Rhavanese language: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! [[Front vowel|Front]] | ! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | ||
! [[Central vowel|Central]] | ! [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | ||
! [[Back vowel|Back]] | ! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Centering diphthong|Centering]] | ! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]] | ||
| ia/iê | | ia/iê [iə̯] | ||
| ưa/ươ | | ưa/ươ [ɨə̯] | ||
| ua/uô | | ua/uô [uə̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Close vowel|Close]] | ! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| i/y {{IPA|[i]}} | | i/y {{IPA link|i|[i]}} | ||
| ư {{IPA|[ɨ]}} | | ư {{IPA link|ɨ|[ɨ]}} | ||
| u {{IPA|[u]}} | | u {{IPA link|u|[u]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[Mid vowel|Mid]] | ! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
| ê {{IPA|[e]}} | | ê {{IPA link|e|[e]}} | ||
| ơ {{IPA|[əː]}}<br />â {{IPA|[ə]}} | | ơ {{IPA link|əː|[əː]}}<br />â {{IPA link|ə|[ə]}} | ||
| ô {{IPA|[o]}} | | ô {{IPA link|o|[o]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[Open vowel|Open]] | ! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
|e {{IPA|[ɛ]}} | |e {{IPA link||ɛ[ɛ]}} | ||
| a {{IPA|[aː]}}<br />ă {{IPA|[a]}} | | a {{IPA link|aː|[aː]}}<br />ă {{IPA link|a|[a]}} | ||
| o {{IPA|[ɔ]}} | | o {{IPA link|ɔ|[ɔ]}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Centering diphthongs are formed with only the three vowels; i, ư, u. They are usually spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, when they are followed by a consonant. | Centering diphthongs are formed with only the three vowels; i, ư, u. They are usually spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, when they are followed by a consonant. | ||
In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel [[offglide]] {{IPA|/j/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}. | In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel [[wikipedia:offglide]] {{IPA link|j|/j/}} or {{IPA link|w|/w/}}. | ||
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan="2"| {{IPA|/w/}} offglide | ! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w|/w/}} offglide | ||
! colspan="2"| {{IPA|/j/}} offglide | ! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|j|/j/}} offglide | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Centering diphthong|Centering]] | ! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]] | ||
| iêu | | iêu [iə̯w | ||
| ươu | | ươu [ɯə̯w | ||
| ươi | | ươi [ɯə̯j | ||
| uôi | | uôi [uə̯j | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Close vowel|Close]] | ! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| iu | | iu [iw] | ||
| ưu | | ưu [ɯw] | ||
| ưi | | ưi [ɯj] | ||
| ui | | ui [uj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | ! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | ||
| êu | | êu [ew] | ||
| rowspan="2"| –<br />âu | | rowspan="2"| –<br />âu [ʌw] | ||
| rowspan="2"| ơi | | rowspan="2"| ơi [ɤj]<br />ây [ʌj] | ||
| ôi | | ôi [oj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | ! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | ||
| eo | | eo [ɛw] | ||
| oi | | oi [ɔj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Open vowel|Open]] | ! [[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
| | | | ||
| ao | | ao [aw]<br />au [ɐw] | ||
| ai | | ai [aj]<br />ay [ɐj] | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
</ref> There are restrictions on the high offglides: {{IPA|/j/}} cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and {{IPA|/w/}} cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.<ref>The lack of diphthong consisting of a ''ơ'' + back offglide (i.e., {{IPA|[əːw]}}) is an apparent gap.</ref> | </ref> There are restrictions on the high offglides: {{IPA link|j|/j/}} cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and {{IPA link|w|/w/}} cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.<ref>The lack of diphthong consisting of a ''ơ'' + back offglide (i.e., {{IPA link|əːw|[əːw]}}) is an apparent gap.</ref> | ||
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"| | ! rowspan="2"| | ||
! colspan="2"| {{IPA|/w/}} offglide | ! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w|/w/}} offglide | ||
! colspan="2"| {{IPA|/j/}} offglide | ! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|j|/j/}} offglide | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Front vowel|Front]] | ! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | ||
! colspan="2"| [[Central vowel|Central]] | ! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | ||
! [[Back vowel|Back]] | ! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Centering diphthong|Centering]] | ! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]] | ||
| iêu | | iêu [iə̯w] | ||
| ươu | | ươu [ɨə̯w] | ||
| ươi | | ươi [ɨə̯j] | ||
| uôi | | uôi [uə̯j] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Close vowel|Close]] | ! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| iu | | iu [iw] | ||
| ưu | | ưu [ɨw] | ||
| ưi | | ưi [ɨj] | ||
| ui | | ui [uj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[Mid vowel|Mid]] | ! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
| êu | | êu [ew] | ||
| –<br />âu | | –<br />âu[əw] | ||
| ơi | | ơi [əːj]<br />ây [əj] | ||
| ôi | | ôi [oj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[Open vowel|Open]] | ! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
| eo | | eo [ɛw] | ||
| ao | | ao [aːw]<br />au [aw] | ||
| ai | | ai [aːj]<br />ay [aj] | ||
| oi | | oi [ɔj] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 19:42, 13 July 2021
 | This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
| Nhai | |
|---|---|
| Rhavanese, Rhavan Speak | |
| Native to |  Rhava |
| Ethnicity | Rhavanese |
Native speakers | 30,000,000 |
Huang
| |
Standard forms | Northern (standard script)
|
| Dialects |
|
| Official status | |
Official language in | Rhava |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Nhai is the official language of Rhava and is a part of the Huang family tree. Nhai is separated into to writing scripts, ancient and standard. In modern day cities only standard is taught, but in rural areas ancient is taught.
Writing System
Writing system
Nhai (Rhavanese) is written in the Anglo-Rhav Alphabet, which is a modified Latin alphabet used for Rhavanese languages.
| Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majuscule | Ă | Â | E | Ê | I | O | Ô | Ơ | U | Ư | B | C | D | Đ | G | H | J | K | L | M | N | P | Ts | Q | R | S | T | V | X | Y | |
| Minuscule | ă | â | e | ê | i | o | ô | ơ | u | ư | b | c | d | đ | g | h | j | k | l | m | n | p | ts | q | r | s | t | v | x | y |
Rhavanese Phonology
Initial consonants
Initial consonants which exist only in the Northern dialect are in red, while those that exist only in the Southern dialect are in blue.
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m [m] | m [m] | nh [ɲ] | ng [ŋ] | |||
| Stop/ Affricate |
tenuis | p ([p]) | t [t] | tr [ʈ] | ch [c] | k [k] | (oi ([ʔ]) |
| aspirated | th tʰ tl[t͡ɬ] |
||||||
| glottalized | b [ɓ] | d [ɗ] | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ph [f] | [s] | sh [ʂ] | kh [x] | h [h] | |
| voiced | [v]/y/ | z [z] | gh [ɣ] | ||||
| Approximant | l [l] | y [j] | w [w] | ||||
| Rhotic | r ɹ | ||||||
Vowels
Rhavanese, or Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are also added long vowels such as; aa, and oo.
Front Central Back Centering ia/iê [iə̯] ưa/ươ [ɨə̯] ua/uô [uə̯] Close i/y [i] ư [ɨ] u [u] Close-mid/
Midê [e] ơ [əː]
â [ə]ô [o] Open-mid/
Opene a [aː]
ă [a]o [ɔ]
Centering diphthongs are formed with only the three vowels; i, ư, u. They are usually spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, when they are followed by a consonant.
In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel wikipedia:offglide /j/ or /w/.
/w/ offglide /j/ offglide Centering iêu [iə̯w ươu [ɯə̯w ươi [ɯə̯j uôi [uə̯j Close iu [iw] ưu [ɯw] ưi [ɯj] ui [uj] Close-mid êu [ew] –
âu [ʌw]ơi [ɤj]
ây [ʌj]ôi [oj] Open-mid eo [ɛw] oi [ɔj] Open ao [aw]
au [ɐw]ai [aj]
ay [ɐj]
</ref> There are restrictions on the high offglides: /j/ cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and /w/ cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.[1]
/w/ offglide /j/ offglide Front Central Back Centering iêu [iə̯w] ươu [ɨə̯w] ươi [ɨə̯j] uôi [uə̯j] Close iu [iw] ưu [ɨw] ưi [ɨj] ui [uj] Close-mid/
Midêu [ew] –
âu[əw]ơi [əːj]
ây [əj]ôi [oj] Open-mid/
Openeo [ɛw] ao [aːw]
au [aw]ai [aːj]
ay [aj]oi [ɔj]
Diaeresis (diacritic)
| letter | sound |
|---|---|
| ü | oo-weeh |
| ë | ooh-weh |
| ö | er |
| ä | ay |
Rhavanese Phonetics
| Name | Description | Diacritic | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ngang 'level' | mid level | (no mark) | ma 'ghost' | |
| huyền 'deep' | low falling (often breathy) | ◌̀ (grave accent) | mà 'but' | |
| sắc 'sharp' | high rising | ◌́ (acute accent) | má 'cheek, mother (southern)' | |
| hỏi 'questioning' | mid dipping-rising | ◌̉ (hook above) | mả 'tomb, grave' | |
| ngã 'tumbling' | creaky high breaking-rising | ◌̃ (tilde) | mã 'horse | |
| nặng 'heavy' | falling | ◌̣ (dot below) | mạ 'rice seedling' | |
| Vēn 'continuation' | straight tone (medium length) | ◌̣ (straight line above) | mā 'used before Tü to symbolize ownership of subject' |