Epinal: Difference between revisions
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| settlement_type = City | | settlement_type = City | ||
| official_name = City of Épinal | | official_name = City of Épinal | ||
| image_skyline = | | image_skyline = File:Carte postale, Épinal, Vue générale 27.jpg | ||
| imagesize = 290px | | imagesize = 290px | ||
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Épinal was founded in around 7500 BC on the banks of the Moselle river. The town has established itself as the capital of its own lordship, the Spinalien. This seigneury, which included several other villages around Épinal, made its living mainly from the timber trade. The Spinalien quickly established itself as the dominant seigneury in the region, annexing the | Épinal was founded in around 7500 BC on the banks of the Moselle river. The town has established itself as the capital of its own lordship, the Spinalien. This seigneury, which included several other villages around Épinal, made its living mainly from the timber trade. The Spinalien quickly established itself as the dominant seigneury in the region, annexing the | ||
Nombrexois (relative to the town of Noméxey), Carpinois (relative to Charmes), Rambervillerois (relative to Ramberviller), a powerful seigneury, and even Mirecourtois, a very powerful seigneury to the west of Spinalien. However, the seigneuries of Lunéville and Remiremont resisted him. So that in 1220, the lord Humbert III of Colombière is forced to sign a non-aggression pact with these two seigneuries, to avoid a war. In 1323, during the Great Storm, the Moselle river rises from its bed and floods the whole of the old town. Tuberculosis is hitting the city hard, killing a third of the population, especially the poorest. Most people seek refuge in the heights of the city, or in surrounding villages. After this event, the seigneury of Epinal lives until 1478, trade in wood, canvas and cotton. In 1479, following the death of Nicolas IV of Golbey, Humbert VI of the Failloux ascended to the throne. He is very hostile to the peace policy put in place by his predecessors, and dreams of extending its territory beyond the mountains of the Vosges (only obstacle, the prosperous seigneury of Remiremont) and to the west, on the other side of the Saône river where the seigneury of [[Voisey]] is located. The following year he assembled a large army and tried to take, by surprise, the town of Darney, in voiseyian territory. However, the city resists against all odds and the troops of Humbert IV are forced to turn back. A week later, in June 1480, Voisey declared war on the Spinalien. The next month, the voiseyian troops besieged Epinal, which held only two weeks. On 3 September 1480, the lord Humbert IV officially admits his defeat and surrenders. The same day, the seigneury of Epinal is incorporated in Voisey. The city of Epinal, former capital of Spinalien still retains power. It is chosen as the chief town of the new vicinal canton of Epinal. | Nombrexois (relative to the town of Noméxey), Carpinois (relative to Charmes), Rambervillerois (relative to Ramberviller), a powerful seigneury, and even Mirecourtois, a very powerful seigneury to the west of Spinalien. However, the seigneuries of Lunéville and Remiremont resisted him. So that in 1220, the lord Humbert III of Colombière is forced to sign a non-aggression pact with these two seigneuries, to avoid a war. In 1323, during the Great Storm, the Moselle river rises from its bed and floods the whole of the old town. Tuberculosis is hitting the city hard, killing a third of the population, especially the poorest. Most people seek refuge in the heights of the city, or in surrounding villages. After this event, the seigneury of Epinal lives until 1478, trade in wood, canvas and cotton. In 1479, following the death of Nicolas IV of [[Golbey]], Humbert VI of the Failloux ascended to the throne. He is very hostile to the peace policy put in place by his predecessors, and dreams of extending its territory beyond the mountains of the Vosges (only obstacle, the prosperous seigneury of Remiremont) and to the west, on the other side of the Saône river where the seigneury of [[Voisey]] is located. The following year he assembled a large army and tried to take, by surprise, the town of Darney, in voiseyian territory. However, the city resists against all odds and the troops of Humbert IV are forced to turn back. A week later, in June 1480, Voisey declared war on the Spinalien. The next month, the voiseyian troops besieged Epinal, which held only two weeks. On 3 September 1480, the lord Humbert IV officially admits his defeat and surrenders. The same day, the seigneury of Epinal is incorporated in Voisey. The city of Epinal, former capital of Spinalien still retains power. It is chosen as the chief town of the new vicinal canton of Epinal. | ||
When the Great War broke out in 1968, and Voisey entered the war in 1969, Epinal is an industrial city of about 30,000 inhabitants. The city can count on these many cotonnades, chaudreries, but also on these factories of canvases. But the most important activity in Epinal is wood. Thanks to the Moselle and the Eastern Canal (connecting Epinal with the Saône), the city can easily export its goods to [[Carélie]] and the [[Brenne]] and beyond. But these many activities, and the relative administrative importance that represents Epinal make it a target of choice for the troops of the Matamoros. Thus, in 1974, the city suffered the first bombardments. These destroy the cotton mills of the city and kill several dozen people. The city is captured in May 1974 by the troops of the [[Matamoros]]. Sawmills are transformed into munitions factories, and people who can work are forcibly employed in the factories. The city is under heavy occupation, with many arrests and deportations. In September 1976, the city is attacked by the | When the Great War broke out in 1968, and Voisey entered the war in 1969, Epinal is an industrial city of about 30,000 inhabitants. The city can count on these many cotonnades, chaudreries, but also on these factories of canvases. But the most important activity in Epinal is wood. Thanks to the Moselle and the Eastern Canal (connecting Epinal with the Saône), the city can easily export its goods to [[Carélie]] and the [[Brenne]] and beyond. But these many activities, and the relative administrative importance that represents Epinal make it a target of choice for the troops of the Matamoros. Thus, in 1974, the city suffered the first bombardments. These destroy the cotton mills of the city and kill several dozen people. The city is captured in May 1974 by the troops of the [[Matamoros]]. Sawmills are transformed into munitions factories, and people who can work are forcibly employed in the factories. The city is under heavy occupation, with many arrests and deportations. In September 1976, the city is attacked by the Voiseyian artillery. The roads and munitions factories are targeted. The station and depot are also destroyed. It is about preparing for the liberation of the city. Thus, in November 1976, the Voiseyian troops took advantage of the winter climate (temperatures fell below 0°, ice covered roads and it snowed regularly) to launch an offensive on the city. The Matamoros’s air force is unusable, and the soldiers suffer from a lack of food supplies and the cold they are not used to. After hard fighting opposing several thousand soldiers of Voisey and Brenne from the Liberation Army, against an armored division and an infantry division of the Matamoros, the city is liberated on 2 December 1976. | ||
The city is a heap of smoking ruins. It is said that the Moselle was no longer visible because of the debris from buildings, abandoned houseboat carcasses and collapsed bridges. | The city is a heap of smoking ruins. It is said that the Moselle was no longer visible because of the debris from buildings, abandoned houseboat carcasses and collapsed bridges. | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
Since the end of the war, the city of Epinal has experienced a significant increase in population, but has not undergone major changes. | Since the end of the war, the city of Epinal has experienced a significant increase in population, but has not undergone major changes. | ||
<gallery mode="packed"> | |||
File:Carte postale, Épinal, Après les bombardements de 1944 27.jpg|After the bombardment, in 1974 | |||
File:Carte postale, Épinal, Après les bombardements de 1944 25.jpg|A collapsed bridge on the Moselle river. People had to walk on the ruins, to cross the river. | |||
File:Gare d'Epinal CP4.jpg|The railway station, severely damaged by the bombardment. | |||
</gallery> | |||
== Demography == | == Demography == | ||
| Line 119: | Line 125: | ||
|2021|47635 | |2021|47635 | ||
}} | }} | ||
=Geography= | |||
Epinal is located in the center of the Vosges department, east of Voisey. The town lies on the banks of the Moselle river, below the surrounding hills. Indeed, the city is located around 20 km west of the Vosges mountains. The highest place around the city is the "Mont Saint Antoine" (Saint-Anthony mount), 432m high. | |||
Epinal is not adjacent to any other town. However, the village of Golbey is the closest, to the north, also along the Moselle. | |||
[[File:Carte des Vosges.png|thumbnail|center|A map of the department of the Vosges, Epinal is located at the East]] | |||
=Economy= | |||
Epinal's economy is based on two main areas: The first one is wood. The many vast forests surrounding the town have made it famous. The town also hoasts many sawmills, powered by the Moselle River. As a result, the town manufactures a wide range of planks, as well as refined products such as finely crafted cupboards and shelves. The Moselle River has always played an important role in the timber trade. Lumberjacks, generally located further south in the Vosges mountains, used the river to transport logs to Epinal. Then, by barge, manufactured goods could be exported to [[Carélie]] or the rest of the country, thanks to the Eastern Canal. | |||
The second important field is textiles, more specifically cotton and canvas. The department, and in particular the Epinal region, specializes in the manufacture of products using fabrics, cloth, etc., such as towels, cloths, washcloths, tablecloths, sheets... Cotton is sourced from the plains of the Lower Vosges ([[Brenne]]) or the Vosges ([[Voisey]]) and processed in the region. | |||
Once again, the Moselle played an important role, as part of the production was shipped to [[Nancy]] or [[Metz]] (two large cities further north, on the banks of the Moselle) for onward distribution abroad or at home. | |||
These two sectors employ a large part of the population, making Epinal a prosperous, balanced town with a modest population. | |||
The railway station of Epinal, located on a north-south axis from Metz to Remiremont or Luxeuil-les-Bains (located in the neighbouring department of Haute-Saône), as well as its depot also form a small employer. They allow goods to be moved more quickly, but also the transport of travellers and tourists. Indeed, Epinal and its region (Vosges mountains) is a very touristic area, especially in winter season, despite a harsh climate (cold and wet). | |||
=Transportation= | |||
Epinal is linked to the rest of the country by several means of transport. | |||
Firstly, Epinal's train station provides links to Nancy to the north and Remiremont, Luxeuil-les-Bains and [[Vesoul]] (the two last in Haute-Saône) to the south. | |||
So, on the main roads, you can head for Rambervillers in the northeast (leading on to Meurthe-et-Moselle), Mirecourt in the west to go deeper into the country, Plombières-les-Bains (near Ajol, on the map above), then Fougerolles (in Haute-Saône) in the south, or Charmes in the north, leading on to Nancy. | |||
Finally, Epinal has its own public transport network: tramways. | |||
These provide low-cost travel within the town (tickets cost between 25 centimes and 2 francs), as well as to outlying districts or nearby towns such as [[Golbey]]. | |||
The map below represents the tramaway network of Epinal. Yellow ares represent built-up areas. There are two cities on this map: Golbey (in the north) and Epinal (with small localities around) | |||
[[File:Tramway d'Epinal.png|thumbnail|center|Map of the tramway network in Epinal. Yellow zones represent built-up areas. The blue line crossing Epinal and passing near [[Golbey]] is the Moselle river.]] | |||
=Epinal in Pictures= | |||
<gallery mode="packed"> | |||
File:Carte postale, Épinal, Rue Léopold-Bourg, Direction Pont-de-Pierre.jpg|Léopold Place | |||
File:Carte postale, Épinal, Rue Rualménil 4.jpg|Rualménil street | |||
File:Carte postale, Épinal, La Place de l'Atre un Jour de Marché.jpg|Atre place on a market day | |||
File:Carte postale, Épinal, Le Port.jpg|The port of the Eastern canal | |||
File:Carte postale, Épinal, La Gare 3.jpg|The railway station nowadays | |||
</gallery> | |||
Latest revision as of 12:33, 19 October 2024
Épinal (/e.pi.nal/) is the prefecture of the department of Vosges. The city had 47 635 inhabitants in 2021, which make it the 17th largest city in the country. Its inhabitants are called Spinalien.
Épinal | |
|---|---|
City | |
| City of Épinal | |
 | |
| Etymology: French: Épinal | |
| Nickname: French: La capitale du bois (Woods' capital) | |
| Coordinates: 8° 10' 20.647" N 6° 26' 57.851" E | |
| Country | Voisey |
| State | Lorraine |
| Department | Vosges |
| Founded | ~7500 BC |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Alexandrine Laherneuve (UGC) |
| Elevation | 492 m (1,614 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| • City | 47 635 |
| • Rank | 17th in Voisey |
| • Urban | 47 635 |
| • Metro | 70 000+ (?th) |
| Demonym(s) | Spinalien, Spinalienne |
| Time zone | UTC+1 |
| • Summer (DST) | +2 |
History
Épinal was founded in around 7500 BC on the banks of the Moselle river. The town has established itself as the capital of its own lordship, the Spinalien. This seigneury, which included several other villages around Épinal, made its living mainly from the timber trade. The Spinalien quickly established itself as the dominant seigneury in the region, annexing the Nombrexois (relative to the town of Noméxey), Carpinois (relative to Charmes), Rambervillerois (relative to Ramberviller), a powerful seigneury, and even Mirecourtois, a very powerful seigneury to the west of Spinalien. However, the seigneuries of Lunéville and Remiremont resisted him. So that in 1220, the lord Humbert III of Colombière is forced to sign a non-aggression pact with these two seigneuries, to avoid a war. In 1323, during the Great Storm, the Moselle river rises from its bed and floods the whole of the old town. Tuberculosis is hitting the city hard, killing a third of the population, especially the poorest. Most people seek refuge in the heights of the city, or in surrounding villages. After this event, the seigneury of Epinal lives until 1478, trade in wood, canvas and cotton. In 1479, following the death of Nicolas IV of Golbey, Humbert VI of the Failloux ascended to the throne. He is very hostile to the peace policy put in place by his predecessors, and dreams of extending its territory beyond the mountains of the Vosges (only obstacle, the prosperous seigneury of Remiremont) and to the west, on the other side of the Saône river where the seigneury of Voisey is located. The following year he assembled a large army and tried to take, by surprise, the town of Darney, in voiseyian territory. However, the city resists against all odds and the troops of Humbert IV are forced to turn back. A week later, in June 1480, Voisey declared war on the Spinalien. The next month, the voiseyian troops besieged Epinal, which held only two weeks. On 3 September 1480, the lord Humbert IV officially admits his defeat and surrenders. The same day, the seigneury of Epinal is incorporated in Voisey. The city of Epinal, former capital of Spinalien still retains power. It is chosen as the chief town of the new vicinal canton of Epinal.
When the Great War broke out in 1968, and Voisey entered the war in 1969, Epinal is an industrial city of about 30,000 inhabitants. The city can count on these many cotonnades, chaudreries, but also on these factories of canvases. But the most important activity in Epinal is wood. Thanks to the Moselle and the Eastern Canal (connecting Epinal with the Saône), the city can easily export its goods to Carélie and the Brenne and beyond. But these many activities, and the relative administrative importance that represents Epinal make it a target of choice for the troops of the Matamoros. Thus, in 1974, the city suffered the first bombardments. These destroy the cotton mills of the city and kill several dozen people. The city is captured in May 1974 by the troops of the Matamoros. Sawmills are transformed into munitions factories, and people who can work are forcibly employed in the factories. The city is under heavy occupation, with many arrests and deportations. In September 1976, the city is attacked by the Voiseyian artillery. The roads and munitions factories are targeted. The station and depot are also destroyed. It is about preparing for the liberation of the city. Thus, in November 1976, the Voiseyian troops took advantage of the winter climate (temperatures fell below 0°, ice covered roads and it snowed regularly) to launch an offensive on the city. The Matamoros’s air force is unusable, and the soldiers suffer from a lack of food supplies and the cold they are not used to. After hard fighting opposing several thousand soldiers of Voisey and Brenne from the Liberation Army, against an armored division and an infantry division of the Matamoros, the city is liberated on 2 December 1976.
The city is a heap of smoking ruins. It is said that the Moselle was no longer visible because of the debris from buildings, abandoned houseboat carcasses and collapsed bridges.
The city is slowly being rebuilt, thanks to the determination of its inhabitants and with the materials still available on site, especially wood. Voisey being still in war, until 1985, the city of Epinal does not get any subsidies to rebuild. After the war, activities before resumed. Sawmills, cotonnades and chaudronneries reopened. However, the city faces a severe shortage of labour that cannot be remedied. The station was restored to working order in 1987, and the Canal de l'Est in 1990.
Since the end of the war, the city of Epinal has experienced a significant increase in population, but has not undergone major changes.
After the bombardment, in 1974
A collapsed bridge on the Moselle river. People had to walk on the ruins, to cross the river.
The railway station, severely damaged by the bombardment.
Demography
At the 2021 census, Epinal had a population of 47 635 inhabitants. This represents a sharp increase since the end of the war (1985), thanks to the development of economic activities related to industry and river trade.
| Demographic Evolution of Épinal (1800-2021) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Source: INSED (Institut National de Statitistiques de d'Etudes Démographiques) en: (National Institute of Statistics and Demographic Studies) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Geography
Epinal is located in the center of the Vosges department, east of Voisey. The town lies on the banks of the Moselle river, below the surrounding hills. Indeed, the city is located around 20 km west of the Vosges mountains. The highest place around the city is the "Mont Saint Antoine" (Saint-Anthony mount), 432m high. Epinal is not adjacent to any other town. However, the village of Golbey is the closest, to the north, also along the Moselle.
Economy
Epinal's economy is based on two main areas: The first one is wood. The many vast forests surrounding the town have made it famous. The town also hoasts many sawmills, powered by the Moselle River. As a result, the town manufactures a wide range of planks, as well as refined products such as finely crafted cupboards and shelves. The Moselle River has always played an important role in the timber trade. Lumberjacks, generally located further south in the Vosges mountains, used the river to transport logs to Epinal. Then, by barge, manufactured goods could be exported to Carélie or the rest of the country, thanks to the Eastern Canal. The second important field is textiles, more specifically cotton and canvas. The department, and in particular the Epinal region, specializes in the manufacture of products using fabrics, cloth, etc., such as towels, cloths, washcloths, tablecloths, sheets... Cotton is sourced from the plains of the Lower Vosges (Brenne) or the Vosges (Voisey) and processed in the region. Once again, the Moselle played an important role, as part of the production was shipped to Nancy or Metz (two large cities further north, on the banks of the Moselle) for onward distribution abroad or at home. These two sectors employ a large part of the population, making Epinal a prosperous, balanced town with a modest population. The railway station of Epinal, located on a north-south axis from Metz to Remiremont or Luxeuil-les-Bains (located in the neighbouring department of Haute-Saône), as well as its depot also form a small employer. They allow goods to be moved more quickly, but also the transport of travellers and tourists. Indeed, Epinal and its region (Vosges mountains) is a very touristic area, especially in winter season, despite a harsh climate (cold and wet).
Transportation
Epinal is linked to the rest of the country by several means of transport. Firstly, Epinal's train station provides links to Nancy to the north and Remiremont, Luxeuil-les-Bains and Vesoul (the two last in Haute-Saône) to the south. So, on the main roads, you can head for Rambervillers in the northeast (leading on to Meurthe-et-Moselle), Mirecourt in the west to go deeper into the country, Plombières-les-Bains (near Ajol, on the map above), then Fougerolles (in Haute-Saône) in the south, or Charmes in the north, leading on to Nancy. Finally, Epinal has its own public transport network: tramways. These provide low-cost travel within the town (tickets cost between 25 centimes and 2 francs), as well as to outlying districts or nearby towns such as Golbey. The map below represents the tramaway network of Epinal. Yellow ares represent built-up areas. There are two cities on this map: Golbey (in the north) and Epinal (with small localities around)
Epinal in Pictures
Léopold Place
Rualménil street
Atre place on a market day
The port of the Eastern canal
The railway station nowadays
