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Rhavanese language: Difference between revisions

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==Vowels==
==Vowels==
{| class="wikitable"
Rhavanese, or Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are added long vowels such as; aa, and oo.
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|- align="center"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|o:}}/oo/
|- align="center"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|a:}}/aa/
|}


:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Line 360: Line 348:
| a {{IPA|[aː]}}<br />ă {{IPA|[a]}}
| a {{IPA|[aː]}}<br />ă {{IPA|[a]}}
| o {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
| o {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|}
In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs.
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! [[Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| ia~iê {{IPA|[iə̯]}}
|
| ưa~ươ {{IPA|[ɯə̯]}}
| ua~uô {{IPA|[uə̯]}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| i {{IPA|[i]}}
|
| ư {{IPA|[ɯ]}}
| u {{IPA|[u]}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| ê {{IPA|[e]}}
|
| ơ {{IPA|[ɤ]}}
| ô {{IPA|[o]}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| e {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
| ă {{IPA|[ɐ]}}
| â {{IPA|[ʌ]}}
| o {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| a {{IPA|[a]}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
This description distinguishes four degrees of vowel height and a rounding contrast (rounded vs. unrounded) between back vowels. The relative shortness of ''ă'' and ''â'' would then be a secondary feature. Thompson describes the vowel ''ă'' {{IPA|[ɐ]}} as being slightly higher ([[Near-open vowel|upper low]]) than ''a'' {{IPA|[a]}}.</ref>
The centering diphthongs are formed with only the three high vowels (i, ư, u). They are generally spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, respectively, when they are followed by a consonant.
In addition to single vowels (or [[monophthong]]s) and centering diphthongs, Vietnamese has closing [[diphthong]]s<ref>In Vietnamese, diphthongs are ''âm đôi''.</ref> and [[triphthong]]s. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel [[offglide]] {{IPA|/j/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}.<ref>The closing diphthongs and triphthongs as described by Thompson can be compared with the description above:
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| {{IPA|/w/}} offglide
! colspan="2"| {{IPA|/j/}} offglide
|-
! [[Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iêu {{IPA|[iə̯w]}}
| ươu {{IPA|[ɯə̯w]}}
| ươi {{IPA|[ɯə̯j]}}
| uôi {{IPA|[uə̯j]}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| iu {{IPA|[iw]}}
| ưu {{IPA|[ɯw]}}
| ưi {{IPA|[ɯj]}}
| ui {{IPA|[uj]}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| êu {{IPA|[ew]}}
| rowspan="2"|  –<br />âu {{IPA|[ʌw]}}
| rowspan="2"| ơi {{IPA|[ɤj]}}<br />ây {{IPA|[ʌj]}}
| ôi {{IPA|[oj]}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| eo {{IPA|[ɛw]}}
| oi {{IPA|[ɔj]}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| &nbsp;
| ao {{IPA|[aw]}}<br />au {{IPA|[ɐw]}}
| ai {{IPA|[aj]}}<br />ay {{IPA|[ɐj]}}
| &nbsp;
|}
</ref> There are restrictions on the high offglides: {{IPA|/j/}} cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and {{IPA|/w/}} cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.<ref>The lack of diphthong consisting of a ''ơ'' + back offglide (i.e., {{IPA|[əːw]}}) is an apparent gap.</ref>
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| {{IPA|/w/}} offglide
! colspan="2"| {{IPA|/j/}} offglide
|-
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2"| [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iêu {{IPA|[iə̯w]}}
| ươu {{IPA|[ɨə̯w]}}
| ươi {{IPA|[ɨə̯j]}}
| uôi {{IPA|[uə̯j]}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| iu {{IPA|[iw]}}
| ưu {{IPA|[ɨw]}}
| ưi {{IPA|[ɨj]}}
| ui {{IPA|[uj]}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| êu {{IPA|[ew]}}
|  –<br />âu{{IPA|[əw]}}
| ơi {{IPA|[əːj]}}<br />ây {{IPA|[əj]}}
| ôi {{IPA|[oj]}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[Open vowel|Open]]
| eo {{IPA|[ɛw]}}
| ao {{IPA|[aːw]}}<br />au {{IPA|[aw]}}
| ai {{IPA|[aːj]}}<br />ay {{IPA|[aj]}}
| oi {{IPA|[ɔj]}}
|}
|}


Revision as of 15:35, 13 July 2021

Nhai
Rhavanese, Rhavan Speak
Native toRhavanese Flag.png Rhava
EthnicityRhavanese
Native speakers
30,000,000
Huang
  • Eastern
    • Nhai
Standard forms
Northern (standard script)
Dialects
  • Northern
  • Central
  • Southern
  • Traditional
  • Formal
Official status
Official language in
Rhava
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Nhai is the official language of Rhava and is a part of the Huang family tree. Nhai is separated into to writing scripts, ancient and standard. In modern day cities only standard is taught, but in rural areas ancient is taught.

Writing System

Writing system

Nhai (Rhavanese) is written in the Anglo-Rhav Alphabet, which is a modified Latin alphabet used for Rhavanese languages.

Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Majuscule Ă Â E Ê I O Ô Ơ U Ư B C D Đ G H J K L M N P Ts Q R S T V X Y
Minuscule ă â e ê i o ô ơ u ư b c d đ g h j k l m n p ts q r s t v x y
IPA Sound Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ă" not found in list Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "â" not found in list e Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ê" not found in list i o Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ô" not found in list Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ơ" not found in list u Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ư" not found in list b c d Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "đ" not found in list g h j k l m n p t͡s q r s t v x y

Rhavanese Letters

letter sound
ă ah
aa ah (elongated)
â uh
ä ay
e ai(r)
ê ey
ë ooh-weh
o awh (back of throat)
ô oh
ơ owh (front of mouth)
ö er
u ooh
ư uwh (front of mouth)
ü ooh-weeh
y eeh
b buh
c cuh
d yuh
đ duh
g yuh (south), zhuh
h hah (whisper)
j juh
k ka
l luh
m muh
n nuh
p puh
q wuh
r vuh (north), ruh (roll tongue)
s shuh
t tuh (soft)
v yuh (south), vuh
x suh
y yuh

Rhavanese Phonology

Initial consonants

Initial consonants which exist only in the Northern dialect are in red, while those that exist only in the Southern dialect are in blue.

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ/nh/ ŋ/ng/
Stop/
Affricate 		tenuis (p) t ʈ/tr/ c/ch/ k (ʔ/oi/)
aspirated tʰ/th/
glottalized ɓ/b/ ɗ/d/
Fricative voiceless f/ph/ s ʂ/sh/ x/kh/ h
voiced v/y/ z ɣ/gh/
Approximant l j/y/ w
Rhotic ɹ/r/ (trilled)

Vowels

Rhavanese, or Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are added long vowels such as; aa, and oo.

  Front Central Back
Centering ia/iê [iə̯] ưa/ươ [ɨə̯] ua/uô [uə̯]
Close i/y [i] ư [ɨ] u [u]
Close-mid/
Mid 		ê [e] ơ [əː]
â [ə] 		ô [o]
Open-mid/
Open 		e [ɛ] a [aː]
ă [a] 		o [ɔ]

In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs.

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Centering ia~iê [iə̯] ưa~ươ [ɯə̯] ua~uô [uə̯]
Close i [i] ư [ɯ] u [u]
Close-mid ê [e] ơ [ɤ] ô [o]
Open-mid e [ɛ] ă [ɐ] â [ʌ] o [ɔ]
Open a [a]

This description distinguishes four degrees of vowel height and a rounding contrast (rounded vs. unrounded) between back vowels. The relative shortness of ă and â would then be a secondary feature. Thompson describes the vowel ă [ɐ] as being slightly higher (upper low) than a [a].</ref>

The centering diphthongs are formed with only the three high vowels (i, ư, u). They are generally spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, respectively, when they are followed by a consonant.

In addition to single vowels (or monophthongs) and centering diphthongs, Vietnamese has closing diphthongs[1] and triphthongs. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel offglide /j/ or /w/.[2] There are restrictions on the high offglides: /j/ cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and /w/ cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.[3]

  /w/ offglide /j/ offglide
Front Central Back
Centering iêu [iə̯w] ươu [ɨə̯w] ươi [ɨə̯j] uôi [uə̯j]
Close iu [iw] ưu [ɨw] ưi [ɨj] ui [uj]
Close-mid/
Mid 		êu [ew] –
âu[əw] 		ơi [əːj]
ây [əj] 		ôi [oj]
Open-mid/
Open 		eo [ɛw] ao [aːw]
au [aw] 		ai [aːj]
ay [aj] 		oi [ɔj]

Diaeresis (diacritic)

letter sound
ü oo-weeh
ë ooh-weh
ö er
ä ay

Rhavanese Phonetics

Name Description Diacritic Example
ngang   'level' mid level (no mark) ma  'ghost'
huyền   'deep' low falling (often breathy) ◌̀ (grave accent) mà  'but'
sắc   'sharp' high rising ◌́ (acute accent) má  'cheek, mother (southern)'
hỏi   'questioning' mid dipping-rising ◌̉ (hook above) mả  'tomb, grave'
ngã   'tumbling' creaky high breaking-rising ◌̃ (tilde) mã  'horse
nặng   'heavy' falling ◌̣ (dot below) mạ  'rice seedling'
Vēn   'continuation' straight tone (medium length) ◌̣ (straight line above) mā  'used before Tü to symbolize ownership of subject'
  1. ↑ In Vietnamese, diphthongs are âm đôi.
  2. ↑ The closing diphthongs and triphthongs as described by Thompson can be compared with the description above:
      /w/ offglide /j/ offglide
    Centering iêu [iə̯w] ươu [ɯə̯w] ươi [ɯə̯j] uôi [uə̯j]
    Close iu [iw] ưu [ɯw] ưi [ɯj] ui [uj]
    Close-mid êu [ew] –
    âu [ʌw]     		ơi [ɤj]
    ây [ʌj]     		ôi [oj]
    Open-mid eo [ɛw] oi [ɔj]
    Open   ao [aw]
    au [ɐw]     		ai [aj]
    ay [ɐj]     		 
  3. ↑ The lack of diphthong consisting of a ơ + back offglide (i.e., [əːw]) is an apparent gap.
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