President of Carucere: Difference between revisions

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| incumbentsince = 1 December 2018
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2018
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
| style = {{wp|Excellency|His Excellency}}
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}<br />{{wp|Head of government}}
| status = {{wp|Head of state}}
| seat = [[Kingston]]
| seat = [[Kingston]]
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
| residence = [[State House, Carucere|State House, Carucere]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Carucere]]
| appointer =  
| appointer = {{wp|Direct election}}
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
| precursor = [[Governor of Carucere]]
| termlength = Duration of [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] (four years), renewable once
| termlength = Four years
| formation = 17 July 1957
| formation = 17 July 1957
| succession = [[Premier of Carucere]]<br />{{small|(as [[Vice President of Carucere|Vice President]])}}
| succession = [[Premier of Carucere]]<br />{{small|(as Vice President)}}
| inaugural = [[Jean Préval]]
| inaugural = [[Jean Preval]]
| deputy = [[Vice President of Carucere|Vice President of Carucere]]
| deputy = Vice President of Carucere
| website =  
| website =  
}}
}}
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Republic of Carucere''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''), is the {{wp|head of state}} and the {{wp|head of government}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]] the president heads the executive branch of the national government and is the {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018.
The '''President of Carucere''', officially the '''President of the Republic of Carucere''' ([[Papotement]]: ''Prezidan Repiblik Karuku''), is the {{wp|head of state}} of [[Carucere]]. Under the [[Constitution of Carucere]] the president holds the highest office of the national government as {{wp|chief diplomat}} and {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is [[Neil Gaubina]], who took office on 1 December 2018.


The presidency was originally intended to be a {{wp|figrehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power, as Carucere was originally envisioned as a {{wp|parliamentary  system|parliamentary republic}}. However political power was centralized under the Presidency by [[Jean Préval]], who held the office for 17 years from 1957 to 1974. Today Carucere functions as a {{wp|presidential system|presidential republic}}, although it still maintains many aspects of a parliamentary system. The President is elected by a unique electoral system centered around principles of {{wp|consociationalism}}; the office can be elected by simple plurality of the [[Senate of Carucere]], but no more than one-third of Senators can deny the candidate or they are rejected.  
Under the {{wp|parliamentary  system}} of the [[Carucerean Republic]], the Presidency was a completely {{wp|figrehead|ceremonial office}} with no real executive power. Under the new constitution, the office were granted additional executive powers to increase separation of powers. The power further increased under the Presidency by [[Jean Preval]], who held the office for 12 years from 1972 to 1984. Today Carucere functions as a ''de-facto'' {{wp|semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic}}, although it has many unique aspects centered around principles of {{wp|consociationalism}}. The office is elected by a unique electoral system; a candidate must win an absolute majority nationwide and at least 33 percent of the votes in six of the eleven provinces of Carucere.  
==History==
==Role==
The office of the Presidency ultimately originates from the "president" of the post-revolutionary government after the [[Carucerean Revolution]]. First held by [[Jana Maia]], it was purely an informal institution and acted as a public figure and spokesperson of the provisional government; for this reason it is considered as a precursor to the current office of the presidency. When [[Jean Préval]] was elected president by the Senate in early 1954, the institution became increasingly formalized; Préval would use his position to mediate disputes and help draft the constitution. The office was officially created in July 1957 after the ratification of the new constitution. The drafters of the constitution intended Carucere to be a parliamentary republic with the President as a mere figurehead with the Premier as head of government. However Préval was able to extract concessions to empower the President with broad reserve powers. This included the power to command the security forces of the country and the power to enact decrees.
Carucere has a ''de-facto'' {{wp|semi-presidential system}}, with the President as the country's most senior office. Although it is the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] that oversee and direct much of the country's actual governmental affairs, the President president wields significant influence and authority as the guarantor of the country's political stability, although the office is not as powerful as ones found in "strong" presidential systems. The President is chief diplomat and the supreme commander of the Carucerean Defence Force.  


As President, Préval used his popularity and continuing political instability to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Préval's political standing. As his popularity began to wane after economic malaise caused by the [[Sugar Crash]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Préval successfully pushed for constitutional changes that formalized some of his prerogatives, ensuring the primacy of the presidency over the premiership, and reforming Carucere into a presidential republic in 1970.  
The President's greatest power is their ability to appoint the Premier. However, since the Senate must approve the election by a two-thirds majority vote, the Premier named by the president must be supported by the Senate, or the candidate will be denied. The President has the discretionary power to dissolve the Senate when they see fit, such as when the Premier is unable to govern due to the Senate's disapproval. As a result, the President has the ability to guide but not directly effect politics in the country.


The presidency's new position in the Carucerean political system would survive the Préval's fall from political power, as [[Victorin Lurel]] routinely exercised the powers of the President. In 1986, the electoral system was amended to clarify the election; the President now could be elected by a simple plurality of the vote, but no more than one-third of the Senate could reject the candidate. By the late 1980s, the powers of the President were institutionalized and solidified the presidency as the center of Carucerean politics.
The President must {{wp|Promulgation|promulgate}} all laws enacted by the Senate or the Government for them to come into force. However the President has the authority to {{wp|veto}} laws, although the Senate can override this by a two-thirds majority vote. The president may also refer the law for review by the [[Council of State of Carucere|Council of State]] if the President doubts its constitutionality. Thus the President acts as a sort of "moderating power" among the traditional three branches of government.
 
The role of the President historically varied. As President, Preval used his popularity and continuing political instability to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, the President's power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Preval's political standing. Following his retirement in 1984, the Premier and the Senate reasserted their authority and reduced the power of the Presidency.


In 2003 the method by which the President was elected was clarified once again; if no party gained a majority in the Senate, the candidates of the top two parties by vote share would proceed to the Senate election. As a result, the Senate was firmly established as king-maker for elections and reinforced executive–legislative relations, where Carucerean presidents are bound to to work closely with the legislature. 
==Qualification==
==Qualification==
In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:
In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:
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** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
** Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language
==Election==
==Election==
The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among presidential systems, as it reflects its consociational principles. Under the current electoral law, presidential candidates are nominated by political parties running for the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] during legislative elections; then the party or coalition that received the plurality of the popular vote has their candidate presented to the Senate for approval. While the President can be elected by a simple plurality vote, no more than one-third of the Senate’s members can reject the candidate in order for the President to be successfully elected. If a candidate is rejected they must renominate a different one. After the first round other political parties may present candidates and the election order is determined by the number of Senators.  
The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among semi-presidential systems, as it reflects its consociational principles. Under the current electoral law, presidential candidates are nominated by political parties running for the [[Senate of Carucere|Senate]] to stand for a direct election. To win outright a candidate must win more than half of the total votes cast in the election and at least 33% of the votes cast in six of the eleven provinces of Carucere. If no candidate achieves, the election proceeds to a run-off election, where candidate with the higher number of nationwide votes wins.


The President serves concurrently with the Senate, with their term of office determined by the national legislative elections which are conducted every four years. The President may only be reelected once.
The President may only be reelected once and are limited to two full terms in office.
 
==Powers==
==Powers & Duties==
As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere,  the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of state and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:  
The Republic of Carucere is a {{wp|presidential system|presidential republic}}. However Carucere's form of presidentialism has many aspects unique to the country, and has been described by commentators as a presidential system combined with certain aspects of a parliamentary system. Although Carucere has a premier, the office only serves to implement policy designed by the president rather than create policy itself.
 
As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere,  the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of the executive branch of government and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:  
* to {{wp|promulgate}} laws. The president lacks a formal {{wp|veto}} power but may refer the law for review by the [[Council of State of Carucere|Council of State]] if the President doubts its constitutionality. However if the Council approves, the president must approve the bill.
* to declare war.
* to declare war.
* to {{wp|promulgate}} laws.
* to veto laws, decree-laws, regulatory decrees and other Government decrees.
* to refer laws and decrees for constitutional review by the Council of State.
* to dissolve the Senate and call new elections which leads to the resignation of the Government.
* to appoint the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and other members of the [[Cabinet of Carucere|Cabinet]].
* to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
* to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
* to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees can be overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
* to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees can be overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
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* to declare a {{wp|state of emergency}} suspending all laws or enacting a state of {{wp|martial law}}.
* to declare a {{wp|state of emergency}} suspending all laws or enacting a state of {{wp|martial law}}.
* to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
* to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
* to appoint the [[Premier of Carucere|Premier]] and other members of the [[Cabinet of Carucere|Cabinet]].
* to appoint senior public officials.  
* to appoint senior public officials.  


There are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. If the Senate votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. In addition major decisions, such as budgetary and military matters, requires the assent of the Cabinet for a presidential decision to take effect. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Cabinet before making important decisions to prevent conflict. Commentators have noted that executive-legislative relations creates a political system where the President is given immense power but only within the confines set by the Senate.
There are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. With few exceptions, if the Senate votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Government before making important decisions to prevent conflict. Commentators have noted that executive-legislative relations creates a political system where the President wields significant powers but only when the Senate is not opposed.


==Removal==
==Removal==
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate {{wp|impeachment}} proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.  
==List of Presidents of Carucere==
==List of Presidents of Carucere==

Revision as of 16:49, 13 March 2023

President of the
Republic of Carucere
Prezidan Repiblik Karuku
Cacique's Crown Guyana (variant).svg
Presidential Emblem
Annene flag.png
Presidential Standard
Irfaan Ali in 2020.jpg
Incumbent
Neil Gaubina
since 1 December 2018
StyleHis Excellency
StatusHead of state
ResidenceState House, Carucere
SeatKingston
AppointerDirect election
Term lengthFour years
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Carucere
PrecursorGovernor of Carucere
Inaugural holderJean Preval
Formation17 July 1957
SuccessionPremier of Carucere
(as Vice President)
DeputyVice President of Carucere

The President of Carucere, officially the President of the Republic of Carucere (Papotement: Prezidan Repiblik Karuku), is the head of state of Carucere. Under the Constitution of Carucere the president holds the highest office of the national government as chief diplomat and commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic. The current president is Neil Gaubina, who took office on 1 December 2018.

Under the parliamentary system of the Carucerean Republic, the Presidency was a completely ceremonial office with no real executive power. Under the new constitution, the office were granted additional executive powers to increase separation of powers. The power further increased under the Presidency by Jean Preval, who held the office for 12 years from 1972 to 1984. Today Carucere functions as a de-facto semi-presidential republic, although it has many unique aspects centered around principles of consociationalism. The office is elected by a unique electoral system; a candidate must win an absolute majority nationwide and at least 33 percent of the votes in six of the eleven provinces of Carucere.

Role

Carucere has a de-facto semi-presidential system, with the President as the country's most senior office. Although it is the Premier and the Senate that oversee and direct much of the country's actual governmental affairs, the President president wields significant influence and authority as the guarantor of the country's political stability, although the office is not as powerful as ones found in "strong" presidential systems. The President is chief diplomat and the supreme commander of the Carucerean Defence Force.

The President's greatest power is their ability to appoint the Premier. However, since the Senate must approve the election by a two-thirds majority vote, the Premier named by the president must be supported by the Senate, or the candidate will be denied. The President has the discretionary power to dissolve the Senate when they see fit, such as when the Premier is unable to govern due to the Senate's disapproval. As a result, the President has the ability to guide but not directly effect politics in the country.

The President must promulgate all laws enacted by the Senate or the Government for them to come into force. However the President has the authority to veto laws, although the Senate can override this by a two-thirds majority vote. The president may also refer the law for review by the Council of State if the President doubts its constitutionality. Thus the President acts as a sort of "moderating power" among the traditional three branches of government.

The role of the President historically varied. As President, Preval used his popularity and continuing political instability to exercise prerogatives beyond what was granted to him in the constitution. The President became the main executive power with the Premiership only serving to execute policy rather than creating it. As a result up until the late 1960s, the President's power in Carucere was personalized rather than institutionalized which meant that the power of the president depended largely on President Preval's political standing. Following his retirement in 1984, the Premier and the Senate reasserted their authority and reduced the power of the Presidency.

Qualification

In order to be qualified to be elected president, a candidate must:

  • Be a citizen of Carucere by birth or parentage
  • Have resided in Carucere for a period of seven years prior to the date of the election
  • Be qualified to be elected a member of the Senate, which requires to:
    • Be a citizen of Carucere 18 years or older
    • Be able to speak and read the Gaullican language

Election

The electoral system for the President of Carucere is unique among semi-presidential systems, as it reflects its consociational principles. Under the current electoral law, presidential candidates are nominated by political parties running for the Senate to stand for a direct election. To win outright a candidate must win more than half of the total votes cast in the election and at least 33% of the votes cast in six of the eleven provinces of Carucere. If no candidate achieves, the election proceeds to a run-off election, where candidate with the higher number of nationwide votes wins.

The President may only be reelected once and are limited to two full terms in office.

Powers

As part of their duties under the Constitution of Carucere, the President is required to uphold the Constitution and preserve the safety of Carucere, as the head of state and as the commander-in-chief of the military. To perform their duties, the president is given the powers:

  • to declare war.
  • to promulgate laws.
  • to veto laws, decree-laws, regulatory decrees and other Government decrees.
  • to refer laws and decrees for constitutional review by the Council of State.
  • to dissolve the Senate and call new elections which leads to the resignation of the Government.
  • to appoint the Premier and other members of the Cabinet.
  • to hold a referendum regarding issues of national importance.
  • to issue decrees with the full force of legislation. However decrees can be overridden if the Senate passes conflicting legislation.
  • to submit legislation to the Senate. While the President lacks de jure authority to draft legislation for the Senate, the President usually asks the Premier to submit a bill on their behalf.
  • to issue medals and honors for serving the nation.
  • to issue pardons.
  • to declare a state of emergency suspending all laws or enacting a state of martial law.
  • to regulate and join treaties, alliances, and other agreements coming from foreign states according to the Constitution.
  • to appoint senior public officials.

There are significant limitations on the President's executive powers. With few exceptions, if the Senate votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately. As a result, the President usually holds consultations with the Senate and the Government before making important decisions to prevent conflict. Commentators have noted that executive-legislative relations creates a political system where the President wields significant powers but only when the Senate is not opposed.

Removal

According to the Constitution of Carucere, the Senate may remove the President due to "permanent moral or physical incapacity", as declared by the Senate. However as the Senate has not defined "moral incapacitation", the Senate can initiate impeachment proceedings against the President effectively without cause. After beginning proceedings, the Senate begins a special session, where the accused has the ability to defend themselves in front of the Senate. After a debate, the Senate can remove the President from office by a two-thirds majority vote.

List of Presidents of Carucere

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