User:Native Qazh/Sandbox5: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
 
| name            = Kamak
| nativename      =
| states          = {{Flag|Qazhshava}}
| region          = Kamak Islands
| map              =
| mapcaption      =
| ethnicity        = Kamaks
| speakers        =
| date            =
| ref              =
| familycolor      = Language isolate
| family          = {{wp|Language isolate}}
| script          = {{wp|Cyrillic}}<br>{{wp|Latin}}
| iso2            =
| iso3            =
| glotto          = None
| glottorefname    =
| notice = IPA
}}
=Phonology=
=Phonology=
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}}
! {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}}
! colspan="3" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|uvular consonant|Uvular}}
|-
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
! {{small|{{wp|sibilant}}}}
! {{small|voiced}}
! {{small|{{wp|lateral}}}}
| {{IPA link|b}}  
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|d}}  
! {{small|{{wp|labial consonant|labial}}}}
| {{IPA link|d͡z̻}}  
! {{small|plain}}
|
! {{small|{{wp|labial consonant|labial}}}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
! {{small|voiceless}}
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|p}}  
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}  
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻}} {{angbr|c}}
|  
| {{IPA link|t͡ɬ}} {{angbr|tlh}}
| {{IPA link|k}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʷ}} {{angbr|kw}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! {{small|{{wp|Ejective consonant|ejective}}}}
! {{small|{{wp|Ejective consonant|ejective}}}}
| {{IPA link|pʼ}} {{angbr|pʼ}}
| {{IPA link|pʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angbr|tʼ}}
| {{IPA link|tʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻ʼ}} {{angbr|cʼ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻ʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡ɬʼ}} {{angbr|tlhʼ}}
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|kʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{angbr|kʼ}}
| {{IPA link|kʼʷ}} {{angbr|kwʼ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|voiced}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|z̻}}  
| {{IPA link|s̻}} {{angbr|s}}
|  
| {{IPA link|ɬ}} {{angbr|lh}}
| {{IPA link|ʁ̟}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|x}}
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|xʷ}} {{angbr|xw}}
|  
| {{IPA link|χ}} {{angbr|xh}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|s̻}}  
| {{IPA link|χʷ}} {{angbr|xhw}}
|  
| {{IPA link|x}}  
|-
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|m}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|ʁ}}~{{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|g}}
| {{IPA link|ʁʷ}}~{{IPA link|ɣʷ}} {{angbr|gw}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Sonorant}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant}}
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}~{{IPA link|w}}  
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
| colspan="2" |  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}
|  
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Trill}}/{{wp|Tap and flap consonants|Tap}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic consonant|Rhotic}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|r}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
|}
|}
*Plain plosives/affricates vary between voiced, semi-voiced, voiceless and aspirated (allophonic and depending on the speaker)
 


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
Line 118: Line 76:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}}
| {{IPA link|i}}  
| {{IPA link|ɨ̞}} {{angbr|ĕ}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}}
| {{IPA link|u}}  
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}}
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}  
| {{IPA link|ɤ}} {{angbr|ă}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|o}} {{angbr|o}}
| {{IPA link|o}}  
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}}
| {{IPA link|a}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|}
|}
Line 135: Line 93:
=Writing System=
=Writing System=


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! {{wp|Cyrillic}}
! {{wp|Latin}}
! Name
! {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}}
! Notes
|-
|-
| A a
!Order
| A a
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
| a
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
| /{{IPAlink|a}}/
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
!31 !!32
|-
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|Б б}}
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|B b}}
|A ||B ||C ||C' ||D ||E ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |F ||G ||Gh ||H
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | бӹ, bă
|I ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |J ||K ||K' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |L ||M ||N ||O ||P ||P'
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|b}}{{color|#6E6E6E|~}}{{IPA link|p}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |Q ||R ||S ||T ||T' ||U ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |V ||W ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |X ||Y
| Only in foregin words.
|Z ||Zh
|-
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|В в}}
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|V v}}
|a ||b ||c ||c' ||d ||e ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |f ||g ||gh ||h
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | вӹ, vă
|i ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |j ||k ||k' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||p'
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|w}}{{color|#6E6E6E|~}}{{IPA link|v}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |q ||r ||s ||t ||t' ||u ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |v ||w ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |x ||y
| Only in foregin words.
|z ||zh
|-
|-
| Г г
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} upper case
| G g
|А ||Б ||Ц ||Ц' ||Д ||Е ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ф ||Г ||Г' ||Х
| гӹ, gă
|И ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ж ||К ||К' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Л ||М ||Н ||О ||П ||П'
| /{{IPA link|ɣ}}~{{IPA link|ʁ}}/
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |К ||Р ||С ||Т ||Т' ||У ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |В ||Ў ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Кс ||Ы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|Ж ||З
|-
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} lower case
|а ||б ||ц ||ц' ||д ||е ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ф ||г ||г' ||х
|и ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ж ||к ||к' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |л ||м ||н ||о ||п ||п'
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |к ||р ||с ||т ||т' ||у ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |в ||ў ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |кс ||ы
|ж ||з
|-
|-
| Гў гў
!{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound
| Gw gw
! {{IPAlink|a}}
| Гўӹ, гwă
! {{IPAlink|b}}
| /{{IPA link|ʁʷ}}~{{IPA link|ɣʷ}}/
! {{IPAlink|t͡s̻}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! {{IPAlink|t͡s̻ʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|d}}
! {{IPAlink|ɛ}}
! {{IPAlink|f}}*
! {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
! {{IPAlink|ʁ̟}}
! {{IPAlink|x}}
! {{IPAlink|i}}
! {{IPAlink|z̻}}
! {{IPAlink|k}}
! {{IPAlink|kʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|l}}*
! {{IPAlink|m}}
! {{IPAlink|n}}
! {{IPAlink|o}}
! {{IPAlink|p}}
! {{IPAlink|pʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|k}}
! {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
! {{IPAlink|s̻}}
! {{IPAlink|t}}
! {{IPAlink|tʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|u}}
! colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ʋ}}~{{IPAlink|w}}
! ks
! {{IPAlink|ɨ}}
! {{IPAlink|z̻}}
! {{IPAlink|d͡z̻}}
|}
 
=Grammar=
==Syntax==
Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.
==Nouns==
===Case and Number===
There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo.
Tayamo has 6 noun cases:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="3" | Signular
|-
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Д д}}
! Affix
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|D d}}
! Example
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | дӹ, dă
! Question
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|d}}{{color|#6E6E6E|~}}{{IPA link|t}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| Only in foregin words.
|-
|-
| Е е
! Nominative
| E e
| e
| /{{IPA link|ɛ}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''к'а'' (rock), ''зан'' (bear)
| ''мо'' (what), ''мы'' (who)
|-
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ж ж}}
! Dative
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Zh zh}}
| ''-ў/у''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | жӹ, zhă
| ''к'а'''ў''''' (to a rock), ''зан'''у''''' (to a bear)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|z̻}}{{color|#6E6E6E|~}}{{IPA link|s̻}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| ''мо'''ў''''' (to what), ''мы'''ў''''' (to who)
| Only in foregin words.
|-
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|З з}}
! Genetive
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Z z}}
| ''-но''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | зӹ, ză
| ''к'а'''но''''' (of a rock), ''зан'''но''''' (of a bear)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|z̻}}{{color|#6E6E6E|~}}{{IPA link|s̻}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| ''мо'''но''''' (of what), ''мы'''но''''' (whose)
| Only in foregin words.
|-
|-
| И и
! Accusitive
| I i
| ''-й/и''
| и, i
| ''к'а'''й''''' (rock), ''зан'''и''''' (bear)
| /{{IPA link|i}}/
| ''мо'''й''''' (what), ''мы'''й''''' (who)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Й й
! Instrumental
| Y y
| ''-г'а''
|  
| ''к'а'''г'а''''' (with a rock), ''зан'''г'а''''' (with a bear)
| /{{IPA link|j}}/
| ''мо'''г'а''''' (with what), ''мы'''г'а''''' (with who)
| As first letter of a word, or after a vowel.
|-
|-
| К к
! Locative
| K k
| ''-да''
| кӹ, kă
| ''к'а'''да''''' (on a rock), ''зан'''да''''' (on a bear)
| /{{IPA link|k}}/
| ''мо'''да''''' (where), ''мы'''да''''' (at who)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Кў кў
|}
| Kw kw
 
| кўӹ, kwă
{| class="wikitable"
| /{{IPA link|kʷ}}/
! rowspan="2" | Case
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
|-
| К' к'
! Affix
| K' k'
! Example
| к'ӹ, k'ă
! Question
| /{{IPA link|kʼ}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Кў' кў'
! Nominative
| Kw' kw'
| ''-(а)цы''
| кў'ӹ, kw'ă
| ''к'а'''цы''''' (rocks), ''зан'''цы''''' (bears)
| /{{IPA link|kʼʷ}}/
| ''мо'''цы''''' (what), ''мы'''цы''''' (who)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Л л
! Dative
| L l
| ''-(а)цу''
| лӹ, lă
| ''к'а'''цу''''' (to rocks), ''зан'''цу''''' (to bears)
| /{{IPA link|l}}/
| ''мо'''цу''''' (to what), ''мы'''цу''''' (whose)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Лъ лъ
! Genetive
| Lh lh
| ''-(а)цын''
| лъӹ, lhă
| ''к'а'''цын''''' (оf rocks), ''зан'''цын''''' (оf bears)
| /{{IPA link|ɬ}}/
| ''мо'''цын''''' (оf what), ''мы'''цын''''' (оf who)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| М м
! Accusitive
| M m
| ''-(а)ци''
| мӹ, mă
| ''к'а'''ци''''' (rocks), ''зан'''ци''''' (bears)
| /{{IPA link|m}}/
| ''мо'''ци''''' (what), ''мы'''ци''''' (who)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Н н
! Instrumental
| N n
| ''-(а)цыг'а''
| нӹ, nă
| ''к'а'''цыг'а''''' (with rocks), ''зан'''цыг'а''''' (with bears)
| /{{IPA link|n}}/
| ''мо'''цыг'а''''' (with what), ''мы'''цыг'а''''' (with who)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| О о
! Locative
| O o
| ''-(a)цыда''
| о
| ''к'а'''цыда''''' (on rocks), ''зан'''цыда''''' (on bears)
| /{{IPA link|o}}/
| ''мо'''цыда''''' (where), ''мы'''цыда''''' (at who)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| П п
|}
| P p
 
| пӹ, pă
===The definite article===
| /{{IPA link|p}}/
Due to [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the '''та(н)''' particle, which is placed infront of a word ('''та''' мак'о, '''тан''' итары). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
 
In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| П' п'
! syllable type
| P' p'
! suffix
| п'ӹ, p'ă
! example
| /{{IPA link|pʼ}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Р р
| open /a, ɨ̞/<br>closed* /j, w/
| R r
| ''-'та
| рӹ, ră
| ''кана''''та''' (the song)<br>мары''''та''' (the horse)
| /{{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| С с
| open /ɛ, i, o, u/
| S s
| ''-'то
| сӹ, să
| ''хоне''''то''' (the friend)<br>токо''''то''' (the town)
| /{{IPA link|s̻}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Т т
| closed
| T t
| ''-'а
| тӹ, tă
| ''там''''а''' (the fish)<br>ўен''''а''' (the bell)
| /{{IPA link|t}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Т' т'
|}
| T' t'
*Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.
| т'ӹ, t'ă
 
| /{{IPA link|tʼ}}/
==Prnouns==
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the [[Aschari|Aschari language]] is the polite/formal pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to [[Aschari]], only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite/formal and impolite/informal.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Тлъ тлъ
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Number and Person
| Tlh tlh
! rowspan="2" | Nominative
| тлъӹ, tlhă
! colspan="2" | Accusitive<br>(Direct object)
| /{{IPA link|t͡ɬ}}/
! colspan="2" | Dative<br>(Indirect object)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" | Instrumental
! rowspan="2" | Locative
|-
|-
| Тлъ' тлъ'
!stressed
| Tlh' tlh'
!clitic
| тлъ'ӹ, tlh'ă
!stressed
| /{{IPA link|t͡ɬʼ}}/
!clitic
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| У у
! rowspan="4" |Singular
| U u
! colspan="2" | First
| у, u
| ''Коны
| /{{IPA link|u}}/
| ''Кони
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''-ки
| ''Кону
| ''-ку
| ''Коно
| ''Ког'а
| ''Кода
|-
|-
| Ў ў
! rowspan="2" | Second
| W w
! Formal
|  
| ''Уда
| /{{IPA link|w}}/
| ''Уди
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| rowspan="2" |''-ди
| ''Уду
| rowspan="2" |''-ду
| ''Удано
| ''Удаг'а
| ''Удада
|-
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ф ф}}
! Imformal
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|F f}}
| ''Да
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | фӹ, fă
| ''Ди
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|p}}{{color|#6E6E6E|~}}{{IPA link|f}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| ''Ду
| Only in foregin words.
| ''Дано
| ''Даг'а
| ''Дада
|-
|-
| Х х
! colspan="2" | Third
| X x
| ''То
| хӹ, xă
| ''Той
| /{{IPA link|x}}/
| ''-ти
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''Тоў
| ''-ту
| ''Тоно
| ''Тог'а
| ''Тода
|-
|-
| Хў хў
! rowspan="4" | Plural
| Xw xw
! colspan="2" | First
| хўӹ, xwă
| ''Коныцы
| /{{IPA link|xʷ}}/
| ''Коци
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''-кыци
| ''Коцу
| ''-кыцу
| ''Коцыно
| ''Коцыг'а
| ''Коцыда
|-
|-
| Хъ хъ
! rowspan="2" | Second
| Xh xh
! Formal
| хъӹ, xhă
| ''Удацы
| /{{IPA link|χ}}/
| ''Удаци
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| rowspan="2" |''-дыци
| ''Удацу
| rowspan="2" |''-дыцу
| ''Удацыно
| ''Удацыг'а
| ''Удацыда
|-
|-
| Хъў хъў
! Imformal
| Xhw xhw
| ''Дацы
| хъўӹ, xhwă
| ''Даци
| /{{IPA link|χʷ}}/
| ''Дацу
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''Дацыно
| ''Дацыг'а
| ''Дацыда
|-
|-
| Ц ц
! colspan="2" | Third
| C c
| ''Тоцы
| цӹ, că
| ''Тоци
| /{{IPA link|t͡s̻}}/
| ''-тыци
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''Тоцу
| ''-тыцу
| ''Тоцыно
| ''Тоцыг'а
| ''Тоцыда
|-
|-
| Ц' ц'
|}
| C' c'
 
| ц'ӹ, c'ă
The clitic suffixes are used to form {{wp|Polypersonal agreement|Polypersonal verbs}}.
| /{{IPA link|t͡s̻ʼ}}/
 
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
==Adjectives and Adverbs==
{{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} forms of [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]:
 
* '''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word: big - ''ян
* '''Negative''' - Negation of the word: '''un'''big* -  '''''ре-'''ян
* '''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something: big'''ger''' -  '''''п'а-'''ян
* '''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: big'''gest''' -  '''''не-'''ян
 
==Verbs==
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ч ч}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Number &<br>Person
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ch ch}}
! colspan="5" | Indicative
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | чӹ, chă
! rowspan="2" | Imperative
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|t͡s̻}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| Only in foregin words.
|-
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ш ш}}
! Past imperfect
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Sh sh}}
! Past/Present<br>perfect
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | шӹ, shă
! Present
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|s̻}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
! Future
| Only in foregin words.
! Past Future
|-
|-
| Ъ ъ
! rowspan="3" | Singular
| H h*
! First
|  
| ''ката'''т'а'''<br>дам'''т'а'''
| ''ката'''юно'''<br>дам'''юно'''
| ''ката'''но'''<br>дам'''ын'''
| '''''я''' ката'''но'''<br>'''я''' дам'''но'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''но'''<br>'''ят'а''' дам'''но'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| Used in digraphs, no sound value on it's own.
|-
|-
| Ы ы
! Second
| Ĕ ĕ
| rowspan="2" | ''ката'''к'а'''<br>дам'''к'а'''
|  
| ''ката'''юўа'''<br>дам'''юўа'''
| /{{IPA link|ɨ̞}}/
| ''ката'''ўа'''<br>дам'''ўа'''
| '''''я''' ката'''ўа'''<br>'''я''' дам'''ўа'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''ўа'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''ўа'''
| ''ката'''й'''<br>дам'''и'''
|-
! Third
| ''ката'''ю'''<br>дам'''ю'''
| ''ката<br>дам
| '''''я''' ката<br>'''я''' дам
| '''''яц'а''' ката<br>'''яц'а''' дам
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Ӹ ӹ
! rowspan="4" | Plural
| Ă ă
! First
|  
| ''ката'''т'ахы'''<br>дам'''т'ахы'''
| /{{IPA link|ɤ}}/
| ''ката'''юнохы'''<br>дам'''юнохы'''
| ''ката'''нохы'''<br>дам'''ынохы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''нохы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''нохы'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''нохы'''<br>'''ят'а''' дам'''нохы'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Ь ь
! Second
| Y y
| rowspan="2" | ''ката'''к'ахы'''<br>дам'''к'ахы'''
|  
| ''ката'''юўхы'''<br>дам'''юўхы'''
| /{{IPA link|◌j}}/
| ''ката'''ўхы'''<br>дам'''ўхы'''
| Used after consonants.
| '''''я''' ката'''ўхы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''ўхы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''ўхы'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''ўхы'''
| ''ката'''цый'''<br>дам'''хый'''
|-
|-
| Ю ю
! Third
| Yu yu
| ''ката'''юхы'''<br>дам'''юхы'''
| ю, yu
| ''ката'''хы'''<br>дам'''хы'''
| /ju/
| '''''я''' ката'''хы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''хы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''хы'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''хы'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Я я
|}
| Ya ya
:ката - say, tell
| я, ya
:дам - drink
| /ja/
 
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Imperfective verb
! Perfective verb
! Meaning
|-
| ''арино
| '''ю'''арино
| i read
|-
| ''аесено
| '''юй'''аесено
| i nuy
|-
| ''сайно
| '''ю'''сайно
| i write
|-
|-
|}
|}


=Grammar=
==Syntax==
  SVO (SOV, when O is a shorterned pronoun)
  noun like adjectives
  possessee - possessor
  adjective - noun
  prepossitions


==Pronouns==
Verbs can be negated with the '''ре-''' suffix:
{| class="wikitable"
|тоўа (you give)|| →|| ретоўа (you don't give).
|}


===Copula===
The word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is SOV, due to the language being pro drop, if the pronoun isn's stressed it can be dropped, it acts as a suffix to the object, if the copua is stressed it's put infront of the word. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |  
! colspan="3" | Number &<br>Person
! {{H:title|Nominative|Nom}}
! {{H:title|бях/was|Past}}
! {{H:title|Dative|Dat}}
! {{H:title|бил/been|Resultative<br>participle}}
! {{H:title|Genitive|Gen}}
! {{H:title|съм/am|Present}}
! {{H:title|Accusitive|Acc}}
! {{H:title|ще бъда/will be|Future}}
! {{H:title|Vialis|Via}}
! {{H:title|бих/would|Aorist}}
! {{H:title|бъди/be!|Imperative}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" | First
! colspan="2" | First
|  
| ''-дет'а
|  
| ''-деюно
|  
| ''-дено
|  
| ''-ядено
|  
| ''-деруно
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
! colspan="2" | Second
|  
| rowspan="2" | ''-дец'а
|  
| ''-деюўа
|  
| ''-деўа
|  
| ''-ядеўа
|  
| ''-деруўа
| ''-дей
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
! colspan="2" | Third
|  
| ''-дею
|  
| ''-де
|  
| ''-яде
|  
| ''-деру
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! rowspan="2" | First
! colspan="2" | First
! Inclusive
| ''-дет'ахы
|
| ''-деюнохы
|  
| ''-денохы
|  
| ''-яденохы
|  
| ''-дерунохы
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! Exclusive
|  
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
! colspan="2" | Second
|  
| rowspan="2" | ''-дец'ахы
|  
| ''-деюўахы
|  
| ''-деўахы
|  
| ''-ядеўахы
|  
| ''-деруўахы
| ''-дехый
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
! colspan="2" | Third
|  
| ''-деюхы
|  
| ''-дехы
|  
| ''-ядехы
|  
| ''-дерухы
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
| I'm (a) tayamo||Т'аямо'''дено'''
|-
| '''{{underline|I}}''' am (a) tayamo|| '''Коны''' т'аямодено
|-
|-
| I '''{{underline|am}}''' (a) tayamo|| Коны '''дено''' т'аямо
|}
|}


==Nouns==
==Questions==
===Number===
particle: '''йо'''


{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center"
=Derivation=
{| class="wikitable"
!Affix
!Used to create:
!Example(s)
|-
|-
! Number
| -''жы''
! Affix
|[[wikipedia:Agent noun|agents]] from verbs/nouns
! Example
| ''сай'' (to write) → ''сай'''жы''''' (writer)
|-
| -''е''
|verbs from nouns
| ''п'ана'' (fire) → ''п'ана'''е''''' (to burn)
|-
| -''ма''
|nouns from verbs
| ''ма'' (see) → ''ма'''ма''''' (vision)
|-
| -''сыте''
|[[wikipedia:collective noun|collective nouns]]
| ''еякы'' (boat) → ''еякы'''сыте''''' (fleet)
|-
| -''сы''
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]
| ''жана'' (forgive) → ''жана'''''сы''' (forgiving)
|-
| -''ки''
|[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]]
| ''бежы'' (fast) → '' бежы'''ки''''' (fastly)
|-
|  -''сырег'а''
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] indicating the lack of something
| ''т'аў'' (home) → ''т'аў'''сырег'а''''' (homeless)
|-
| -''ма''
|nouns from [[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]
| ''пой'' (cute) → ''пой'''ма''''' (cute thing)
|-
| -''ной''
|[[wikipedia:diminutive|diminutives]] of nouns
| ''маке'' (dog) → ''маке'''ной''''' (doggie)
|-
| -''дай''
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
| ''еякы'' (boat) → ''еякы'''дай''''' (ship)
|-
| -''ра''
|locations
| ''ахе'' (to fly) → ''ахе'''ра''''' (airport)
|-
| -''мо''
|inhabitants
| ''токо'' (town) → ''токо'''мо''''' (citizen, resident)
|-
|-
! Singular
| -''пе''
| -
|decendents (names and nicknames)
|  
| ''руян'' (rain) → ''руян'''пе''''' (of (the) rain*)
|-
|-
! Plural
| -''то''
| -
|relative
|  
| ''саймо'' (why) → ''саймо'''то''''' (becouse)<br> ''мы'' (who) → ''мы'''то''''' (whoever)
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Case===
=Numerals=
Tayamo is a {{wp|Decimal system|Decimal (Base-10)}} language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second, New way, which came from the [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] ways, it exists due to their influence on the language.
In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, and in literary scenarios, while the New way is used with large numbers like the hunderds, thousands and millions and in colloquial situations.


In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on.
While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн '''га''' (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.
==Cardinal numbers==
All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix '''-цы''', this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.
List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Case
! Word
! Example
! Question
|-
|-
! Nominative
! №
|  
! Old way
|  
! New way
|  
! rowspan="2" | №
! rowspan="2" | Old way
! rowspan="2" | New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
|-
! 0
| colspan="2" |''нулыцы
! 21
| ''тиминедацы
| ''мине-га-тицы
! 600
| colspan="2" |''тикадапайцы
|-
! 1
| colspan="2" |''тицы
! 11
| colspan="2" |''тинедацы
! 26
| ''тикадаминедацы
| ''мине-га-тикадацы
! 1 000
| colspan="2" |''цанцы
|-
! 2
| colspan="2" |''мицы
! 12
| colspan="2" |''минедацы
! 30
| colspan="2" |''ренецы
! 1 001
|''тицандацы
|''цан-га-тицы
|-
! 3
| colspan="2" |''рецы
! 13
| colspan="2" |''ренедацы
! 40
| colspan="2" |''юнецы
! 2 000
| colspan="2" |''мицанцы
|-
! 4
| colspan="2" |''юцы
! 14
| colspan="2" |''юнедацы
! 50
| colspan="2" |''канецы
! 6 000
| colspan="2" |''тикадацанцы
|-
! 5
| colspan="2" |''кацы
! 15
| colspan="2" |''канедацы
! 60
| colspan="2" |''тикаданецы
! 10 000
| colspan="2" |''ўанцы
|-
! 6
| colspan="2" |''тикадацы
! 16
| colspan="2" |''тикаданедацы
! 100
| colspan="2" |''пайцы
! 10 001
|''тиўандацы
|''ўан-га-тицы
|-
|-
! Dative
! 7
|  
| colspan="2" |''микадацы
|  
! 17
|  
| colspan="2" |''микаданедацы
! 101
|''типайдацы
|''пай-га-тицы
! 20 000
| colspan="2" |''миўанцы
|-
|-
! Genetive
! 8
|  
| colspan="2" |''рекадацы
|  
! 18
|  
| colspan="2" |''рекаданедацы
! 110
|''непайдацы
|''пай-га-нецы
! 60 000
| colspan="2" |''тикадаўанцы
|-
|-
! Accusitive
! 9
|  
| colspan="2" |''юкадацы
|  
! 19
|  
| colspan="2" |''юкаданедацы
! 111
|''тинедапайдацы
|''пай-га-тинедацы
! rowspan="2" |  1 000 000<br>(100x10 000)
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''пайўанцы
|-
|-
! Vialis
! 10
|  
| colspan="2" |''(не)нецы
|  
! 20
|  
| colspan="2" |''минецы
! 200
| colspan="2" |''нипайцы
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Adjectives and Adverbs==
==Ordinal numbers==
==Verbs==
In Tayamo the circumfix '''г'а-...-и/й''' produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix '''-цы''' is dropped.
===Copula===


List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |
! №
! {{H:title|съм|Present}}
! Old way
! {{H:title|бъди|Imperative}}
! New way
! {{H:title|ще бъда|Future}}
! №
! {{H:title|бях|Past<br>Imperfect}}
! Old way
! {{H:title|бих|Aorist}}
! New way
! {{H:title|бил|Resultative<br>participle}}
! №
! Old way
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! 1st
! colspan="2" | First
| colspan="2" |''г'атий
|  
! 11th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'атинедай
|  
! 21st
|  
|''г'атиминедай
|  
|''г'амине-га-тий
|  
! 1 001st
|''г'атицандай
|''г'ацан-га-тий
|-
! 2nd
| colspan="2" |''г'амий
! 12th
| colspan="2" |''г'аминедай
! 26th
|''г'атикадаминедай
|''г'амине-га-тикадай
! 2 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'амицани
|-
! 3d
| colspan="2" |''г'арей
! 13th
| colspan="2" |''г'аренедай
! 60th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикаданей
! 6 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадацани
|-
! 4th
| colspan="2" |''г'аюй
! 14th
| colspan="2" |''г'аюнедай
! 100th
| colspan="2" |''г'апайи
! 10 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'аўани
|-
! 5th
| colspan="2" |''г'акай
! 15th
| colspan="2" |''г'аканедай
! 101st
|''г'атипайдай
|''г'апай-га-тий
! 10 0001st
|''г'атиўандай
|''г'аўан-га-тий
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
! 6th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадай
|  
! 16th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'атикаданедай
|
! 110th
|  
|''г'анепайдай
|  
|''г'апай-га-ней
! 20 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'амиўани
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
! 7th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'амикадай
|  
! 17th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'амикаданедай
|
! 111th
|  
|''г'атинедапайдай
|  
|''г'апай-га-тинедай
! 60 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадаўани
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! 8th
! colspan="2" | First
| colspan="2" |''г'арекадай
|
! 18th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'арекаданедай
|  
! 200th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'амипайи
|  
! rowspan="3" | 1 000 000th<br>(100x10 000th)
|  
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | ''г'апайўани
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
! 9th
|
| colspan="2" |''г'аюкадай
|  
! 19th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'аюкаданедай
|
! 600th
|  
| colspan="2" | ''г'атикадапайи
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
! 10th
|
| colspan="2" |''г'аней
|  
! 20th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'аминей
|
! 1 000th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'ацани
|  
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
==Fractional numbers==
===Person===
In Tayamo the prefix '''ра-''' produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix '''-цы''' is dropped.
===Direction===
 
==Questions==
List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:
=Derivation=
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Affix
!Used to create:
!Example(s)
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! №
|[[wikipedia:Agent noun|agents]] from verbs/nouns
! Old way
|
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! Whole
|[[wikipedia:collective noun|collective nouns]]
| colspan="2" |''тира
|  
! 1/11
| colspan="2" |''ратинеда
! 1/21
|''ратиминеда
|''рамине-га-ти
! 1/1 001
|''ратицанда
|''рацан-га-ти
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! Half
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]/[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]] from nouns/verbs
| colspan="2" |''апо
|  
! 1/12
| colspan="2" |''раминеда
! 1/26
|''ратикадаминеда
|''рамине-га-тикада
! 1/2 000
| colspan="2" |''рамицан
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! 1/3
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] indicating the lack of something
| colspan="2" |''раре
|  
! 1/13
| colspan="2" |''раренеда
! 1/60
| colspan="2" |''ратикадане
! 1/6 000
| colspan="2" |''ратикадацан
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! 1/4
|nouns from adjectives
| colspan="2" |''раю
|  
! 1/14
| colspan="2" |''раюнеда
! 1/100
| colspan="2" |''рапай
! 1/10 000
| colspan="2" |''раўан
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! 1/5
|[[wikipedia:diminutive|diminutives]] of nouns
| colspan="2" |''рака
|  
! 1/15
| colspan="2" |''раканеда
! 1/101
|''ратипайда
|''рапай-га-ти
! 1/10 0001
|''ратиўанда
|''раўан-га-ти
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! 1/6
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
| colspan="2" |''ратикада
|  
! 1/16
| colspan="2" |''ратикаданеда
! 1/110
|''ранепайда
|''рапай-га-не
! 1/20 000
| colspan="2" |''рамиўан
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! 1/7
|locations (places related to the stem)
| colspan="2" |''рамикада
|  
! 1/17
| colspan="2" |''рамикаданеда
! 1/111
|''ратинедапайда
|''рапай-га-тинеда
! 1/60 000
| colspan="2" |''ратикадаўан
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! 1/8
|inhabitants (of places)
| colspan="2" |''рарекада
|  
! 1/18
| colspan="2" |''рарекаданеда
! 1/200
| colspan="2" |''рамипай
! rowspan="3" |  1/1 000 000<br>(100x10 000)
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | ''рапайўан
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! 1/9
|decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives)
| colspan="2" |''раюкада
|  
! 1/19
| colspan="2" |''раюкаданеда
! 1/600
| colspan="2" | ''ратикадапай
|-
|-
| -'' ''
! 1/10
|decendents (child of)
| colspan="2" |''ране
|  
! 1/20
| colspan="2" |''рамине
! 1/1 000
| colspan="2" |''рацан
|-
|-
|}
|}


=Language Sample=
=end=
[[Category: Tayamo]]

Latest revision as of 16:44, 6 March 2022

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiced b d d͡z̻ ɡ
voiceless p t t͡s̻ k
ejective pʼ tʼ t͡s̻ʼ kʼ
Fricative voiced z̻ ʁ̟
voiceless s̻ x
Nasal m n
Approximant ʋ~w j
Rhotic ɾ


Vowels

Front Central back
Close i ɨ u
Mid ɛ o
Open a

Writing System

Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Latin upper case A B C C' D E F G Gh H I J K K' L M N O P P' Q R S T T' U V W X Y Z Zh
Latin lower case a b c c' d e f g gh h i j k k' l m n o p p' q r s t t' u v w x y z zh
Cyrillic upper case А Б Ц Ц' Д Е Ф Г Г' Х И Ж К К' Л М Н О П П' К Р С Т Т' У В Ў Кс Ы Ж З
Cyrillic lower case а б ц ц' д е ф г г' х и ж к к' л м н о п п' к р с т т' у в ў кс ы ж з
IPA sound a b t͡s̻ t͡s̻ʼ d ɛ f* ɡ ʁ̟ x i z̻ k kʼ l* m n o p pʼ k ɾ s̻ t tʼ u ʋ~w ks ɨ z̻ d͡z̻

Grammar

Syntax

Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.

Nouns

Case and Number

There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo. Tayamo has 6 noun cases:

Case Signular
Affix Example Question
Nominative к'а (rock), зан (bear) мо (what), мы (who)
Dative -ў/у к'аў (to a rock), зану (to a bear) моў (to what), мыў (to who)
Genetive -но к'ано (of a rock), занно (of a bear) моно (of what), мыно (whose)
Accusitive -й/и к'ай (rock), зани (bear) мой (what), мый (who)
Instrumental -г'а к'аг'а (with a rock), занг'а (with a bear) мог'а (with what), мыг'а (with who)
Locative -да к'ада (on a rock), занда (on a bear) мода (where), мыда (at who)
Case Plural
Affix Example Question
Nominative -(а)цы к'ацы (rocks), занцы (bears) моцы (what), мыцы (who)
Dative -(а)цу к'ацу (to rocks), занцу (to bears) моцу (to what), мыцу (whose)
Genetive -(а)цын к'ацын (оf rocks), занцын (оf bears) моцын (оf what), мыцын (оf who)
Accusitive -(а)ци к'аци (rocks), занци (bears) моци (what), мыци (who)
Instrumental -(а)цыг'а к'ацыг'а (with rocks), занцыг'а (with bears) моцыг'а (with what), мыцыг'а (with who)
Locative -(a)цыда к'ацыда (on rocks), занцыда (on bears) моцыда (where), мыцыда (at who)

The definite article

Due to Thuado-Thrismaran influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the та(н) particle, which is placed infront of a word (та мак'о, тан итары). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.

In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:

syllable type suffix example
open /a, ɨ̞/
closed* /j, w/ 		-'та кана'та (the song)
мары'та (the horse)
open /ɛ, i, o, u/ -'то хоне'то (the friend)
токо'то (the town)
closed -'а там'а (the fish)
ўен'а (the bell)
  • Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.

Prnouns

One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the Aschari language is the polite/formal pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to Aschari, only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite/formal and impolite/informal.

Number and Person Nominative Accusitive
(Direct object) 		Dative
(Indirect object) 		Genitive Instrumental Locative
stressed clitic stressed clitic
Singular First Коны Кони -ки Кону -ку Коно Ког'а Кода
Second Formal Уда Уди -ди Уду -ду Удано Удаг'а Удада
Imformal Да Ди Ду Дано Даг'а Дада
Third То Той -ти Тоў -ту Тоно Тог'а Тода
Plural First Коныцы Коци -кыци Коцу -кыцу Коцыно Коцыг'а Коцыда
Second Formal Удацы Удаци -дыци Удацу -дыцу Удацыно Удацыг'а Удацыда
Imformal Дацы Даци Дацу Дацыно Дацыг'а Дацыда
Third Тоцы Тоци -тыци Тоцу -тыцу Тоцыно Тоцыг'а Тоцыда

The clitic suffixes are used to form Polypersonal verbs.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - ян
  • Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-ян
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - п'а-ян
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-ян

Verbs

Tense, Aspect, Mood

The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.

Number &
Person 		Indicative Imperative
Past imperfect Past/Present
perfect 		Present Future Past Future
Singular First катат'а
дамт'а 		катаюно
дамюно 		катано
дамын 		я катано
я дамно 		ят'а катано
ят'а дамно
Second катак'а
дамк'а 		катаюўа
дамюўа 		катаўа
дамўа 		я катаўа
я дамўа 		яц'а катаўа
яц'а дамўа 		катай
дами
Third катаю
дамю 		ката
дам 		я ката
я дам 		яц'а ката
яц'а дам
Plural First катат'ахы
дамт'ахы 		катаюнохы
дамюнохы 		катанохы
дамынохы 		я катанохы
я дамнохы 		ят'а катанохы
ят'а дамнохы
Second катак'ахы
дамк'ахы 		катаюўхы
дамюўхы 		катаўхы
дамўхы 		я катаўхы
я дамўхы 		яц'а катаўхы
яц'а дамўхы 		катацый
дамхый
Third катаюхы
дамюхы 		катахы
дамхы 		я катахы
я дамхы 		яц'а катахы
яц'а дамхы
ката - say, tell
дам - drink
Imperfective verb Perfective verb Meaning
арино юарино i read
аесено юйаесено i nuy
сайно юсайно i write


Verbs can be negated with the ре- suffix:

тоўа (you give) → ретоўа (you don't give).

Copula

The word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is SOV, due to the language being pro drop, if the pronoun isn's stressed it can be dropped, it acts as a suffix to the object, if the copua is stressed it's put infront of the word. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.

Number &
Person 		Past Resultative
participle 		Present Future Aorist Imperative
Singular First -дет'а -деюно -дено -ядено -деруно
Second -дец'а -деюўа -деўа -ядеўа -деруўа -дей
Third -дею -де -яде -деру
Plural First -дет'ахы -деюнохы -денохы -яденохы -дерунохы
Second -дец'ахы -деюўахы -деўахы -ядеўахы -деруўахы -дехый
Third -деюхы -дехы -ядехы -дерухы
I'm (a) tayamo Т'аямодено
I am (a) tayamo Коны т'аямодено
I am (a) tayamo Коны дено т'аямо

Questions

particle: йо

Derivation

Affix Used to create: Example(s)
-жы agents from verbs/nouns сай (to write) → сайжы (writer)
-е verbs from nouns п'ана (fire) → п'анае (to burn)
-ма nouns from verbs ма (see) → мама (vision)
-сыте collective nouns еякы (boat) → еякысыте (fleet)
-сы adjectives жана (forgive) → жанасы (forgiving)
-ки adverbs бежы (fast) → бежыки (fastly)
-сырег'а adjectives indicating the lack of something т'аў (home) → т'аўсырег'а (homeless)
-ма nouns from adjectives пой (cute) → пойма (cute thing)
-ной diminutives of nouns маке (dog) → макеной (doggie)
-дай augmentatives of nouns еякы (boat) → еякыдай (ship)
-ра locations ахе (to fly) → ахера (airport)
-мо inhabitants токо (town) → токомо (citizen, resident)
-пе decendents (names and nicknames) руян (rain) → руянпе (of (the) rain*)
-то relative саймо (why) → саймото (becouse)
мы (who) → мыто (whoever)

Numerals

Tayamo is a Decimal (Base-10) language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second, New way, which came from the Thuado-Thrismaran ways, it exists due to their influence on the language. In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, and in literary scenarios, while the New way is used with large numbers like the hunderds, thousands and millions and in colloquial situations.

In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on. While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн га (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.


Cardinal numbers

All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix -цы, this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.

List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
0 нулыцы 21 тиминедацы мине-га-тицы 600 тикадапайцы
1 тицы 11 тинедацы 26 тикадаминедацы мине-га-тикадацы 1 000 цанцы
2 мицы 12 минедацы 30 ренецы 1 001 тицандацы цан-га-тицы
3 рецы 13 ренедацы 40 юнецы 2 000 мицанцы
4 юцы 14 юнедацы 50 канецы 6 000 тикадацанцы
5 кацы 15 канедацы 60 тикаданецы 10 000 ўанцы
6 тикадацы 16 тикаданедацы 100 пайцы 10 001 тиўандацы ўан-га-тицы
7 микадацы 17 микаданедацы 101 типайдацы пай-га-тицы 20 000 миўанцы
8 рекадацы 18 рекаданедацы 110 непайдацы пай-га-нецы 60 000 тикадаўанцы
9 юкадацы 19 юкаданедацы 111 тинедапайдацы пай-га-тинедацы 1 000 000
(100x10 000) 		пайўанцы
10 (не)нецы 20 минецы 200 нипайцы

Ordinal numbers

In Tayamo the circumfix г'а-...-и/й produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
1st г'атий 11th г'атинедай 21st г'атиминедай г'амине-га-тий 1 001st г'атицандай г'ацан-га-тий
2nd г'амий 12th г'аминедай 26th г'атикадаминедай г'амине-га-тикадай 2 000th г'амицани
3d г'арей 13th г'аренедай 60th г'атикаданей 6 000th г'атикадацани
4th г'аюй 14th г'аюнедай 100th г'апайи 10 000th г'аўани
5th г'акай 15th г'аканедай 101st г'атипайдай г'апай-га-тий 10 0001st г'атиўандай г'аўан-га-тий
6th г'атикадай 16th г'атикаданедай 110th г'анепайдай г'апай-га-ней 20 000th г'амиўани
7th г'амикадай 17th г'амикаданедай 111th г'атинедапайдай г'апай-га-тинедай 60 000th г'атикадаўани
8th г'арекадай 18th г'арекаданедай 200th г'амипайи 1 000 000th
(100x10 000th) 		г'апайўани
9th г'аюкадай 19th г'аюкаданедай 600th г'атикадапайи
10th г'аней 20th г'аминей 1 000th г'ацани

Fractional numbers

In Tayamo the prefix ра- produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
Whole тира 1/11 ратинеда 1/21 ратиминеда рамине-га-ти 1/1 001 ратицанда рацан-га-ти
Half апо 1/12 раминеда 1/26 ратикадаминеда рамине-га-тикада 1/2 000 рамицан
1/3 раре 1/13 раренеда 1/60 ратикадане 1/6 000 ратикадацан
1/4 раю 1/14 раюнеда 1/100 рапай 1/10 000 раўан
1/5 рака 1/15 раканеда 1/101 ратипайда рапай-га-ти 1/10 0001 ратиўанда раўан-га-ти
1/6 ратикада 1/16 ратикаданеда 1/110 ранепайда рапай-га-не 1/20 000 рамиўан
1/7 рамикада 1/17 рамикаданеда 1/111 ратинедапайда рапай-га-тинеда 1/60 000 ратикадаўан
1/8 рарекада 1/18 рарекаданеда 1/200 рамипай 1/1 000 000
(100x10 000) 		рапайўан
1/9 раюкада 1/19 раюкаданеда 1/600 ратикадапай
1/10 ране 1/20 рамине 1/1 000 рацан

end

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