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{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Arab Islamic Republic of Andalusia
|conventional_long_name = Arab ''Jamahiriya'' of Andalusia
|native_name =        ''جمهورية الأندلس العربية الإسلامية'' ({{wp|Arabic}})<br /> Ǧmhwryة āl'أndls āl'Rbyة āl'إslāmyة
|native_name =        {{lang|ar|Ġamahirijja al-Andalus al-Arabija}} ({{wp|Andalusi Arabic}})
|common_name =        Andalusia
|common_name =        Andalusia
|image_flag =        Rectangular_green_flag.svg
|image_flag =        Nasserism Political Flag.svg
|alt_flag =          Flag of Andalusia
|alt_flag =          Flag of Andalusia
|image_coat =        <!--e.g. Coat of arms of country.svg-->
|image_coat =        Eagle of Saladin.svg
|alt_coat =          Seal of Andalusia
|alt_coat =          Emblem of Andalusia
|symbol_type =        seal
|symbol_type =        Emblem
|symbol_footnote =    <!--optional reference or footnote for the symbol caption-->
|symbol_footnote =    <!--optional reference or footnote for the symbol caption-->
|national_motto =    حتى الابتسامة يمكن أن تكون صدقة
|national_motto =    {{lang|ar|Ħurrijatun, Waħdatun, Isctirakijatun}}
|englishmotto =      ''Even a smile can be charity.''
|englishmotto =      "Freedom, Unity, Socialism"
|national_anthem =    لتحلم بالجنة<br>''To Dream of Paradise''
|national_anthem =    {{lang|ar|{{wp|Wallah Zaman Ya Silahi|Wallah Zaman Ja Silaħi}}}}
|image_map =          Blank-map-of-iberia.png
|image_map =          Blank-map-of-iberia.png
|loctext =            Southwestern Europe
|alt_map =            Map of Andalus
|alt_map =            Map of Andalus
|capital =            {{wp|Cordoba|Cordova}}
|capital =            {{wp|Cordoba|Cordova}}
|largest_city =      capital
|largest_city =      capital
|official_languages = Arabic
|official_languages = {{wp|Arabic language|Arabic}} ({{wp|Andalusi Arabic}})
|languages_type =    Recognized languages
|languages_type =    Recognized languages
|languages =          {{wp|Spanish language|Castillian}}, {{wp|Galician-Portuguese|Galician}}, {{wp|Basque language|Basque}}
|languages =          {{wp|Spanish language|Castillian}}, {{wp|Galician-Portuguese|Galician}}, {{wp|Basque language|Basque}}
Line 23: Line 22:
|72.1% {{wp|Sunni Islam}}
|72.1% {{wp|Sunni Islam}}
|10.4% {{wp|Catholicism}}
|10.4% {{wp|Catholicism}}
|9.3% {{wp|Irreligion|No religion}}
|9.3% {{wp|Irreligion|no religion}}
|6.2% {{wp|Shia Islam}}
|6.2% {{wp|Shia Islam}}
|2% {{wp|Maternal insult|Others}}}}
|2% other}}
|demonym =            Andalusian
|demonym =            Andalusi, Andalusian
|government_type =    {{wp|Unitary parliamentary republic|Unitary parliamentary republic}}
|government_type =    {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|one-party state|one-party}} {{wp|parliamentary system|parliamentary}} {{wp|Arab socialist}} {{wp|socialist republic|republic}} with an {{wp|executive presidency}}
|leader_title1 =      President
|leader_title1 =      President
|leader_name1 = Hatim Mustafa
|leader_name1 = Hatim Mustafa
|leader_title2 =      Prime Minister
|leader_title2 =      Prime Minister
|leader_name2 = Débora Galan
|leader_name2 = Débora Galan
|leader_title3 =      Speaker of Parliament
|leader_title3 =      Speaker of the
|leader_name3 = Khaled Idris
|leader_name3 = Khaled Idris
|legislature =        Parliament
|legislature =        Parliament
Line 50: Line 49:
|population_density_km2 = 106.81
|population_density_km2 = 106.81
|population_density_sq_mi = 276.64
|population_density_sq_mi = 276.64
|GDP_PPP =                    $2.53 trillion
|GDP_PPP =                    $213.773 billion
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = 40,609
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = 40,609
|GDP_nominal = $2.26 trillion
|GDP_nominal = $2.26 trillion
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = 36,276
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,562
|Gini =      34.1
|Gini =      34.1
|HDI =                0.909
|HDI =                0.753
|HDI_change =        increase
|HDI_change =        increase
|currency =          {{wp|Euro}}
|currency =          {{wp|Dinar|Andalusi dinar}}
|currency_code =      EUR
|currency_code =      AAD
|time_zone =        {{wp|Central European Time|CET}}
|time_zone =        {{wp|Central European Time|CET}}
|utc_offset =        +1
|utc_offset =        +1
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|cctld =              .an
|cctld =              .an
|iso3166code =        omit
|iso3166code =        omit
|calling_code =      {{wp|Ultimate Showdown of Ultimate Destiny|+34}}
|calling_code =      {{wp|+34}}
}}
}}
{{WIP}}
{{WIP}}


'''Andalusia''', or '''Andalus''' ({{wp|Arabic language|Arabic}}: الأندلس, <small>{{wp|Romanization of Arabic|romanized}}:</small> āl-أndls, ''al'Andalus''), officially the '''Arab Islamic Republic of Andalusia''', is a country in southwestern {{wp|Europe}} with some territories in the {{wp|Mediterranean Sea}}, including the Balaric archipelago, however most of the population and land area is situated in the {{wp|Iberian peninsula|Hiberican peninsula}}. The country is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterannean Sea; to the north by Occitania and the Bay of Gallae; and to the west by the {{wp|Atlantic Ocean}}.
'''Andalusia''',{{efn|Variously known as '''al-Andalus''' and shortened as '''Andalus'''<br>Known both in {{wp|Modern Standard Arabic|Standard Arabic}} and {{wp|Andalusi Arabic}} as '''al-Andalus'''}} officially the '''Arab ''Jamahiriya'' of Andalusia''',{{efn|''Jamahiriya'' translates as "state of the masses" or "people's republic"<br>In Andalusi Arabic {{lang|ar|Ġamahirijja al-Andalus al-Arabija}}, in Standard Arabic {{lang|ar|جمهورية الأندلس العربية}}}} is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with additional territory in the {{wp|Atantic Ocean}} and {{wp|Mediterrannean Sea}}. It is the largest country in Southern Europe and the largest country by Muslim population in Europe. The country encompasses the entirety of the {{wp|Iberian Peninsula}}, in addition to the {{wp|Canary Islands}}, the {{wp|Azores|Hasan Islands}}, {{wp|Madeira|Mudira}} and the {{wp|Balearic Islands}} in the Atlantic and Mediterranean respectively. It is bordered to the north by {{wp|France}}; its northern and western coast are surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, while its southeastern and eastern coast are surrounded by the Mediterrannean. Its largest city and capital is {{wp|Cordova}}. Other cities of significance include {{wp|Seville|Ħims}}, {{wp|Granada|Gharnata}}, {{wp|Toledo|Tulaitula}}, {{wp|Valencia|Valancia}}, {{wp|Malaga|Malaka}} and {{wp|Almeria|Al-Maria}}.


With a population of 62.3 million as of 2022, Andalusia is Europe's largest Muslim majority country by land area and population; and is also Europe's third most populated country, as well as being the only Muslim majority country in Western Europe. One of the oldest lasting countries in Europe, Andalusia can trace its origins back to the {{wp|Umayyad Caliphate}}'s {{wp|Umayyad conquest of Hispania|conquest of Visigothic Hispania}} starting in 711, which established the formerly {{wp|Hispania|Roman Hispania}} as a province of the Arab Caliphate, however following the {{wp|Abbasid caliphate|Abbasid}} overthrow of the Umayyads, it declared itself an independent {{wp|Emirate|emirate}} and later its own {{wp|caliphate}} under the Umayyads.
Before the {{wp|Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula|Roman conquest of Iberia}}, Iberia was inhabited by {{wp|Celtiberians}}, {{wp|Iberians}}, and other {{wp|Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Pre-Roman peoples}}. Iberia fell under the control of the Roman province of {{wp|Hispania}} and was gradually {{wp|Romanized}} and {{wp|Christianized}}. The {{wp|fall of Rome|fall of the Western Roman Empire}} resulted in the migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the {{wp|Vandals}} and {{wp|Visigoths}}, into Iberia. In the 8th century, the Muslim {{wp|Umayyad Caliphate}} {{wp|Umayyad Conquest of Iberia|conquered}} the Iberian peninsula, bringing with it the Islamization and Arabization of the peninsula. Al-Andalus become a cosmopolitan center of science and culture, ushering in a golden age. While still remaining connected to the wider Islamic world, the {{wp|Renaissance}} brought Andalusia closer to the rest of Europe in cultural consciousness. During the {{wp|Age of Discovery}}, while Andalusia did not engage in large-scale colonization, it did engage in {{wp|Islamic missionary activity|missionary work}}, or ''dawah''. Andalusia created a trading-based empire in the New World, bringing crops and wealth from the New World, although at the cost of native death as a result of diseases they didn't have immunity to. Andalusia's trading Empire later spread across {{wp|Africa}} and the {{wp|Indian Ocean}}, establishing new trade routes with the local peoples. In an age where an increasing amount of wealth was found outside of Europe and in colonization, Andalusia's failure to capitalize on the colonization of the New World or Africa and Asia resulted in its economic and cultural decline.


Andalus reached its golden age under Caliph Abd al-Rahman II, and its capital of Cordova continued to be one of the largest and most cultured cities in Western Europe before Andalusia's slow decline over the centuries. It successfully defended from Christian crusades from neighboring Francia in the 11th century, and following a crushing defeat of the {{wp|KNights Templar|Templars}} at Pampiluna, retained political dominance over the Hiberican peninsula for over four centuries until the mid 1400s, when a Berber-led revolt resulted in the establishment of the Berber ''Emirate of Seville''.  
Members of the Andalusi military, inspired by the {{wp|1969 Libyan revolution}}, overthrew the Emir and established a {{wp|Nasserist}}-aligned Arab socialist republic. After this point, Andalusia emphasized itself as an extension of the {{wp|Maghreb}} and its connection to the rest of the Arab world. As Libya increasingly started to drift away from Egypt, Andalusia aligned itself with {{wp|Gaddafi}}'s Libya, adopting the moniker of "Jamahiriya". While not adopting Libya's {{wp|Third International Theory}}, its association with Libya and Gaddafi as a whole resulted in sanctions against the state which further weakened its economy. In recent years relations between Andalusia and the rest of Europe have improved, while Andalusia has increasingly begun to refer to itself as a part of Europe again.
== Etymology ==
The origin of the toponym ''al-Andalus'' is not known.  


Hiberica continued to be ruled by succeeding emirates, sultanates, and caliphates until the 1960s, when following the [[Andalusian Revolution of 1964]], the Emirate of Andalusia was overthrown and replaced with an {{wp|Arab socialism|Arab socialist}} regime led by Asyan Salahuddin. Under his regime, the country experienced great economic growth and pursued closer ties with the rest of the Arab world, including {{wp|Iraq}} and {{wp|Libya}}. Following a coup by Ubadah Abdulla in 1987, it became an Islamist state led as a dictatorship by Ubadah until 2006, when he was overthrown and replaced by Andalusia's modern day government.
For amny years, most scholars and historians believed that the name originates from an Arabization of the Vulgar Latin {{lang|la|Vandalitia}} (lit. "Land of the {{wp|Vandals}}"), or alternatively from the {{wp|Vandal language|Vandalic}} "Wandalitia" or "Vandalitia", which is most likely a Vandalic adaptation of ''Vandalitia''. Both words come from the {{wp|Proto-Germanic}} root "wandaliz", meaning "to wander", or "wanderer". al-Andalus is thus understood as referring to "the land of the Vandals". The association of Iberia with the Vandals came as a result of their migration to the Iberian peninsula in the 5th century.
 
In recent years, some scholars have challenged the consensus of al-Andalus referring to the Vandals. In 1986, Vallvé proposed that the name was a corruption of the Arabic word for the {{wp|Atlantic}}. Arabic sources mention an "island" known as al-Andalus. Halm in 1989 on the other hand proposes a Gothic etymology, {{lang|got|landahlauts}}, meaning "Land of Lots", or "Land of Inheritance". The term would then be corrupted into Latin and then further corrupted into Arabic. Other theories include a derivation from a {{wp|Paleo-Hispanic languages|pre-Roman substrate}} or a derivation from {{wp|Coptic language|Coptic}}.
 
== History ==
=== Province of the Umayyad Caliphate ===
=== Emirate of Cordoba ===
=== Caliphate of Cordoba ===
=== Emirate of Seville ===
=== Early Modern history ===
=== Emirate of Andalus ===
=== Andalusian Revolution ===
=== Arab Republic ===
=== Modern History ===
== Geography ==
=== Mountains and Rivers ===
=== Climate ===
=== Fauna and Flora ===
== Politics ==
=== Government ===
Andalusia is governed as a one-party parliamentary republic by the Arab Socialist Union, a Libya-aligned Nasserite party. In theory independent political parties are able to run; in practice the government limits political parties solely to supporters of the ASU, and opposition parties and factions are banned.
 
The president serves as the head of state and the commander of the armed forces, in theory only serving a ceremonial role but in practice holding a large amount of power. The prime minister in theory controls the government, but this function is commonly delegated to the president instead. Some have suggested that President Hatim Mustafa has been increasingly concentrating power into his position, though he denies this.
=== Foreign Relations ===
Andalusia is a member of the {{wp|Arab League}}, the {{wp|Council of Arab Economic Unity}}, an observer state of the {{wp|Arab Maghreb Union}} and various other international and regional organizations.  
=== Administrative divisions ===
=== Military ===
== Economy ==
== Demographics ==
=== Languages ===
=== Minority groups ===
=== Education ===
=== Religion ===
== Culture ==
=== Literature ===
=== Art ===
=== Science ===
=== Cuisine ===
=== Sport ===
=== Public Holidays ===
{{notelist}}

Latest revision as of 21:45, 4 May 2024

Arab Jamahiriya of Andalusia
Ġamahirijja al-Andalus al-Arabija (Andalusi Arabic)
Flag of Andalusia
Flag
Emblem of Andalusia
Emblem
Motto: Ħurrijatun, Waħdatun, Isctirakijatun
"Freedom, Unity, Socialism"
Anthem: Wallah Zaman Ja Silaħi
Map of Andalus
Capital
and largest city
Cordova
Official languagesArabic (Andalusi Arabic)
Recognized languagesCastillian, Galician, Basque
Religion
Demonym(s)Andalusi, Andalusian
GovernmentUnitary one-party parliamentary Arab socialist republic with an executive presidency
• President
Hatim Mustafa
• Prime Minister
Débora Galan
• Speaker of the
Khaled Idris
LegislatureParliament
Area
• Total
583,254 km2 (225,196 sq mi)
• Water (%)
2.09
Population
• Estimate
62.3 million
• Density
106.81/km2 (276.6/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)estimate
• Total
$213.773 billion
• Per capita
40,609
GDP (nominal)estimate
• Total
$2.26 trillion
• Per capita
$3,562
Gini34.1
medium
HDIIncrease 0.753
high
CurrencyAndalusi dinar (AAD)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Date formatdd-mm-yyy (CE)
Driving sideright
Calling code+34
Internet TLD.an

Andalusia,[a] officially the Arab Jamahiriya of Andalusia,[b] is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with additional territory in the Atantic Ocean and Mediterrannean Sea. It is the largest country in Southern Europe and the largest country by Muslim population in Europe. The country encompasses the entirety of the Iberian Peninsula, in addition to the Canary Islands, the Hasan Islands, Mudira and the Balearic Islands in the Atlantic and Mediterranean respectively. It is bordered to the north by France; its northern and western coast are surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, while its southeastern and eastern coast are surrounded by the Mediterrannean. Its largest city and capital is Cordova. Other cities of significance include Ħims, Gharnata, Tulaitula, Valancia, Malaka and Al-Maria.

Before the Roman conquest of Iberia, Iberia was inhabited by Celtiberians, Iberians, and other Pre-Roman peoples. Iberia fell under the control of the Roman province of Hispania and was gradually Romanized and Christianized. The fall of the Western Roman Empire resulted in the migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Vandals and Visigoths, into Iberia. In the 8th century, the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate conquered the Iberian peninsula, bringing with it the Islamization and Arabization of the peninsula. Al-Andalus become a cosmopolitan center of science and culture, ushering in a golden age. While still remaining connected to the wider Islamic world, the Renaissance brought Andalusia closer to the rest of Europe in cultural consciousness. During the Age of Discovery, while Andalusia did not engage in large-scale colonization, it did engage in missionary work, or dawah. Andalusia created a trading-based empire in the New World, bringing crops and wealth from the New World, although at the cost of native death as a result of diseases they didn't have immunity to. Andalusia's trading Empire later spread across Africa and the Indian Ocean, establishing new trade routes with the local peoples. In an age where an increasing amount of wealth was found outside of Europe and in colonization, Andalusia's failure to capitalize on the colonization of the New World or Africa and Asia resulted in its economic and cultural decline.

Members of the Andalusi military, inspired by the 1969 Libyan revolution, overthrew the Emir and established a Nasserist-aligned Arab socialist republic. After this point, Andalusia emphasized itself as an extension of the Maghreb and its connection to the rest of the Arab world. As Libya increasingly started to drift away from Egypt, Andalusia aligned itself with Gaddafi's Libya, adopting the moniker of "Jamahiriya". While not adopting Libya's Third International Theory, its association with Libya and Gaddafi as a whole resulted in sanctions against the state which further weakened its economy. In recent years relations between Andalusia and the rest of Europe have improved, while Andalusia has increasingly begun to refer to itself as a part of Europe again.

Etymology

The origin of the toponym al-Andalus is not known.

For amny years, most scholars and historians believed that the name originates from an Arabization of the Vulgar Latin Vandalitia (lit. "Land of the Vandals"), or alternatively from the Vandalic "Wandalitia" or "Vandalitia", which is most likely a Vandalic adaptation of Vandalitia. Both words come from the Proto-Germanic root "wandaliz", meaning "to wander", or "wanderer". al-Andalus is thus understood as referring to "the land of the Vandals". The association of Iberia with the Vandals came as a result of their migration to the Iberian peninsula in the 5th century.

In recent years, some scholars have challenged the consensus of al-Andalus referring to the Vandals. In 1986, Vallvé proposed that the name was a corruption of the Arabic word for the Atlantic. Arabic sources mention an "island" known as al-Andalus. Halm in 1989 on the other hand proposes a Gothic etymology, landahlauts, meaning "Land of Lots", or "Land of Inheritance". The term would then be corrupted into Latin and then further corrupted into Arabic. Other theories include a derivation from a pre-Roman substrate or a derivation from Coptic.

History

Province of the Umayyad Caliphate

Emirate of Cordoba

Caliphate of Cordoba

Emirate of Seville

Early Modern history

Emirate of Andalus

Andalusian Revolution

Arab Republic

Modern History

Geography

Mountains and Rivers

Climate

Fauna and Flora

Politics

Government

Andalusia is governed as a one-party parliamentary republic by the Arab Socialist Union, a Libya-aligned Nasserite party. In theory independent political parties are able to run; in practice the government limits political parties solely to supporters of the ASU, and opposition parties and factions are banned.

The president serves as the head of state and the commander of the armed forces, in theory only serving a ceremonial role but in practice holding a large amount of power. The prime minister in theory controls the government, but this function is commonly delegated to the president instead. Some have suggested that President Hatim Mustafa has been increasingly concentrating power into his position, though he denies this.

Foreign Relations

Andalusia is a member of the Arab League, the Council of Arab Economic Unity, an observer state of the Arab Maghreb Union and various other international and regional organizations.

Administrative divisions

Military

Economy

Demographics

Languages

Minority groups

Education

Religion

Culture

Literature

Art

Science

Cuisine

Sport

Public Holidays

  1. Variously known as al-Andalus and shortened as Andalus
    Known both in Standard Arabic and Andalusi Arabic as al-Andalus
  2. Jamahiriya translates as "state of the masses" or "people's republic"
    In Andalusi Arabic Ġamahirijja al-Andalus al-Arabija, in Standard Arabic جمهورية الأندلس العربية