Haydag language: Difference between revisions
Admiral S.S. (talk | contribs) |
Admiral S.S. (talk | contribs) |
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| ''орфе'''кфади''' | | ''орфе'''кфади''' | ||
| ''орфе'''ва''' | | ''орфе'''ва''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''вани''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''кфани''' | ||
| '''''бра'''орфе''' | | '''''бра'''орфе'''вани'' | ||
| '''''бра'''орфе''' | | '''''бра'''орфе'''кфани'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
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| ''орфе'''бчади''' | | ''орфе'''бчади''' | ||
| ''орфе'''ча''' | | ''орфе'''ча''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''чани'' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''бчани''' | ||
| '''''бра'''орфе''' | | '''''бра'''орфе'''чани'' | ||
| '''''бра'''орфе''' | | '''''бра'''орфе'''бчани'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="10"| | !colspan="10"| | ||
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| ''орфе'''жди''' | | ''орфе'''жди''' | ||
| ''орфе'''с''' | | ''орфе'''с''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''сани''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''ждани''' | ||
| '''''хра'''орфе''' | | '''''хра'''орфе'''сани''' | ||
| '''''хра'''орфе''' | | '''''хра'''орфе'''ждани''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
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| ''орфе'''мзди''' | | ''орфе'''мзди''' | ||
| ''орфе'''сем''' | | ''орфе'''сем''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''смани''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''мздани''' | ||
| '''''хра'''орфе''' | | '''''хра'''орфе'''смани''' | ||
| '''''хра'''орфе''' | | '''''хра'''орфе'''мздани''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="10"| | !colspan="10"| | ||
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| ''орфе'''дади''' | | ''орфе'''дади''' | ||
| ''орфе'''й''' | | ''орфе'''й''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''йни''' | ||
| | | ''орфе'''дни''' | ||
| '''''зал'''орфе''' | | '''''зал'''орфе'''йни'' | ||
| '''''зал'''орфе''' | | '''''зал'''орфе'''дни'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
| ''орфе'''нди''' | | ''орфе'''нди''' | ||
| ''орфе''' | | ''орфе'''динди''' | ||
| ''орфе'''ни''' | | ''орфе'''ни''' | ||
| '''''с'''орфе'''но''' | | '''''с'''орфе'''но''' | ||
| '''''с'''орфе''' | | '''''с'''орфе'''дини''' | ||
| '''''зал'''орфе'''но'' | | '''''зал'''орфе'''но'' | ||
| '''''зал'''орфе''' | | '''''зал'''орфе'''дини'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="11"| | !colspan="11"| |
Revision as of 16:15, 17 May 2021
This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
Mokhavic | |
---|---|
Mokhian, Kolkhian | |
Мохшашла нен | |
Pronunciation | [ˈmɔx.ʃäʃ.la̽ nɛn] |
Native to | Qazhshava |
Region | Southern Thuadia |
Ethnicity | Mokhavics |
Native speakers | L1: - L2: - |
Paleo-Qazhshavan
| |
Standard forms | Mezhian
|
Dialects |
|
Govoric | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Qazhshava |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | mh |
ISO 639-2 | mkh |
ISO 639-3 | mkh |
The Mokhavic language is the widely spoken of it's family, also called Mokhavic, and the official language of the nation of Qazhshava. It is an ancient Thuadian tounge with no known ancestral conection to the surrounding Thuado-Thrismaran languages.
Classification
As of yet, any attempts to link the Mokhavic languages to any other languages in the world have failed, altough some still believe its a very old relative to the Thuado-Thrismaran languages, which is only backed up by similar features which have been speculated and some proven to have come due to influence from said languages, and some reconstructed-proto words and existign root words that seem to have been borrowod from early forms of the slavic and germanic languages.
Dialects
The standart form of the Mokhavic language is based on the mezhian dialect, also known as the Southern Hill dialect.
History
TBA
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||||
voiced | b | d | ɣ (ɡ)[a] | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | t̬͡s[b] | t̬͡ʃ[c] | |||||
voiced | ||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x~h | |||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | |||||
Aproximant | voiced | w | l | j ʎ |
||||
Tap & Trill | voiced | ɾ |
- ↑ Some speakers pronounce it as /g/, mainly 2L speakers, but naturally it occurs mainly in loanwords and in stressed syllables.
- ↑ It's ussually voiced after voiced consonants, but the langauge dosent distinguish voiced d͡z and voicless t͡s.
- ↑ It's ussually voiced after voiced consonants, but the langauge dosent distinguish voiced d͡ʒ and voicless t͡ʃ.
Vowels
Front | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-Mid | ɤ | ||
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a~ɑ |
Stress
Stress in Mokhavic is pretty weak, there is no set rules to it and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words.
Writing System
Mokhavic is written using the Govoric script, which was adopted around the 11th century, and used ever sence Govoric version:
А а | Ӑ ӑ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | З з |
И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р |
С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ы ы |
Ь ь | Ю ю | Я я |
However the government adapted a standartized Romanized form of the script in the late 20th century
Romanized version:
А а | Ӑ ӑ | B b | C c | Č č | D d | E e | F f | G g |
H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | P p |
Q q | R r | S s | Š š | T t | U u | V v | W w | X x |
Y y | Z z | Ž ž |
Detailed table
Bruh | Name | IPA | Romanized | |
---|---|---|---|---|
А а | а | /a/ | a | /ɐ/ when reduced. |
Ӑ ӑ | ӑ | /ɤ/ | ă | /ə/ when reduced. |
Б б | бӑ | /b/ | b | |
В в | вӑ | /v/ | v | |
Г г | гӑ | /ɣ/,/ɡ/ | g | Usually by 2L speakers, foreing loanwords, and in some dialects, it gets pronoucned as /ɡ/. |
Д д | дӑ | /d/ | d | |
Е е | е | /ɛ/ | e | /e~ɪ/ when reduced. |
Ж ж | жӑ | /ʒ/ | ž | |
З з | зӑ | /z/ | z | |
И и | и | /i/ | i | |
Й й | йӑ | /j/ | j | It's used only as a first letter, when it appears after a vowel. |
К к | кӑ | /k/ | k | |
Л л | лӑ | /l/ | l | In some dialects it can get pronounced /w/ after vowels. |
М м | мӑ | /m/ | m | |
Н н | нӑ | /n/ | n | |
О о | о | /ɔ/ | o | |
П п | пӑ | /p/ | p | |
Р р | рӑ | /ɾ/, /r/ | r | |
С с | сӑ | /s/ | s | |
Т т | тӑ | /t/ | t | |
У у | у | /u/ | u | |
Ф ф | фӑ | /f/ | f | |
х х | хӑ | /x~h/ | h | |
Ц ц | цӑ | /t̬͡s/ | c | The language dosen't distinguish voiced/unvoiced versions of /t͡s~d͡z/ & /t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ/, instead the value of the sound is often determied by the previous sound, if it's voiceless or a vowel |
Ч ч | чӑ | /t̬͡ʃ/ | č | |
Ш ш | шӑ | /ʃ/ | š | |
Ы ы | ӑ-паль, и-грек |
/ɤ/ | y | Only in loanwords. |
Ь ь | йӑ-паль | /◌ʲ/ | j | Used only after consonants, except in conbination with 'У у' for the govoric version of 'W w'. |
Ю ю | ю | /ju/ | ju | |
Я я | я | /ja/,/ɛ/ | ja/е | In some dialects it geats read as /ɛ/ when its between consonants. |
Ль ль | льӑ | /ʎ/ | lj | |
Нь нц | ньӑ | /ɲ/ | nj | |
Кь кь | Кю | /kʷ/,/kʲ/,/c/ | q | Only in foreign words. /kʷ/ after every vowel except ⟨i⟩ & ⟨e⟩, where its /kʲ/. |
Уь уь Ў ў |
уьӑ ўӑ |
/w/ | w | ⟨ў⟩ is usually used in handwriting and sometimes in logos, in recent years it has gained popularity but isn't recognized as an official letter. |
Кс кс | икс | /k͡s/ | x | Only in foreign words |
Brail
TBA
Keyboard layout
TBA
Grammar
Syllable structure
Mokhavic's syllable structure is classed as complex.
- (C)(C)V(C2)(S)
- S - /s/, /ʃ/, (/f/)
- if C2 is a consonant of the (S) class, then the (S) consonant can be a stop
Morphology
Mokhavic is generally an agglutinative language, there are many suffixes going into a verb, for example 'йорхелӑчкемеченой' (we wern't going to drink it), the verb can be broken down into parts 'йор-хе-лӑ-чкем-еч-ен-ой' . Each morpheme here contributes to the meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb.
Number & Articles
Mokhavian has 2 numbers; Singular and Plural
Plurality | |
---|---|
Multisyllabic | Monosyllabic |
-(т)aр -(t)ar |
-(т)ӑби -(t)ӑbi |
Mokhavic also has only a definite article
Defenitiness | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sing. | -(т)и -(t)i | ||
Plur. | -тфи -tfi |
Inflection
Mokhavic has a very high count of noun cases, that being 20 (listed below), most of these being motion and location cases,
Case Name | Suffix | Question Words | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | мо, рo (who, what; subject) | чам (a man; subject) |
Genitive | -(и)с | мос, рос (whose, what's) | чамис (of a man) |
Dative | -(а)ти | моти, роти (to whom, to what/why) | чамати (to a man) |
Accusative | -(а)иц | моц, роц (whom, what; object) | чамиц (a man; object) |
Instrumental | -(а)но | моно, роно (with who, with what) | чамано (with a man) |
Comitative | -мах | момах, ромах (with whom, with what) | чаммах (with a man) |
Comparative | -бча | мобча, робча (like who, like what/how) | чамбча (like a man) |
Inessive | -(а)ш | мош, рош (in who[a],/what) | чамаш (in a man) |
Adessive | -ка | мока, рока (neer who, neer what) | чамка (neer a man) |
Postessive | -(а)зи | мози, рози (Behind who,/what) | чамази (Behind a man) |
Superessive | -(v)ма | мома, рома (On top of who,/what) | чамма (on top of a man) |
Subessive | -пша | мопша, ропша (Under of who,/what) | чампша (under a man) |
Allative | -ле | моле, роле (towards who, where to) | чамле (towards a man) |
Ablative | -сао | мосао, росао, мсао (from who,/what/where) | чамсао (from a man) |
Lative | -ахк | моахк, роахк (into who,/what) | чамахк (into a man) |
Elative | -епе | моепе, роепе (Out of who,/what) | чамепе (out of a man) |
Benefactial | -й/ижба | моижба, роижба (for who,/what) | чамижба (for a man) |
Vocative | -/о,-е[b] | - | чаме (man/dude!) |
Adjective | -(а)в | роав (like what-adj) | чамв (manly -adj) |
Adverbial | -(а)дӑл | радӑл (how-adv) | чамдӑл (manly -adv) |
Pronouns
Mokhavic has a high number of inflected pronouns due to the number of cases it has.
Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acu. | Ins. | Com. | Compr. | Ine. | Ade. | Poste. | Supe. | Sube | All. | Abl. | Lat. | Ela. | Bene. | Voc. | Adj. | Adv. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ме | мейс | ми | йеmц | мено | мемах | менле | мейш | мека | мези | мема | мепша | меле | месао | мехк | мепе | мейжба | - | мейв | мейдӑл | |
Second | шен | шес | ше | шейц | шено | шемах | шенле | шейш | шека | шези | шема | шепша | шеле | шесао | шехк | шепе | шейжба | ши! | шев | шедӑл | ||
Third | proximal | ой | ойс | йо | ойц | ойно | оймах | ойнле | ойш | ойка | ойзи | ойма | ойпша | ойле | ойсао | ойхк | ойпе | ойжба | - | ойв | ойдӑл | |
distal | ая | аяс | айо | айц | аяно | аямах | аянле | аяш | аяка | аязи | аяма | аяпша | аяле | аясао | аяхк | аяпе | аяйжба | - | аяв | аявдӑл | ||
Plural | First | чен | ченaс | че | ченно | ченмах | ченнле | ченaш | ченка | чензи | ченма | ченпша | ченле | ченсао | ченахк | ченпе | ченижба | - | ченав | чендӑл | ||
Second | смен | сменaс | сме | сменно | сменмах | сменнле | сменaш | сменка | смензи | сменма | сменпша | сменле | сменсао | сменахк | сменпе | сменижба | сме! | сменав | смендӑл | |||
Third | proximal | они | онис | нийо | ониц | онино | онимах | онинле | ониш | оника | онизи | онима | онипша | ониле | онисао | онихк | онипе | онийжба | - | онив | онидӑл | |
distal | ана | анас | анао | анац | анано | анамах | ананле | анаш | анака | анази | анама | анапша | анале | анасао | анахк | анапе | анайжба | - | анав | анавдӑл | ||
Self | тоф | тофaс | то | тофно | тофмах | тофнле | тофaш | тофка | тофзи | тофма | тофпша | тофле | тофсао | тофахк | тофпе | тофижба | - | тофав | тофдӑл |
Instead of using an auxiliary word for am/are/is the language instead has contracted forms of the pronouns and the word be
Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-was | -NEG.was | -be | -NEG.be | -will.be | -NEG.will.be | -was.going.to | -NEG.was.going.to | |||
Singular | First | тех | ютех | вам | ювам | лум | юлум | хелум | юхелум | |
Second | цех | юцех | ци | юци | луц | юлуц | хелуц | юхелуц | ||
Third | proximal | ех | йех | ар | уюр | лу | юлу | хелу | юхелу | |
distal | ||||||||||
Plural | First | чех | ючех | веч | ювеч | луч | юлуч | хелуч | юхелуч | |
Second | смех | юсмех | вемс | ювемс | лумс | юлумс | хелумс | юхелумс | ||
Third | proximal | сех | юсех | сер | юсер | лус | юлус | хелус | юхелус | |
distal |
The language also uses possessive sufixes, one could say my dog and another dog-my, the only diference being that using a pronoun brings more emphasis to it.
Suffix | Example | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | -й/им | кичим (my dog) | |
Second | -й/иш | кичиш (your dog - sin.) | ||
Third | Proximal | -(и)йо | кичийо (his/her dog) | |
Distal | -й/ия | кичия (his/her dog) | ||
Plural | First | -е/ен | кичен (our dog) | |
Second | -(е)сен | кичесен (your dog - plr) | ||
Third | Proximal | -(и)йоч | кичийоч (their dog) | |
Distal | -й/ияч | кичияйч (their dog) |
Verbs
Tenses
1 Conjunction
орфе - sing
Mood | Person | Number | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||
Indicative | 1st | Singular | орфевади | орфекфади | орфева | орфевани | орфекфани | браорфевани | браорфекфани | |
Plural | орфечади | орфебчади | орфеча | орфечани | орфебчани | браорфечани | браорфебчани | |||
2nd | Singular | орфесди | орфежди | орфес | орфесани | орфеждани | храорфесани | храорфеждани | ||
Plural | орфесемди | орфемзди | орфесем | орфесмани | орфемздани | храорфесмани | храорфемздани | |||
3d | Singular | орфейди | орфедади | орфей | орфейни | орфедни | залорфейни | залорфедни | ||
Plural | орфенди | орфединди | орфени | сорфено | сорфедини | залорфено | залорфедини | |||
Imperative | All | Singular | орфечи | орфечти | ||||||
Plural | орфеча | орфечта | ||||||||
2nd Conjunction
чкем - drink
Mood | Person | Number | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||
Indicative | 1st | Singular | чкемтем | чкемемде | чкемем | лӑчкемем | лӑчкемемен | хелӑчкемем | хелӑчкемемен | |
Plural | чкемтеч | чкемечде | чкемеч | лӑчкемеч | лӑчкемечен | хелӑчкемеч | хелӑчкемечен | |||
2nd | Singular | чкемашт | чкемашда | чкемаш | лӑчкемаш | лӑчкемашан | хелӑчкемаш | хелӑчкемашан | ||
Plural | чкемесет | чкемеседе | чкемесе | лӑчкемесе | лӑчкемесен | хелӑчкемесе | хелӑчкемесен | |||
3d | Singular | чкемат | чкемада | чкема | лӑчкема | лӑчкеман | хелӑчкема | хелӑчкеман | ||
Plural | чкеманит | чкеманида | чкем'ани | лӑчкемани | лӑчкеманин | хелӑчкемани | хелӑчкеманин | |||
Imperative | All | Singular | чкемти | чкемути | ||||||
Plural | чкемтя | чкемутя | ||||||||
Direction
Mokhavic has a Polypersional agreement where a verb contains both the body doing the action and the body expiriencing the action.
Prefix | Example | ||
---|---|---|---|
Self | Singular | тоф- | тофчкемемде (i drank myself - "i got drunk") |
Plural | тофчкемечде (we drank ourselves - "we got drunk") | ||
2s | Singular | ши- | шиуттем (i hit you) |
Plural | мсе- | мсеуттем (i hit you) | |
3s | Singular | и- | иуташт (you hit him/her) |
Plural | ай- | айуташт (you hit them) |
Negatoin
For negation the prefix "ю-" is added in singular, and in plural the prefix "йор-", for example ичкемтем(i drank it) and 'юичкемтеми' (i didn't drank it), and in plural 'айчкемтем' (i drank them) and йорайчкемтем (i didn't drank them).
Infinite
In mokhavic there's an infinite suffix that has the translated meaning of "to", as in "you want me to drink" would be literaly you-want to-drink-i.
Synatx
Mokhavic is generally SVO, though SOV can be used too, and other word orders commonly apear in folk songs and poetry. Possessees come before possessors, adjectives before nouns and it has postpositions.
Questions
Yes or No Questions
To form yes or no questions the suffix -ака is used: for example "did i drink" - чкемтемака
Interrogatives
Mokhavic | English |
---|---|
ро роц |
what? |
мо моц |
who? |
рамдо | how much/many |
рое | which |
робча | how |
тао | why |
мао | where |
мой | when |
Vocabulary
Mokhavic has a rich word-derivation system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes and suffixes, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root -мохш-, the following words can be derived: Мохшац (a Mokhavic person), Мохшашла (the Mokhavic language) and Амохшфел (Mokhavia/Qazhshava).
Language example
TBA