Makka Pakkan alphabet
| Makka Pakkan Alphabet markǫpalką alfabet | |
|---|---|
| Type | Alphabet
|
| Languages | Makka Pakkan |
Time period | 1200s to present |
Parent systems | Latin alphabet
|
Child systems |
|
Sister systems | Alban alphabet |
The Makka Pakkan language is written through the Makka Pakkan alphabet (Makka Pakkan: markǫpalką alfabet) which consists of 56 letters - 41 consonants and 15 vowels - with each letter having both uppercase and lowercase forms. It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters (17) with diacritics: the acute accent (⟨á, é, ó, ú, ń, ś, ź⟩) and double acute accent (⟨e̋, ű⟩); the tail (⟨ą, ę, ǫ⟩); the stroke (⟨đ, ł, ŧ⟩); and the caron (⟨š, ž⟩). It also includes 7 unique non-Latin characters: ⱶ, ꝇ, ß, ϝ, ʒ, þ, ꝩ.
Modified variations of the Makka Pakkan alphabet are used for writing Upran and Parsan.
History
Alphabet
| Α a /ɑ/ |
Ą ą /ɑ̃/ |
Á á /a/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /t͡s/ |
Cś cś /t͡ʂ/ |
Cš cš /t͡ɕ/ |
D d /d/ |
Đ đ /ɟ/ |
Dz dz /d͡z/ |
Dź dź /d͡ʐ/ |
Dž dž /d͡ʑ/ |
E e /ɛ/ |
Ę ę /ɛ̃/ |
| É é /œ/ |
E̋ e̋ /œ̃/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /g/ |
Ͱ ⱶ /ɣ/ |
H h /x/ |
I i /i/ |
J j /j/ |
Ꝇ ꝇ /ʎ/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
Ł ł /w/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n/ |
| Ń ń /ɲ/ |
O o /ɔ/ |
Ǫ ǫ /ɔ̃/ |
Ó ó /o/ |
P p /p/ |
Pf pf /p͡f/ |
Q q /k/ |
R r /r/ |
S s /s/ |
Ś ś /ʂ/ |
Š š /ɕ/ |
ẞ ß /sː/ |
T t /t/ |
Ŧ ŧ /c/ |
| U u /u/ |
Ú ú /ə/ |
Ű ű /ə̃/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /v/ |
Ϝ ϝ /ʋ/ |
X x /ks~gz/ |
Y y /ɨ/ |
Z z /z/ |
Ź ź /ʐ/ |
Ž ž /ʑ/ |
Ʒ ʒ /zː/ |
Þ þ /θ/ |
Ꝩ ꝩ /ð/ |
Despite the latinisation of Makka Pakkan, runes are commonly used in rural areas though mostly by the elderly generation and has been considered endangered due to declining usage so conservation efforts have been pushed forward by both the government and the people.
Unique Letters
Makka Pakkan has 7 unique characters uncommon in other Latin script-based alphabets; ⱶ, ꝇ, ß, ϝ, ʒ, þ, ꝩ. From the Celisequo script, was adopted and variations such as ⱶ and ϝ emerged; ꝇ, þ, ꝩ descended from pre-Christian Rakanen runes and were latinised and used in the Henrikian alphabet, remaining mostly consistent in spelling and pronunciation up to the modern day; ß and ʒ are recent additions, originally serving as spelling variations with ʒ as a cursive z and ß as a combination of ſʒ - these spelling variations soon replaced the digraphs ss, sz, zs, zz. The letter ϗ is also used and means and (equivalent to &).
Obsolete letters
Several letters that existed in past Makka Pakkan writings are no longer retained due to falling out of use, spelling transformations and reforms.
| Letter | Phonetic value |
|---|---|
| Ⳮⳮ (Dálda) | /d,ɟ/ |
| Γг (Gań) | /g,ɣ/ |
| Ϙϙ (Kań) | /ŋ/ |
| Ҁҁ (Pową Kań) | /n/ |
| Ⲫⲫ (Feń) | /f/ |
| Ⲯⲯ (Zálga) | /z/ |
| Ии (Sálga) | /s/ |
| Ⲗⲗ (Lámta) | /ʎ/ |
| Ϥϥ (Yńal) | /ɨ/ |
| Ⲑⲑ (Ǫal) | /ø/ |
| Ᵹᵹ (Źal) | /ʒ,d͡ʒ/ |
| Ⲋⲋ (Śal) | /ʃ,t͡ʃ/ |