Austerian Counterrevolution: Difference between revisions
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[[Category:Austeria]] | |||
{{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| conflict = Austerian Counterrevolution | | conflict = Austerian Counterrevolution | ||
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| image = Montage Insurgency Macedonia 2001.jpg | | image = Montage Insurgency Macedonia 2001.jpg | ||
| image_size = 290px | | image_size = 290px | ||
| caption = Clockwise from top left: Austerian T-55 tank and crew in [[ | | caption = Clockwise from top left: Austerian T-55 tank and crew in [[Kallëm]]; [[Galeneic Front]] insurgents in central Austeria; Monument to the Solarian Nation; [[Novalian Revolutionary Front|NRF]] insurgents near [[Kilsa]]; A detachment of the Austerian Army near [[Hëna]], 1985 | ||
| date = 31 March 1977– 14 August 1988<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=3|day1=31|year1=1977|month2=08|day2=14|year2=1988}})<br> | | date = 31 March 1977– 14 August 1988<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=3|day1=31|year1=1977|month2=08|day2=14|year2=1988}})<br> | ||
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The '''Austerian Counterrevolution''', also known as the '''Insurgency in Austeria''', was a series of separate but related {{wp|ethnic conflicts}} and {{wp|insurgencies}} that took place in the [[Austerian People's Republic]] from 1975 to 1988. | The '''Austerian Counterrevolution''' ({{wp|Albanian language|Tethian}}: ''Kundërrevolucioni Austeriak''), also known as the '''Insurgency in Austeria''', was a series of separate but related {{wp|ethnic conflicts}} and {{wp|insurgencies}} that took place in the [[Austerian People's Republic]] from 1975 to 1988. The conflict is widely considered to be examples of an "{{wp|irregular war}}" or an "{{wp|low-level war}}" instead of featuring {{wp|conventional warfare}} between factions. It resulted in an estimated 50,000 fatalities and led to the collapse of {{wp|single-party}} rule by the [[Austerian Liberation Front]]. The term "Counterrevolution" was used by the Austerian government to characterise the conflicts as anti-socialist in nature instead of an ethnic or sectarian one for propaganda purposes. | ||
The geographic distribution of Austeria's diverse population played a notable role in the lead-up to and during the conflict; Sotirian and Irfanic Tethians comprised the majority in the coastal cities and western Austeria; Ezekielans were primarily based throughout the southern coast, Montesurians and Daksar Piraeans populated the country's eastern region; Novalians were concentrated next | The geographic distribution of Austeria's diverse population played a notable role in the lead-up to and during the conflict; Sotirian and Irfanic Tethians comprised the majority in the coastal cities and western Austeria; Ezekielans were primarily based throughout the southern coast, Montesurians and Daksar Piraeans populated the country's eastern region; Novalians were concentrated next to Austeria's border with [[Etruria]]. At the time, the Austerian government was a one-party state under the rule of the [[Equalism|Equalist]] [[Austerian Liberation Front]]. While the party was dominated by the Tethian ethnic group, the Front supported [[Austerism]], a form of {{wp|socialist patriotism}} which emphasized a collective, inclusive, and pluralistic national identity. However ethnic and sectarian tensions still arose within the population, especially at the local and regional level. Into the 1970s, Front faced increasing levels of opposition from [[Galeneism|Galeneists]], Montesurians, and a number of ethnic and sectarian groups. The deaths of the original leadership of the [[Austerian Liberation Front]] in the late 1970s had further deleterious effects on party cohesion and societal divisions in the country. | ||
The conflict is generally divided into three or four distinct conflicts with numerous participants whose allegiances shifted rapidly and unpredictably. Fighting started in 1977 between Tethian Sotiriran and Irfanic militas in the western regions of the country, driven by organized crime and land disputes. Violence spread south and east into the coastal cities, especially [[Kartha]], and [[Daksar and Montesuria]]. In the coastal cities, conflict between militias | The conflict is generally divided into three or four distinct conflicts with numerous participants whose allegiances shifted rapidly and unpredictably. Fighting started in 1977 between Tethian Sotiriran and Irfanic militas in the western regions of the country, driven by organized crime and land disputes. Violence spread south and east into the coastal cities, especially [[Kartha]], and [[Daksar and Montesuria]]. In the coastal cities, conflict between militias in the cities took the form of {{wp|Gang#Violence|gang wars}} between criminal syndicates. The conflict between Daksar Pireaean and Montesurian militias was characterized by bitter fighting. Violence significantly escalated in 1983, when the [[Novalian Revolutionary Front]] launched an {{wp|independence war}} against the Austerian government and non-Novalian groups. Austerian security forces initially undertook {{wp|policing}}, before the military was deployed to begin an intense {{wp|counterinsurgency}} campaign against all participants. The Counterrevolution was characterised by its violence against civilians including kidnappings, mass shootings, forced expulsions, destruction of property, and incidents of mass rape. Several incidents in the conflict perpetrated by militias have been labeled as {{wp|ethnic cleansing}} and {{wp|genocide}}. Government forces, especially government aligned paramilitaries, were also accused of several atrocities and war crimes. | ||
By the mid-1980s the Austerian military was successful in reducing the violence, although many groups remained active. In 1987, [[Sotir Godo]] was elected First Secretary of the Austerian Liberation Front and began pushing for a political settlement to end the conflicts. The signing of the [[Yndyk Agreement]] began a period of reform which marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. The single-party state was dismantled in favor of a {{wp|socialist democracy}} that centered around {{wp|power sharing}} between ethnic and sectarian groups. In May 1988, all of the armed militias that were operating in Austeria were disarmed. Although an amnesty law was passed in 1990 that pardoned all political crimes committed, a {{wp|truth commission}} was later established to investigate alleged {{wp|war crimes}} and {{wp|crimes against humanity}} committed by militias forces. The report published in 1994, led to the [[Commission Trials]] resulting in several convictions of responsible insurgents. Religious and ethnic tensions persisted across Austeria since the formal end of the hostilities in 1988, leading to the [[Years of Blood]] after the [[Olive Revolution]] in 2005. | By the mid-1980s the Austerian military was successful in reducing the violence, although many groups remained active and continued attacks. In 1987, [[Sotir Godo]] was elected First Secretary of the Austerian Liberation Front and began pushing for a political settlement to end the conflicts. The signing of the [[Yndyk Agreement]] began a period of reform which marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. The single-party state was dismantled in favor of a {{wp|socialist democracy}} that centered around {{wp|power sharing}} between ethnic and sectarian groups. In May 1988, all of the armed militias that were operating in Austeria were disarmed. Although an amnesty law was passed in 1990 that pardoned all political crimes committed, a {{wp|truth commission}} was later established to investigate alleged {{wp|war crimes}} and {{wp|crimes against humanity}} committed by militias forces. The report published in 1994, led to the [[Commission Trials]] resulting in several convictions of responsible insurgents. Religious and ethnic tensions persisted across Austeria since the formal end of the hostilities in 1988, leading to the [[Years of Blood]] after the [[Olive Revolution]] in 2005. | ||
Latest revision as of 18:03, 18 March 2024
| Austerian Counterrevolution | |||||||
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 Clockwise from top left: Austerian T-55 tank and crew in Kallëm; Galeneic Front insurgents in central Austeria; Monument to the Solarian Nation; NRF insurgents near Kilsa; A detachment of the Austerian Army near Hëna, 1985 | |||||||
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Total deaths: c. 50,000 Displaced: c. 500,000 | |||||||
The Austerian Counterrevolution (Tethian: Kundërrevolucioni Austeriak), also known as the Insurgency in Austeria, was a series of separate but related ethnic conflicts and insurgencies that took place in the Austerian People's Republic from 1975 to 1988. The conflict is widely considered to be examples of an "irregular war" or an "low-level war" instead of featuring conventional warfare between factions. It resulted in an estimated 50,000 fatalities and led to the collapse of single-party rule by the Austerian Liberation Front. The term "Counterrevolution" was used by the Austerian government to characterise the conflicts as anti-socialist in nature instead of an ethnic or sectarian one for propaganda purposes.
The geographic distribution of Austeria's diverse population played a notable role in the lead-up to and during the conflict; Sotirian and Irfanic Tethians comprised the majority in the coastal cities and western Austeria; Ezekielans were primarily based throughout the southern coast, Montesurians and Daksar Piraeans populated the country's eastern region; Novalians were concentrated next to Austeria's border with Etruria. At the time, the Austerian government was a one-party state under the rule of the Equalist Austerian Liberation Front. While the party was dominated by the Tethian ethnic group, the Front supported Austerism, a form of socialist patriotism which emphasized a collective, inclusive, and pluralistic national identity. However ethnic and sectarian tensions still arose within the population, especially at the local and regional level. Into the 1970s, Front faced increasing levels of opposition from Galeneists, Montesurians, and a number of ethnic and sectarian groups. The deaths of the original leadership of the Austerian Liberation Front in the late 1970s had further deleterious effects on party cohesion and societal divisions in the country.
The conflict is generally divided into three or four distinct conflicts with numerous participants whose allegiances shifted rapidly and unpredictably. Fighting started in 1977 between Tethian Sotiriran and Irfanic militas in the western regions of the country, driven by organized crime and land disputes. Violence spread south and east into the coastal cities, especially Kartha, and Daksar and Montesuria. In the coastal cities, conflict between militias in the cities took the form of gang wars between criminal syndicates. The conflict between Daksar Pireaean and Montesurian militias was characterized by bitter fighting. Violence significantly escalated in 1983, when the Novalian Revolutionary Front launched an independence war against the Austerian government and non-Novalian groups. Austerian security forces initially undertook policing, before the military was deployed to begin an intense counterinsurgency campaign against all participants. The Counterrevolution was characterised by its violence against civilians including kidnappings, mass shootings, forced expulsions, destruction of property, and incidents of mass rape. Several incidents in the conflict perpetrated by militias have been labeled as ethnic cleansing and genocide. Government forces, especially government aligned paramilitaries, were also accused of several atrocities and war crimes.
By the mid-1980s the Austerian military was successful in reducing the violence, although many groups remained active and continued attacks. In 1987, Sotir Godo was elected First Secretary of the Austerian Liberation Front and began pushing for a political settlement to end the conflicts. The signing of the Yndyk Agreement began a period of reform which marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. The single-party state was dismantled in favor of a socialist democracy that centered around power sharing between ethnic and sectarian groups. In May 1988, all of the armed militias that were operating in Austeria were disarmed. Although an amnesty law was passed in 1990 that pardoned all political crimes committed, a truth commission was later established to investigate alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by militias forces. The report published in 1994, led to the Commission Trials resulting in several convictions of responsible insurgents. Religious and ethnic tensions persisted across Austeria since the formal end of the hostilities in 1988, leading to the Years of Blood after the Olive Revolution in 2005.