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{{Infobox Political post
{{Infobox Political post
| post = President
| post = President
| body = the<br />Republic of Carucere
| body = the Council of State
| native_name              = <small>''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''</small>
| native_name              = <small>''Prezidan Konsey Deta''</small>
| insignia = Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
| insignia = Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
| insigniasize =  
| insigniasize =  
Line 16: Line 16:
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2018
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2018
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}<br />{{wp|Head of government}}
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}
| seat = [[Kingston]]
| seat = [[Kingston]]
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
| appointer =  
| appointer = [[Carucerean electoral college|Electoral College]]
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
| termlength = Duration of [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] (four years), renewable once
| member_of = [[Council of State (Carucere)|Council of State]]
| termlength = Four years
| formation = 17 July 1957
| formation = 17 July 1957
| succession = [[Premier of Carucere]]<br />{{small|(as [[Vice President of Carucere|Vice President]])}}
| succession =[[Vice President of Carucere]]
| inaugural = [[Jean Préval]]
| inaugural = [[Jean Preval]]
| deputy = [[Vice President of Carucere|Vice President of Carucere]]
| deputy = [[Premier of Carucere]]
| website =  
| website =  
}}
}}
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Republic of Carucere''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''), is the {{wp|head of state}} and the {{wp|head of government}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]] the president heads the executive branch of the national government and is the {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018.
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Council of State''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Konsey Deta''), is the head of the [[Council of State (Carucere)|Council of State]] and ''de facto'' {{wp|head of state}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]], the president holds the highest office of the federal government as the ''ex officio'' presiding member of the Council of State which collectively serves as the {{wp|head of government}}, although they are {{wp| primus inter pares}}. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018 and won reelection in 2022.


The presidency was originally intended to be a {{wp|figrehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power, as Carucere was originally envisioned as a {{wp|parliamentary  system|parliamentary republic}}. However political power was centralized under the Presidency by [[Jean Préval]], who held the office for 17 years from 1957 to 1974. Today Carucere functions as a {{wp|presidential system|presidential republic}}, although it still maintains many aspects of a parliamentary system. The President is elected by a unique electoral system where the presidential candidate of the party that wins a majority in the [[Senate of Caurcere|Senate]] election is automatically elected to the office. If no party achieves a majority, the candidates of the top two leading parties proceed to a run off election conducted by the Senate.
Under the {{wp|parliamentary system}} that existed from independence in 1954 until the constitution of 1972, the Presidency was a completely {{wp|figurehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power. The Presidency achieved its current role under the constitution of 1972 and [[Jean Preval]], who held the office for 12 years from 1972 to 1984. Today Carucere functions as a ''de-facto'' {{wp|Directorial system|collegiate}} system where the President has the leading role in a collective government. The office is elected by a unique electoral system centered around a [[Carucerean electoral college|Electoral College]], which elects the President along with the rest of the   [[Council of State (Carucere)|Council of State]].  
==History==
==Role==
The office of the Presidency ultimately originates from the "president" of the post-revolutionary government after the [[Carucerean Revolution]]. First held by [[Jana Maia]], it was purely an informal institution and acted as a public figure and spokesperson of the provisional government; for this reason it is considered as a precursor to the current office of the presidency. When [[Jean Préval]] was elected president by the Senate in early 1954, the institution became increasingly formalized; Préval would use his position to mediate disputes and help draft the constitution. The office was officially created in July 1957 after the ratification of the new constitution. The drafters of the constitution intended Carucere to be a parliamentary republic with the President as a mere figurehead with the Premier as head of government. However Préval was able to extract concessions to empower the President at the last moment. This included the power to command the security forces of the country and the power to enact decrees.
Today Carucere has a ''de-facto'' fusion of a {{wp|presidential system|presidential}} and a {{wp|Directorial system|collegiate}} system, with the President as the country's most senior office who is a member of a collective executive that serves as {{wp|head of government}}. Although it is the Council of State as a whole that oversees and directs much of the country's actual governmental affairs, it is ultimately the President that decides the direction and priorities of the Government. Nevertheless the president has few ''de facto'' powers that can be exercised unilaterally.  


As President, Préval used his popularity and the support of the Senate to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Préval's political standing. As his popularity began to wane after economic malaise caused by the [[Sugar Crash]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Préval successfully pushed for constitutional changes that formalized some of his prerogatives, ensuring the primacy of the presidency over the premiership, and reforming Carucere into a presidential republic in 1970.  
As ''de facto'' {{wp|head of state}}, the President traditionally wields influence and authority in the fields of national security and foreign policy, and assumes the position of {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the Armed Forces during wartime. The President is typically delegated the authority to oversee the portfolios for foreign policy and security. The president carries out some of the representative duties that are normally carried out by a head of state in other democracies. Nevertheless, the president wields these powers and duties with the assent of the Council.


The presidency's new position in the Carucerean political system would survive the fall of Préval from political power, as [[Victorin Lurel]] routinely exercised the powers of the President. However the political chaos following the fall of the [[Social Liberation Party]] in the mid-1970s led to difficulties in electing a President, as parties often struggled to gather the necessary majority of Senate votes to elect the President. In 1985, this electoral system was changed in favor of a system where the candidate of the largest party would automatically become President. By the late 1980s, the powers of the President were institutionalized and solidified the presidency as the center of Carucerean politics.
As the presiding officer of the Council of State, the president officially chairs the meetings of the Council. The president is {{wp| primus inter pares}} and has no powers over and above the other delegates except in a few circumstances. For example, if a tied vote occurs in the council, their vote is worth double.


In 2003 the method by which the President was elected was modified once again; if no party gained a majority in the Senate, the candidates of the top two parties by vote share would proceed to a run off election hosted by the Senate, who would elect one of two candidates by a plurality vote with the necessary quorum. As a result, the Senate became ‘king-maker’ and fundamentally changing the nature of the political system and the character of executive–legislative relations. Now the presidential candidate who can build the biggest coalition of support in the Senate, not the one who topped the presidential poll, would ultimately be elected. Carucerean presidents are bound to to work closely with the legislature. 
==Qualification==
==Qualification==
In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:
In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:
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* Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
* Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
* Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
* Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
** Be a citizen of Carucere 18 years or older
** Be a citizen of Carucere 35 years or older
** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
==Election==
==Election==
The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among presidential systems, as it has a combined executive-legislative election conducted by {{wp|double simultaneous vote}}. Under the current electoral law, if a party or coalition gains a majority of the popular vote, their candidate would automatically be elected President. However if no party is able to achieve a majority, the candidates of the parties that placed first and second in the popular vote would proceed to a runoff election conducted by the Senate. A presidential candidate only requires a plurality of the votes cast to win the election, as long as there is a proper quorum.


The President serves concurrently with the Senate, with their term of office determined by the national legislative elections which are conducted every four years. The President may only be reelected once.
==Powers & Duties==
==Powers & Duties==
The Republic of Carucere is a {{wp|presidential system|presidential republic}}. However Carucere's form of presidentialism has many aspects unique to the country, and has been described by commentators as a presidential system combined with certain aspects of a parliamentary system. Although Carucere has a premier, the office only serves to implement policy designed by the president rather than create policy itself.
Under the Constitution of Carucere, the President given the authority to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of state and as the commander-in-chief of the military. In practice, the majority of the president's powers cannot be wielded unilaterally and require the assent of the Council of State. These include: 
 
*Appointing and dismissing the premier and their cabinet ministers.
As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere, the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of the executive branch of government and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:
*Dissolving the Senate.
* to {{wp|promulgate}} laws. The president lacks a formal {{wp|veto}} power but may refer the law for review by the [[Council of State of Carucere|Council of State]] if the President doubts its constitutionality. However if the Council approves, the president must approve the bill.  
*Regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
* to declare war.
*Declaring a state of emergency under certain circumstances
* to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
*Appointing and dismissing judges, federal civil servants, and officers of the Armed Forces
* to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees require an enabling act from the Senate and can be overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
*Exercising the power to pardon individual offenders
* to submit legislation to the Senate. While the President lacks ''de jure'' authority to draft legislation for the Senate, the President usually asks the Premier to submit a bill on their behalf.
*Awarding honors and medals
* to issue medals and honors for serving the nation.
The President has a few ''de jure'' powers that can be exercised unilaterally as {{wp|head of state}};
* to issue pardons.
*{{wp|promulgate|promulgating}} laws approved by the Senate and Council of State.
* to declare a {{wp|state of emergency}} suspending all laws or enacting a state of {{wp|martial law}}.
*Chairing meetings of the Council of State
* to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
*Representing the government at home and abroad
* to appoint the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and other members of the [[Cabinet of Carucere|Cabinet]].
*Respond to emergency situations when the Council has no time to meet
* to appoint senior public officials.
 
There are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. If the Senate votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. In addition most major decisions, such as budgetary and military matters, requires the assent of the Cabinet for a presidential decision to take effect. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Cabinet before making important decisions to prevent conflict.


==Removal==
==Removal==
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the President as well as the rest of the Council of State, can be recalled by the [[Carucerean electoral college|Electoral College]] or impeached by the Senate. The [[Carucerean electoral college|Electoral College]] may reassemble in a special session and recall the President by a simple majority vote, after which a new presidential election is held. This has never occurred in Carucerean history. The Senate may remove a member of the Council of State due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against them effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove a delegate from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
==List of Presidents of Carucere==
==List of Presidents of Carucere==

Latest revision as of 14:29, 7 August 2023

President of the Council of State
Prezidan Konsey Deta
Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
Presidential Emblem
Annene flag.png
Presidential Standard
Irfaan Ali in 2020.jpg
Incumbent
Neil Gaubina
since 1 December 2018
StyleHis Excellency
StatusHead of state
Member ofCouncil of State
ResidenceState House, Carucere
SeatKingston
AppointerElectoral College
Term lengthFour years
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Carucere
PrecursorGovernor of Carucere
Inaugural holderJean Preval
Formation17 July 1957
SuccessionVice President of Carucere
DeputyPremier of Carucere

The President of Carucere, officially the President of the Council of State (Papotement: Prezidan Konsey Deta), is the head of the Council of State and de facto head of state of Carucere. Under the Constitution of Carucere, the president holds the highest office of the federal government as the ex officio presiding member of the Council of State which collectively serves as the head of government, although they are primus inter pares. The current president is Neil Gaubina, who took office on 1 December 2018 and won reelection in 2022.

Under the parliamentary system that existed from independence in 1954 until the constitution of 1972, the Presidency was a completely ceremonial office with no real executive power. The Presidency achieved its current role under the constitution of 1972 and Jean Preval, who held the office for 12 years from 1972 to 1984. Today Carucere functions as a de-facto collegiate system where the President has the leading role in a collective government. The office is elected by a unique electoral system centered around a Electoral College, which elects the President along with the rest of the Council of State.

Role

Today Carucere has a de-facto fusion of a presidential and a collegiate system, with the President as the country's most senior office who is a member of a collective executive that serves as head of government. Although it is the Council of State as a whole that oversees and directs much of the country's actual governmental affairs, it is ultimately the President that decides the direction and priorities of the Government. Nevertheless the president has few de facto powers that can be exercised unilaterally.

As de facto head of state, the President traditionally wields influence and authority in the fields of national security and foreign policy, and assumes the position of commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces during wartime. The President is typically delegated the authority to oversee the portfolios for foreign policy and security. The president carries out some of the representative duties that are normally carried out by a head of state in other democracies. Nevertheless, the president wields these powers and duties with the assent of the Council.

As the presiding officer of the Council of State, the president officially chairs the meetings of the Council. The president is primus inter pares and has no powers over and above the other delegates except in a few circumstances. For example, if a tied vote occurs in the council, their vote is worth double.

Qualification

In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:

  • Be a citizen of Carucere by birth or parentage
  • Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
  • Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
    • Be a citizen of Carucere 35 years or older
    • Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language

Election

Powers & Duties

Under the Constitution of Carucere, the President given the authority to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of state and as the commander-in-chief of the military. In practice, the majority of the president's powers cannot be wielded unilaterally and require the assent of the Council of State. These include:

  • Appointing and dismissing the premier and their cabinet ministers.
  • Dissolving the Senate.
  • Regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
  • Declaring a state of emergency under certain circumstances
  • Appointing and dismissing judges, federal civil servants, and officers of the Armed Forces
  • Exercising the power to pardon individual offenders
  • Awarding honors and medals

The President has a few de jure powers that can be exercised unilaterally as head of state;

  • promulgating laws approved by the Senate and Council of State.
  • Chairing meetings of the Council of State
  • Representing the government at home and abroad
  • Respond to emergency situations when the Council has no time to meet

Removal

According to the Constitution of Carucere, the President as well as the rest of the Council of State, can be recalled by the Electoral College or impeached by the Senate. The Electoral College may reassemble in a special session and recall the President by a simple majority vote, after which a new presidential election is held. This has never occurred in Carucerean history. The Senate may remove a member of the Council of State due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate impeachment proceedings against them effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove a delegate from office by a two-thirds majority vote.

List of Presidents of Carucere

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