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=Writing System=
=Writing System=
class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br>class="wikitable sortable"<br>class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br>class="wikitable sortable"<br>class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! {{wp|Cyrillic}}
! {{wp|Latin}}
! {{wp|Latin}}
! {{wp|Cyrillic}}
! Name
! Name
! {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}}
! {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}}
Line 142: Line 142:
|-
|-
| A a
| A a
| А а
| A a
| a
|  
| /a/
| /{{IPAlink|a}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|B b}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|Б б}}
| {{color|#808080|Б б}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|B b}}
| be
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| /b̥/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| only in foreign loanwords
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| C c
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|В в}}
| Ц ц
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|V v}}
| ce
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| /t͡s/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| C' c'
| Г г
| Ц' ц'
| G g
| c'e
|  
| /t͡sʼ/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Ch ch
| Гў гў
| Ч ч
| Gw gw
| che
|  
| /t͡ʃ/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Ch' ch'
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Д д}}
| Ч' ч'
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|D d}}
| ch'e
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| /t͡ʃʼ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|D d}}
| Е е
| {{color|#808080|Д д}}
| de
| /d̥/
| only in foreign loanwords
|-
| E e
| E e
| Е е
|  
| e
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /ɛ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Ë ë
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ж ж}}
| Ы ы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Zh zh}}
| ë
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| /ɨ̞/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|F f}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|З з}}
| {{color|#808080|Ф ф}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Z z}}
| ef
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| /p~f/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| only in foreign loanwords
|-
| G g
| Г г
| ge
| /ʁ~ɣ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Gw gw
| И и
| Гў гў
| I i
| ge wa
|  
| /ʁʷ~ɣʷ/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|H h}}
| Й й
| {{color|#808080|Ъ ъ}}
| Y y
| xash<br>k'a kë
|  
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| used in {{wp|Digraph (orthography)|digraphs}}
|-
|-
| I i
| К к
| И и
| K k
| i
|  
| /i/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|J j}}
| Кў кў
| {{color|#808080|(Дж дж)}}
| Kw kw
| je
|  
| /d̥͡ʒ̊/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| only in foreign loanwords
|-
| K k
| К к
| ke
| /k/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| К' к'
| K' k'
| K' k'
| К' к'
|  
| k'e
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /kʼ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Kw kw
| Кў' кў'
| Кў кў
| Kw' kw'
| ke wa
|  
| /kʷ/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Kw' kw'
| Л л
| Кў' кў'
| L l
| k'e wa
|  
| /kʼʷ/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| L l
| Лъ лъ
| Л л
| Lh lh
| el
|  
| /ɬ/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| М м
| M m
| M m
| М м
|  
| em
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /m/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Н н
| N n
| N n
| Н н
|  
| en
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /n/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| О о
| O o
| O o
| О о
|  
| o
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /o/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| П п
| P p
| P p
| П п
|  
| pe
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /p/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| П' п'
| P' p'
| P' p'
| П' п'
|  
| p'e
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /pʼ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|Q q}}
| Р р
| {{color|#808080|(Кў кў)}}
| qe
| /kʷ/
| only in foreign loanwords
|-
| R r
| R r
| Р р
|  
| re
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /ɾ~r/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| С с
| S s
| S s
| С с
|  
| se
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /s/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| Sh sh
| Ш ш
| she
| /ʃ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Т т
| T t
| T t
| Т т
|  
| te
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /t/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Т' т'
| T' t'
| T' t'
| Т' т'
|  
| t'e
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /tʼ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Tl tl
| Тлъ тлъ
| Тл тл
| Tlh tlh
| tle
|  
| /t͡ɬ/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Tl' tl
| Тлъ' тлъ'
| Тл' тл'
| Tlh' tlh'
| tl'e
|  
| /t͡ɬʼ/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| У у
| U u
| U u
| У у
|  
| u
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /u/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|V v}}
| Ў ў
| {{color|#808080|В в}}
| W w
| ve
|  
| /w~v/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| only in foreign loanwords
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| W w
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ф ф}}
| Ў ў
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|F f}}
| shëm u
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| /w/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Х х
| X x
| X x
| Х х
|  
| xe
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /x/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Хў хў
| Xw xw
| Xw xw
| Хў хў
|  
| xe wa
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /xʷ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Хъ хъ
| Xh xh
| Xh xh
| Хъ хъ
|  
| xhe
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /χ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Хъў хъў
| Xhw xhw
| Xhw xhw
| хъў хъў
|  
| xhe wa
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| /χʷ/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| Ц ц
| C c
|
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| Ц' ц'
| C' c'
|
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ч ч}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|Ch ch}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#6E6E6E|/}}{{IPA link|}}{{color|#6E6E6E|/}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| Y y
| Ш ш
| Й й
| Sh sh
| shëm i
|  
| /j/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| as first letter of a word, or after vowels
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| Ъ ъ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | {{color|#646464|H h*}}
|
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| Ы ы
| Ĕ ĕ
|
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| Ӹ ӹ
| Ă ă
|
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|Y y}}
| Ь ь
| Ь ь
| shëm kë
| Y y
| /◌ʲ/
|
| only after consonants
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |{{color|#808080|'}}
| Ю ю
| apostrof
| Yu yu
|
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| used in {{wp|Digraph (orthography)|digraphs}}
|-
|-
| {{color|#808080|Z z}}
| Я я
| {{color|#808080|З з}}
| Ya ya
| ze
|  
| /z̥~t͡s/
| /{{IPA link|}}/
| only in foreign loanwords
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| {{color|#808080|Zh zh}}
| {{color|#808080|Ж ж}}
| zhe
| /ʒ̊/
| only in foreign loanwords
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 11:49, 19 November 2021

Kamak
Native to Qazhshava
RegionKamak Islands
EthnicityKamaks
Latin
Cyrillic
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
plain sibilant lateral plain labial plain labial
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡s̻ ⟨c⟩ t͡ɬ ⟨tl⟩ k ⟨k⟩ kʷ ⟨kw⟩
ejective pʼ ⟨pʼ⟩ tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ t͡s̻ʼ ⟨cʼ⟩ t͡ɬʼ ⟨tlʼ⟩ kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩ kʼʷ ⟨kwʼ⟩
Fricative plain s̻ ⟨s⟩ ɬ ⟨l⟩ x ⟨x⟩ xʷ ⟨xw⟩ χ ⟨xh⟩ χʷ ⟨xhw⟩
voiced ʁ~ɣ ⟨g⟩ ʁʷ~ɣʷ ⟨gw⟩
Sonorant m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
Trill/Tap ɾ~r ⟨r⟩
  • Plain plosives/affricates vary between voiced, semi-voiced, voiceless and aspirated (allophonic and depending on the speaker)

Vowels

Front Central back
Close i ⟨i⟩ ɨ̞ ⟨ĕ⟩ u ⟨u⟩
Mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɤ ⟨ă⟩ o ⟨o⟩
Open a ⟨a⟩

Writing System

class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
class="wikitable sortable"
class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

Cyrillic Latin Name IPA Notes
A a A a /a/
Б б B b //
В в V v //
Г г G g //
Гў гў Gw gw //
Д д D d //
Е е E e //
Ж ж Zh zh //
З з Z z //
И и I i //
Й й Y y //
К к K k //
Кў кў Kw kw //
К' к' K' k' //
Кў' кў' Kw' kw' //
Л л L l //
Лъ лъ Lh lh //
М м M m //
Н н N n //
О о O o //
П п P p //
П' п' P' p' //
Р р R r //
С с S s //
Т т T t //
Т' т' T' t' //
Тлъ тлъ Tlh tlh //
Тлъ' тлъ' Tlh' tlh' //
У у U u //
Ў ў W w //
Ф ф F f //
Х х X x //
Хў хў Xw xw //
Хъ хъ Xh xh //
Хъў хъў Xhw xhw //
Ц ц C c //
Ц' ц' C' c' //
Ч ч Ch ch //
Ш ш Sh sh //
Ъ ъ H h* //
Ы ы Ĕ ĕ //
Ӹ ӹ Ă ă //
Ь ь Y y //
Ю ю Yu yu //
Я я Ya ya //

Grammar

Syntax

SVO (SOV when O is a pronoun)
noun like adjectives
possessee - possessor
adjective - noun
prepossitions

Pronouns

Nom Dat Gen Acc Ins Loc
Singular First ka
Second le
Third Proximal to
Distal anto
Plural First kin
Second lin
Third Proximal tomë
Distal antomë

Nouns

Number

Case

Case Word Example Question
Nominative
Dative
Genetive
Accusitive
Instrumental
Locative

Adjectives and Adverbs

Verbs

"to be"

Tense, Aspect, Mood

Person

Direction

Questions

Derivation

Affix Used to create: Example(s)
- agents from verbs/nouns
- collective nouns
- adjectives/adverbs from nouns/verbs
- adjectives indicating the lack of something
- nouns from adjectives
- diminutives of nouns
- augmentatives of nouns
- locations (places related to the stem)
- inhabitants (of places)
- decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives)
- decendents (child of)
- languages/dialects

Language Sample

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