Makka Pakkan language: Difference between revisions

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{{wip}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Makka Pakkan
| name            = Makka Pakkan
| nativename      = ''Märkanpalkajënsik''
| nativename      = '''markąpalką jęzek'''
| pronunciation    = /mɑrkanpaːlkˈajɛnsiːk/
| pronunciation    = /mɑrkɔ̃.pɑlkɑ̃ jɛ̃zɛk/
| states          = [[Makka Pakka]]
| states          = [[Makka Pakka]]
| speakers        = 94,000,000
| speakers        = 102 million
| ethnicity        = [[Rakanen (ethnicity)|Rakanen]]
| ethnicity        = Rakanen
| date            = 2025
| date            = 2025
| ref              =  
| ref              =  
Line 11: Line 12:
| fam2            = Old Rakanen
| fam2            = Old Rakanen
| fam3            = Middle Rakanen
| fam3            = Middle Rakanen
| fam4            = Southern Rakanen
| fam4            = South Rakanen
| ancestor       = Szecënkabäratön Southern-Rakanen
| ancestor         = Old Makka Pakkan
| ancestor2        = Old Makka Pakkan
| ancestor2        = Early Middle Makka Pakkan
| ancestor3        = Middle Makka Pakkan
| ancestor3        = Late Middle Makka Pakkan
| script          = Latin script (Makka Pakkan alphabet)
| script          = Latin script (Makka Pakkan alphabet)
| nation          = {{flag|Makka Pakka}}
| nation          = {{flag|Makka Pakka}}
| agency          = [[Jënsikalyorganąrzen val Märkanpalka]]
| agency          = Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek
| iso1            = mp
| iso1            = mp
| iso2t            =  
| iso2t            = map
| iso2b            =  
| iso2b            = mkp
| iso3            = mkp
| iso3            = mkp
| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
Line 26: Line 27:
| mapcaption      =
| mapcaption      =
}}
}}
'''Makka Pakkan''' (Makka Pakkan: ''Märkanpalkajënsik'' [mɑrkanpaːlkˈajɛnsiːk]) is an [[Rakanen languages|Rakanen language]] of the [[Okchon languages|Okchon family]]. Its closest relatives are the other Rakanens languages, becoming the most dominant of the language branch. Today, over 94,000,000 people speak Makka Pakkan with 95% living in Makka Pakka and 5% across [[Telrova]]. Makka Pakkans have migrated throughout Telrova and established communities, especially throughout [[Elisia]] and [[Laurentia]], which has spurred on numerous dialects and even creole languages, most notably [[Ḳeltekesëmärkaṇaparkajënsek]].
'''Makka Pakkan''' (endonym: '''markǫpalką jęzek''') is a South Rakanen language. It is the native language of the Makka Pakkans and belongs to the [[Okchonic languages|Okchonic language family]]. It is one of three living South Rakanen languages, and is also a part of the larger Rakanen languages. Approximately 102 million people speak Makka Pakkan fluently with 97% living in [[Makka Pakka]]; however, only 65% of the Makka Pakkan population speak it as a first language.  
The Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek (English: Makka Pakkan Academy) is the principal Makka Pakkan council for matters pertaining to the Makka Pakkan language.


==History==
==History==
Makka Pakkan orignated from [[Szetënkabäratön]] and is considered to be a relatively new language, developing from a [[South Rakanen languages|South Rakanen]] dialect to a fully-fledged language in the 14th Century BCE. This late development compared to other South Rakanen languages which had developed into languages by the 20th-19th Century BCE - this is because of Szecënkabäratön's geogrpahic isolation as the region is formed around a forested vale which did hinder contact from others and political isolation as the Kingdom of Grättan and its rulers - the House of Lechenclüdzem - adopting a policy of isolation for almost 500 years, so, Makka Pakkan retained much of the South Rakanen phonology after several other neighbouring dialects were transformed or assimilated by other languages.
Makka Pakkan is a Rakanen language that evolved out of the South Rakanen dialects spoken in souhern Wolcazem. The language's early forms include Old Makka Pakkan, Early and Late Middle Makka Pakkan.


===Old Makka Pakkan===
===Old Makka Pakkan===
By the time the House of Aturanclüdzem would replace the House of Lechenclüdzem following the death of Aleksander II val Lechenclüdzem in 1533 BCE, Early Old Makka Pakkan was a young language, having only existed for nearly 100 years and was still resemblant to South Rakanen and even after the lifting of the policy of isolation and improvement of trade-networks, Early Old Makka Pakkan was largely untouched and remained as a South Rakanen remnant and even after the kingdom started expanding, Old Makka Pakkan remained relatively the same until the 9th Century BCE when several linguistic changes occurred following the conquest of Grättan by the [[Ëlberenclüdzemęl Empire]]. Though a short-lived state - lasting only 54 years - the influence of North Rakanen languages created Late Old Makka Pakkan and still permeate today with the phonemes [d͡ɮ] and [d͡ʒ]. Late Old Makka Pakkan would then remain the same after the collapse of the Ëlberenclüdzemęl Empire despite the re-established Kingdom of Grättan began conquering their neighbours.


===Middle Makkka Pakkan===
===Middle Makka Pakkan===
Middle Makka Pakkan would begin to develop after the Kingdom of Grättan entered its golden age in the 2nd Century BCE, expanding its territory and trade connections which saw several influences on culture and language as the arts begn to expand with Makka Pakkan literature and architecture inspired by the story-telling of foreigners. However, by the turn of the 2nd Century, the [[Okchon Empire]] began conquering several Rakanen states and created a [[Rakanenatön Confederation|confederation of Okchonic client states]]. For the next 100 years, Okchonic culture seeped into mainly the North Rakanen states though it did affect the nearby South Rakanen states with a few cultural and linguistic changes.


===Modern Makka Pakkan===
===Makka Pakkan Academy===
The [[Makka Pakkan Renaissance]] marked the beginning of Modern Makka Pakkan as the fine ideas of culture: art, literature, architecture, became revitalised from foreign influences and the language changed with foreign words entering the vocabulary of groups of the Enlightenment and high society …
The Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek (English: Makka Pakkan Academy) was formed in 1938 from the Makka Pakkan Language Act to regulate the Makka Pakkan language due to local differences which the Fascist government intended to erase to improve bureaucracy and communication between the local and national government and further solidify a united Makka Pakkan identity. Even after the overthrow of the Fascist government in 1949, the Academy remained and has grown to be an influential force amongst even other Rakanen languages for example ...
 
==Classification==
Makka Pakkan is a member of the South Rakanen languages, along with other languages such as Parsan and Upran. Along with the rest of the Rakanen languages, Makka Pakkan is descended from the Okchon language. Despite its placement in the Okchonic language tree, it is widely considered a linguistic black sheep amongst other Okchonic languages. ...
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparisons
|-
! English !! Proto-Okchon !! Ziromnian !! Makka Pakkan
|-
| ''river'' || Example || Example || Example
|-
| ''land'' || Example || example || Example
|-
| ''sky'' || Example || Example || Example
|-
| ''horse'' || Example || Example || Example
|-
| ''fire'' || Example || Example || Example
|}


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Makka Pakkan
|+
|-
|-
!  
!
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" | [[Retroflex consanant|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Labialvelar consonant|Labialvelar]]
[[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|m}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|n}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
![[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|p}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|b}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|p}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|b}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|d}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ɡ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|q}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|c}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɟ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|k}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|p͡f}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|p͡f}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡s}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d͡z}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|t͡s}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|d͡z}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡ʂ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡ɕ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d͡ʐ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[Lateral affricate consonant|Lateral affricate]]
![[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|f}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|v}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|θ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ð}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|s}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|d͡ɮ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|ʂ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ʐ}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|ɕ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|ʑ}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|x}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|ɣ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ʋ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ʒ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|ʂ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ʐ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|x}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|h}} || style="border-left: 0" |{{IPA link|ɦ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|j}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|w}}
|-
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
![[Wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |  || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʋ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |  || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|l}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |  || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ɭ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |  || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|j}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|w}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ʎ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
![[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|r}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|r}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ʀ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
'''Vowel phonemes of Standard Makka Pakkan'''
|+
 
! rowspan="2" |
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
|+Oral
! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
!rowspan=2|
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
!colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=1 rowspan=2| [[Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=1 rowspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
!colspan=1| [[Roundedness|unrounded]]
!colspan=1| [[Roundedness|rounded]]
|-
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
!{{small|oral}}
| {{IPAlink|i~iː}}
!{{small|nasal}}
| {{IPAlink|y}}
!{{small|oral}}
|
!{{small|nasal}}
| {{IPAlink|u~uː}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
|-
! [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
![[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|ɪ}}
|{{IPA|i}}
| {{IPAlink|ʏ}}
| |
|
|{{IPA|ɨ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʊ}}
| |
|{{IPA|u}}
| |
|-
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
![[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPAlink|e~eː}}
|{{IPA|ɛ}} {{IPA|œ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɛ̃}} {{IPA|œ̃}}
|
|{{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPAlink|o~oː}}
|{{IPA|ə̃}}
|{{IPA|o}} {{IPA|ɔ}}
|{{IPA|ɔ̃}}
|-
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
![[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=2|
| ||
| {{IPAlink|ə}}
|
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}}
|
|
|
{{IPA|a}}
| {{IPAlink|ɔ}}
| |
|-
|{{IPA|ɑ}}
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA|ɑ̃}}
| colspan=2|  
| {{IPAlink|a}}
| {{IPAlink|ɑ}}
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
==Orthography==
|+Nasal
The [[Makka Pakkan alphabet]] consists of 56 letters; 41 consonants and 15 vowels. Makka Pakkan has 6 unique characters uncommon in other Latin script-based alphabets; Ͱ, Ꝇ, ẞ, Ϝ, Ʒ, Þ, Ꝩ.
!rowspan=2|
Despite the latinisation of Makka Pakkan, runes are commonly used in rural areas though mostly by the elderly generation and has been considered endangered due to declining usage so conservation efforts have been pushed forward by both the government and the people.
!colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
 
!colspan=1 rowspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
{| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
|- class=small
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Α a'''<br>/ɑ/
!colspan=1| [[Roundedness|unrounded]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ą ą'''<br>/ɑ̃/
!colspan=1| [[Roundedness|rounded]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Á á'''<br>/a/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''B b'''<br>/b/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''C c'''<br>/t͡s/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Cś cś'''<br>/t͡ʃ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Cš cš'''<br>/t͡ɕ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''D d'''<br>/d/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Đ đ'''<br>/ɟ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Dz dz'''<br>/d͡z/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Dź dź'''<br>/d͡ʒ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Dž dž'''<br>/d͡ʑ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''E e'''<br>/ɛ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ę ę'''<br>/ɛ̃/
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''É é'''<br>/œ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''E̋ e̋'''<br>/œ̃/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''F f'''<br>/f/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''G g'''<br>/g/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ͱ ⱶ'''<br>/ɣ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''H h'''<br>/x/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''I i'''<br>/i/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''J j'''<br>/j/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ꝇ ꝇ'''<br>/ʎ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''K k'''<br>/k/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''L l'''<br>/l/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ł ł'''<br>/w/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''M m'''<br>/m/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''N n'''<br>/n/
|-
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ń ń'''<br>/ɲ/
| {{IPAlink|ɛ̃}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''O o'''<br>/ɔ/
|
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ǫ ǫ'''<br>/ɔ̃/
| {{IPAlink|ɔ̃}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ó ó'''<br>/o/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''P p'''<br>/p/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Pf pf'''<br>/p͡f/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Q q'''<br>/k/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''R r'''<br>/r/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''S s'''<br>/s/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ś ś'''<br>/ʃ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Š š'''<br>/ɕ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''ẞ ß'''<br>/sː/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''T t'''<br>/t/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ŧ ŧ'''<br>/c/
|-
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''U u'''<br>/u/
| colspan=2|
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ú ú'''<br>/ə/
| {{IPAlink|ɑ̃}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ű ű'''<br>/ə̃/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''V v'''<br>/v/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''W w'''<br>/v/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ϝ ϝ'''<br>/ʋ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''X x'''<br>/ks,k͡x/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Y y'''<br>/ɨ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Z z'''<br>/z/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ź ź'''<br>/ʒ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ž ž'''<br>/ʑ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ʒ ʒ'''<br>/zː/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Þ þ'''<br>/θ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ꝩ ꝩ'''<br>/ð/
|}
|}
== Writing system ==
…

Latest revision as of 13:42, 20 October 2024

Makka Pakkan
markąpalką jęzek
Pronunciation/mɑrkɔ̃.pɑlkɑ̃ jɛ̃zɛk/
Native toMakka Pakka
EthnicityRakanen
Native speakers
102 million (2025)
Okchon
  • Old Rakanen
    • Middle Rakanen
      • South Rakanen
        • Makka Pakkan
Early forms
Old Makka Pakkan
  • Early Middle Makka Pakkan
    • Late Middle Makka Pakkan
Latin script (Makka Pakkan alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
 Makka Pakka
Regulated byAkádemja val markǫpalką jęzek
Language codes
ISO 639-1mp
ISO 639-2mkp (B)
map (T)
ISO 639-3mkp
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Makka Pakkan (endonym: markǫpalką jęzek) is a South Rakanen language. It is the native language of the Makka Pakkans and belongs to the Okchonic language family. It is one of three living South Rakanen languages, and is also a part of the larger Rakanen languages. Approximately 102 million people speak Makka Pakkan fluently with 97% living in Makka Pakka; however, only 65% of the Makka Pakkan population speak it as a first language. The Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek (English: Makka Pakkan Academy) is the principal Makka Pakkan council for matters pertaining to the Makka Pakkan language.

History

Makka Pakkan is a Rakanen language that evolved out of the South Rakanen dialects spoken in souhern Wolcazem. The language's early forms include Old Makka Pakkan, Early and Late Middle Makka Pakkan.

Old Makka Pakkan

Middle Makka Pakkan

Makka Pakkan Academy

The Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek (English: Makka Pakkan Academy) was formed in 1938 from the Makka Pakkan Language Act to regulate the Makka Pakkan language due to local differences which the Fascist government intended to erase to improve bureaucracy and communication between the local and national government and further solidify a united Makka Pakkan identity. Even after the overthrow of the Fascist government in 1949, the Academy remained and has grown to be an influential force amongst even other Rakanen languages for example ...

Classification

Makka Pakkan is a member of the South Rakanen languages, along with other languages such as Parsan and Upran. Along with the rest of the Rakanen languages, Makka Pakkan is descended from the Okchon language. Despite its placement in the Okchonic language tree, it is widely considered a linguistic black sheep amongst other Okchonic languages. ...

Comparisons
English Proto-Okchon Ziromnian Makka Pakkan
river Example Example Example
land Example example Example
sky Example Example Example
horse Example Example Example
fire Example Example Example

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal

Velar

Nasal m n ɲ
Stop p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
Affricate p͡f t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ t͡ʂ t͡ɕ d͡ʐ
Fricative f v θ ð s z ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ
Approximant ʋ   j w
Lateral l ʎ
Trill r

Vowels

Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close i ɨ u
Mid ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃ ə ə̃ o ɔ ɔ̃
Open

a

ɑ ɑ̃

Orthography

The Makka Pakkan alphabet consists of 56 letters; 41 consonants and 15 vowels. Makka Pakkan has 6 unique characters uncommon in other Latin script-based alphabets; Ͱ, Ꝇ, ẞ, Ϝ, Ʒ, Þ, Ꝩ. Despite the latinisation of Makka Pakkan, runes are commonly used in rural areas though mostly by the elderly generation and has been considered endangered due to declining usage so conservation efforts have been pushed forward by both the government and the people.

Α a
/ɑ/ 		Ą ą
/ɑ̃/ 		Á á
/a/ 		B b
/b/ 		C c
/t͡s/ 		Cś cś
/t͡ʃ/ 		Cš cš
/t͡ɕ/ 		D d
/d/ 		Đ đ
/ɟ/ 		Dz dz
/d͡z/ 		Dź dź
/d͡ʒ/ 		Dž dž
/d͡ʑ/ 		E e
/ɛ/ 		Ę ę
/ɛ̃/
É é
/œ/ 		E̋ e̋
/œ̃/ 		F f
/f/ 		G g
/g/ 		Ͱ ⱶ
/ɣ/ 		H h
/x/ 		I i
/i/ 		J j
/j/ 		Ꝇ ꝇ
/ʎ/ 		K k
/k/ 		L l
/l/ 		Ł ł
/w/ 		M m
/m/ 		N n
/n/
Ń ń
/ɲ/ 		O o
/ɔ/ 		Ǫ ǫ
/ɔ̃/ 		Ó ó
/o/ 		P p
/p/ 		Pf pf
/p͡f/ 		Q q
/k/ 		R r
/r/ 		S s
/s/ 		Ś ś
/ʃ/ 		Š š
/ɕ/ 		ẞ ß
/sː/ 		T t
/t/ 		Ŧ ŧ
/c/
U u
/u/ 		Ú ú
/ə/ 		Ű ű
/ə̃/ 		V v
/v/ 		W w
/v/ 		Ϝ ϝ
/ʋ/ 		X x
/ks,k͡x/ 		Y y
/ɨ/ 		Z z
/z/ 		Ź ź
/ʒ/ 		Ž ž
/ʑ/ 		Ʒ ʒ
/zː/ 		Þ þ
/θ/ 		Ꝩ ꝩ
/ð/
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