| align="center"| 4
| align="center"| 5a
| align="center"| 6
| align="center"| 5b
| align="center"| 7
| align="center"| 8
|-
| align="center"| Evidentiality
| align="center"| Minor aspect
| align="center"| Major aspect
| align="center"| Iterative
| align="center"| Mode-aspect
| align="center"| Stem
| align="center"| Mode-aspect
| align="center"| Direct object
| align="center"| Indirect object

Latest revision as of 02:16, 16 April 2023

Case 1st 2nd 3rd
Masculine Feminine Inanimate
Singular Plural Paucal Collective Singular Plural Paucal Collective Singular Plural Paucal Collective Singular Plural Paucal Collective Singular Plural Paucal Collective
Nominative *míśah2 *h1mésoh2 *wisk2á *míśah2à *smìtʰòh2 *kʷistʰòh2 *witʰòh2 *smìtʰòh2àh1 *pr1úk1ʰe *núk1ʰíz *wúk1ʰe *núk1ʰízàh1 *pr1úk1ʰi *núk1ʰíze *wúk1ʰey *núk1ʰazìh1 *g2ùr2e *h1g2ùr2e *wùr2e *g2ùr2eh1
Accusative-I *míśam *h1mésom *wisk2eh2 *míśam2à *smìtʰòm *kʷistʰòm *witʰòh2eh2 *smìtʰòmàh1 *pr1úk1ʰem *núk1ʰmíz *wúk1ʰem *núk1ʰmízàh1 *pr1úk1ʰim *núk1ʰmíze *wúk1ʰmey *núk1ʰmazìh1 *g2ùr2em *h1g2ùrm2e *wùr2me *g2ùr2meh1
Accusative-II *míśr1a *h1mésr1o *wisk2r1á *míśah2r1à *smìtʰr1òh2 *kʷistʰr1òh2 *witʰr1òh2 *smìtʰòh2r1àh1 *pr1úk1ʰer1 *núk1ʰr1íz *wúk1ʰer1 *núk1ʰr1ízàh1 *pr1úk1ʰir1 *núk1ʰr1íze *wúk1ʰeyr1 *núk1ʰr1azìh1 *g2ùr2er1 *h1g2r1ùr2e *wùr2er1 *g2r1ùr2eh1
Genitive-I *míśai *h1maysoh2 *wisk2ái *míśayh2à *smìtʰòyh2 *kʷistʰòyh2 *witʰòyh2 *smìtʰòyh2àh1 *pr1úk1ʰey *núk1ʰízai *wúk1ʰey *núk1ʰízàyh1 *pr1úk1ʰiyei *núk1ʰízey *wúk1ʰeya *núk1ʰeyzìh1 *g2ùr2ey *h1g2ùr2ey *wùr2ey *g2ùr2eyh1
Genitive-II *míśes *h1méses *wisk2es *míśeh2às *smìtʰr1eh2 *kʷistʰr1eh2 *witʰr1eh2 *smìtʰr1eh2àh1 *pr1úk1ʰes *núk1ʰízes *wúks1ʰe *núk1ʰr1ízàh1 *pr1úk1ʰis *núk1ʰízes *wúks1ʰey *núk1ʰr1azìh1 *g2ùr2es *h1g2ùr2er1 *wùr2er1 *g2ùr2seh1
Dative *míśi *h1mési *wisk2i *míśah2ày *smìtʰòh2oy *kʷistʰòh2oy *witʰòh2oy *smìtʰòh2àyh1 *pr1úk1ʰoy *núk1ʰoyz *wúk1ʰoy *núk1ʰoyzàh1 *pr1úk1ʰoy *núk1ʰízey *wúk1ʰoy *núk1ʰoyzìh1 *g2ùr2i *h1g2ùr2ey *wùr2oy *g2ùr2oyeh1
Comitative *míśah2am *h1mésem *wisk2em *míśah2àym *smìtʰeh2em *kʷistʰòh2em *witʰòme *smìtʰòh2àm *pr1úk1ʰem *núk1ʰízom *wúk1ʰim *núk1ʰízàh1am *pr1úk1ʰim *núk1ʰízeym *wúk1ʰeym *núk1ʰazìh1am *g2ùr2em *h1g2ùrm2em *wùr2mem *g2ùrm2eh1
Ablative *míśol *h1mésol *wisk2ál *míślah2à *smìtʰòl *kʷistʰòl *witʰlòh2 *smìtʰlòh2àh1 *pr1úk1ʰel *núk1ʰlíz *wúk1ʰle *núk1ʰlízàh1 *pr1úk1ʰil *núk1ʰlíze *wúk1ʰley *núk1ʰlazìh1 *g2ùr2el *h1g2ùr2el *wùr2le *g2ùr2leh1
Locative *míśaya *h1mésoyo *wisk2áya *míśah2àya *smìtʰòh2yp *kʷistʰòh2yo *witʰòh2yo *smìtʰòh2yàh1 *pr1úk1ʰeye *núk1ʰíyiz *wúk1ʰeye *núk1ʰízàh1a *pr1úk1ʰiye *núk1ʰíyize *wúk1ʰeyi *núk1ʰazìh1a *g2ùr2eye *h1g2ùr2eye *wùr2eye *g2ùr2eh1a
Vocative *míśah2e *h1mésoh2e *wisk2e *míśah2e *smìtʰòh2e *kʷistʰòh2e *witʰòh2e *smìtʰòh2àh1e *pr1úk1ʰu *núk1ʰíze *wúk1ʰu *núk1ʰízàh1e *pr1úk1ʰu *núk1ʰízu *wúk1ʰeyu *núk1ʰazìh1u *g2ùr2u *h1g2ùr2u *wùr2u *g2ùr2eh1e
Number Proto Gabrielt Aldzinian Literary Gabrielt Standard Gabrielt
1 *h2áyma кӏвáйма
khwáyma 		aima am
2 *èh1sa èҗьсьa
èź's'a 		ēsa dza
3 *beyr2è бейp̆e
beyŕe 		pēra pe
4 *h2áda ҳáда
ẋáda 		āda ada
5 *mádatà мадат
mádat 		mada maja
6 *ar1eydʰa арейдӏa
areydha 		arēda redi
7 *g1ʰìijaur1á ѓӏиявp̆вa
ģhiyawŕwa 		giyara gyo
8 *antʰaban антӏабан
anthaban 		ątapa tap
9 *áuwandʰa áувандӏва
áuwandhwa 		owąda odi
10 *tʰesátu тӏeсвáту
theswátu 		tesa tez

Literary Gabrielt

Simple Perfect
Past Present Future Past Present Future
1 Singular Trano Tran Tranas Agano Trani Agan Trani Aganas Trani
Plural Tranowu Tranau Tranazu Aganowu Trani Aganau Trani Aganazu Trani
Collective Tranuwa Tranaha Tranasah Aganuwa Trani Aganaha Trani Aganasah Trani
2 Singular Tranon Tranin Transi Aganon Trano Aganin Trano Agansi Trano
Plural Tranuni Tranani Tranansi Aganuni Trano Aganani Trano Aganansi Trano
Collective Tranoya Tranaiha Transayh Aganoya Trano Aganaiha Trano Agansayh Trano
3 Animate Singular Tranoni Trani Transit Aganoni Utran Agani Utran Agansit Utran
Plural Tranuwe Trane Transom Aganuwe Utran Agane Utran Agansom Utran
Collective Tranaweh Traneh Transeyh Aganaweh Utran Aganeh Utran Aganseyh Utran
Inanimate Singular Tranon Tranan Transon Aganon Utran Aganan Utran Aganson Utran
Plural Tranuwe Trane Transom Aganuwe Utran Agane Utran Agansom Utran
Collective Tranaweh Traneh Transeyh Aganaweh Utran Aganeh Utran Aganseyh Utran
Case 1st 2nd 3rd
Masculine Feminine Inanimate
Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective
Nominative Mižā / Mi Hmezō Mižaha Smitō Kuwistō Smitohā Wuk Nukis Nukisa Wuki Nukis Nukisa Hure Gure Hurē
Accusative Mižą Hmezǫ Mižam Smitǫ Kuwistǫ Smitoma Wukę Nukmis Nukmizā Wukį Nukmis Nukmizā Hurę Gurme Hurmē
Genitive-I Miže Hmeizō Mižeha Smitōy Kuwistōy Smitoihā Wukei Nukise Nukisei Wukei Nukise Nukisei Hurei Gurei Hurēyi
Genitive-II Mižes Hmezes Mižahas Smitrē Kuwistrē Smitrehā Wukes Nukises Nukisas Wukis Nukises Nukisas Hures Gurer Hursē
Dative Miži Hmezi Mižahe Smitōi Kuwistōi Smitohāi Wuko Nukoy Nukoysa Wuko Nukoy Nukoysa Huri Gurei Hurēi
Locative Mižāya Hmezōyo Mižahaya Smitōyo Kuwistōyo Smitohāya Wukeye Nukiyis Nukisaya Wukiye Nukiyis Nukisaya Hureye Gureye Hurēye
Vocative Miže Hmeze Mižahe Smite Kuwiste Smitohe Wuku Nukise Nukise Wuku Nukise Nukise Huru Guru Hurē

First Declension

The first declension is used to decline masculine nouns and feminine

Ōsa (brother)
Case Singular Plural Collective
Nominative Ōsa Ōsas Ōsō
Accusative Ōsą Ōsǫs Ōsǫmo
Genitive-I Ōsoš Ōsas Ōsašā
Genitive-II Ōse Ōseso Ōsasiyo
Dative Ōsai Ōsei Ōseyā
Locative Ōsā Ōsayā Ōseyō
Vocative Ōsu Ōsu Ōsusā

Second declension

The second declension is use to decline masculine and feminine nouns.

Šuwēš (Farmer)
Case Singular Plural Collective
Nominative Šuwēš Šuwēši Šuwēšiyo
Accusative Šuwēšę Šuwēšęį Šuwēšēn
Genitive-I Šuwēše Šuwēšąį Šuwēšēyo
Genitive-II Šuwēšeru Šuwēširų Šuwēšēru
Dative Šuwēši Šuwēšį Šuwēšeyu
Locative Šuwēše Šuwēšį Šuwēšeyu
Vocative Šuwoh Šuwohi Šuwoheyu

Third declension

The third declension is used to decline neuter nouns.

Šēn (House)
Case Singular Plural Collective
Nominative Šēn Šēna Šēnayo
Accusative Šēnų Šēnųna Šēnūyo
Genitive-I Šēno Šēnoi Šēnōyo
Genitive-II Šēnasi Šēnaisa Šēnaiya
Dative Šēnai Šēnāyi Šēnayu
Locative Šēnar Šēnir Šēnarayu
Vocative Šēne Šēnei Šēneyu

Descendants of Literary Gabrielt

Literary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a a a a a a æ a
ā ā ah a æ a a a
e e e e e e e e
ē ē eh e æ e, æ eh e
i i i i i e e i
ī ē ih i y i i i
o o o o o u u o
ō ō oh o ø o o o
u u u u u u u u
ū ū uh u y u u u
ą an ah an au ain a am
ę em eh en en ein e em
į im ih in in in i im
ǫ oh oh on ou om o om
ų uh uh un un um u um
Literary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b Vb/s  : p
b 		Vb/s : p
b 		VbV : p
b 		bV/s : f
VbV : p
b 		Vb : p
b 		b b
d Vd/s : t
d 		Vd/s : t
d 		VdV : ts
Vd/s : dz
d 		Vd/s : s
VbV : t
d 		Vd : l
d 		d d
g gV/s : k
g 		gV/s : k
g 		gV/s : ng
g 		gV/s : š
VbV : h
g 		gV : r
g 		g h
p pV/s : f
VpV : f
p 		VpV : b
p 		Vpa : gy
Vpi : k
pV/s : b
p 		VpV : m
p 		p VpV : v
p 		Vp/f : -
p
t tV/s : θ
t 		t VtV : ts
Vt/f : s
t 		Vta : s
t 		t t VtV : z
k Vk/f : -
VkV : k
kV/s : g 		Vk/f : -
VkV : g
kV/s : k 		VkV : gy, ky
k 		Vk/f : h
VsV: s
k 		k VkV : g
k 		Vk/f : -
k
s VsV : č
s 		VsV : š
s 		VsV : dz
s 		VsV : ž
s 		s s VsV : z
s
ž VžI : š
ž 		š s z
VžV : dz 		š s s
š VšV : k
Vš : h
VšV : š
s 		Vš/f : s
š 		š s s z
w v v v v v w w
m m m Vm : n
m 		Vm : n
m 		m m m
z z z VzV : dz
z 		VzV : ž z s z
r Vr : -
Vra : l
r 		VrV : l
r 		Vr : n
r 		r r Vr/f : l
r 		Vr/f : l
r
l l l l VlV : h
l 		lV : n
l 		r r
n VnV : m
n 		Vn : ng
n 		inV : nny
n 		VnV : ny
n 		n n n
y y y VyV : gy,ky
y 		y y y y
h h h h h h VhV : h
- 		VhV : h
-
Literary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ōsa Ōča Ohša Odza Öža Osa Ōsa Oza
Šēn Šēn Šehna Shen Šän Sen Sehne Zen
Trāwęŋi Thrāvem Trahvehki Travenni Träveng Traveing Trawen Trawemmi

1

Simple Perfect
Past Present Future Past Present Future
1 Singular Thramo Thram Thramač Agamo thram Agan thram Agamač thram
Plural Thrama Agan Thrama
Collective
2 Singular Thramin Agamin thram
Plural Thramāha Agamāha thram
Collective
3 Animate Singular Thramon Trami Thransi Agamon thram Agami tram Agansi thram
Plural Thrame Agame thram
Collective
Innimate Singular Thraman Agaman thram
Plural Thrame Agame thram
Collective
Case 1st 2nd 3rd
Animate Inanimate
Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective
Nominative Mišā Mez Miža Smit Visto Smitā Vu Nukič Nukiča Ure Gur Urē
Accusative Mišan Mezoh Mižam Smiton Viston Smitom Vun Nukičam Nukičam Uren Guren Urem
Genitive Miše Mezo Mižeya Smite Vistoi Smitāya Vue Nukiče Nukiče Urea Gura Urēa
Dative Miši Mezi Mižai Smiti Visti Smitāi Vui Nukiči Nukiči Uri Guri Urēi
Ōča (Brother)
Case Singular Plural Collective
Nominative Ōča Ōčas Ōčos
Accusative Ōčan Ōčohs Ōčohmo
Genitive Ōče Ōčas Ōčajah
Dative Ōčā Ōčē Ōčei

2

Simple Perfect
Past Present Future Past Present Future
1 Singular Trano Tran Tranaš Gano trani Gan trani Ganaš trani
Plural Tranah Ganaha trani
Collective
2 Singular Traning Ganing trami
Plural Tranaha Ganaha trami
Collective
3 Animate Singular Tranong Trani Tranši Ganong u tran Gani u tran Ganši u tran
Plural Trane Gane u tran
Collective
Innimate Singular Tranang Ganang u tram
Plural Trane Gane u tran
Collective
Case 1st 2nd 3rd
Animate Inanimate
Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective
Nominative Mis Mez Misah Smi Kuwi Smito Vu Nu Nui Hu Gu Hur
Objective Misah Mezoh Misam Smim Kuwim Smitom Vum Num Num Hum Gum Huren
Genitive Mise Mezo Misahes Smo Kuwo Smitoi Vue Nue Nue Hui Gui Huri
Ohša (Brother, a)
Case Singular Plural Collective
Nominative Ohša Ohšaz Ohšon
Objective Ohšah Ohšen Ohšom
Genitive Ohšo Ohšaz Ohšasi

3

Case 1st 2nd 3rd
Masculine Feminine Inanimate
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative Miza Medz Smi Kuvi Vuk Nugi Vik Nugi Ure Gur
Accusative Mizan Medzon Smin Kuvon Vuken Nugin Vikin Nugin Uren Guren
Genitive Mize Medzo Smite Kuvito Vuke Nugito Vike Nugito Ureto Guro
Dative Mizi Medzi Smiti Kuviti Vuko Nugitoi Viko Nugitoi Uretoi Guroi
Odza (Brother, a)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative Odza Odzas
Accusative Odzan Odzon
Dative Odzai Odzei
Genitive Odze Odzetso

4

Öža (Brother, a)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative Öža Öžö
Accusative Öžau Öžou
Dative Öže Öžei

5

Osa (Brother, m)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative Osa Osas
Objective Osain Osoms
Genitive Osos Oses
Vocative Osu Osu

6

Ōsa (Brother, m)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative Ōsa Ōsō
Accusative Ōsa Ōsos
Dative Ōse Ōsei
Genitive Ōsots Ōsats
Vocative Ōsu Ōsus

7

Oza (Brother, m)
Case Singular Plural
Nominative Oza Ozo
Accusative Ozam Ozom
Dative Ozai Ozeta
Genitive Oze Ozazi
Locative Ozau Ozaya
Vocative Ozu Ozuz

AAAA

Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular
Nasal hard m (ɱ) n (ŋ)
soft mʲ ɲ
Plosive hard p  b t  d k  ɡ q
soft pʲ  bʲ tʲ  dʲ c  ɟ
Affricate hard t͡s  (d͡z) t͡ʃ  d͡ʒ
soft t͡sʲ  (d͡zʲ)
Fricative hard f  v s  z ʃ  ʒ x, (ɣ)
soft fʲ  vʲ sʲ  zʲ (xʲ)
Trill hard r
soft rʲ
Approximant hard (w)
soft j
Lateral hard ɫ  (l)
soft ʎ
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ ʉ u
Near-close ʊ
Close-mid ɤ
Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɔ
Near-open æ ɐ
Open a

1

NORTHERN

Case 1st 2nd 3rd
Animate Inanimate
Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective Singular Plural Collective
Direct Me Mes Miz Sme Ves Smitai Vo Nuke Nukisa Ur Go Ure
Oblique Men Meso Mizam Smen Veson Smiton Von Nuken Nukisan Urn Gon uren

3

NORTHERN

Case 1st 2nd 3rd
Masculine Feminine Inanimate
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative Mis Mej Sme Kuve Vo Nuge Ve Nuge Ur Gu
Accusative Misa Medjo Smi Kuvo Vuke Nugi Viki Nugi Ure Gure
Genitive Mize Mejo Smite Kuvito Vuke Nugito Vike Nugito Ureto Guro

Verbs

Unaffected prefixes Affected prefixes Window Stem Window Suffixes
1 2 3 4 5a 6 5b 7 8
Evidentiality Minor aspect Major aspect Iterative Mode-aspect Stem Mode-aspect Direct object Indirect object
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