Rhavanese language: Difference between revisions
(→Vowels) |
(→Vowels) |
||
| Line 320: | Line 320: | ||
==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||
Rhavanese, or Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are added long vowels such as; aa, and oo. | Rhavanese, or Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are also added long vowels such as; aa, and oo. | ||
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Line 391: | Line 391: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Centering diphthongs are formed with only the three vowels; i, ư, u. They are usually spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, when they are followed by a consonant. | |||
In addition to | In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel [[offglide]] {{IPA|/j/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}. | ||
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
Revision as of 15:40, 13 July 2021
 | This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
| Nhai | |
|---|---|
| Rhavanese, Rhavan Speak | |
| Native to |  Rhava |
| Ethnicity | Rhavanese |
Native speakers | 30,000,000 |
Huang
| |
Standard forms | Northern (standard script)
|
| Dialects |
|
| Official status | |
Official language in | Rhava |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Nhai is the official language of Rhava and is a part of the Huang family tree. Nhai is separated into to writing scripts, ancient and standard. In modern day cities only standard is taught, but in rural areas ancient is taught.
Writing System
Writing system
Nhai (Rhavanese) is written in the Anglo-Rhav Alphabet, which is a modified Latin alphabet used for Rhavanese languages.
| Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majuscule | Ă | Â | E | Ê | I | O | Ô | Ơ | U | Ư | B | C | D | Đ | G | H | J | K | L | M | N | P | Ts | Q | R | S | T | V | X | Y | |
| Minuscule | ă | â | e | ê | i | o | ô | ơ | u | ư | b | c | d | đ | g | h | j | k | l | m | n | p | ts | q | r | s | t | v | x | y | |
| IPA Sound | Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ă" not found in list | Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "â" not found in list | e | Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ê" not found in list | i | o | Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ô" not found in list | Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ơ" not found in list | u | Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ư" not found in list | b | c | d | Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "đ" not found in list | g | h | j | k | l | m | n | p | t͡s | q | r | s | t | v | x | y |
Rhavanese Letters
| letter | sound |
|---|---|
| ă | ah |
| aa | ah (elongated) |
| â | uh |
| ä | ay |
| e | ai(r) |
| ê | ey |
| ë | ooh-weh |
| o | awh (back of throat) |
| ô | oh |
| ơ | owh (front of mouth) |
| ö | er |
| u | ooh |
| ư | uwh (front of mouth) |
| ü | ooh-weeh |
| y | eeh |
| b | buh |
| c | cuh |
| d | yuh |
| đ | duh |
| g | yuh (south), zhuh |
| h | hah (whisper) |
| j | juh |
| k | ka |
| l | luh |
| m | muh |
| n | nuh |
| p | puh |
| q | wuh |
| r | vuh (north), ruh (roll tongue) |
| s | shuh |
| t | tuh (soft) |
| v | yuh (south), vuh |
| x | suh |
| y | yuh |
Rhavanese Phonology
Initial consonants
Initial consonants which exist only in the Northern dialect are in red, while those that exist only in the Southern dialect are in blue.
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ/nh/ | ŋ/ng/ | |||
| Stop/ Affricate |
tenuis | (p) | t | ʈ/tr/ | c/ch/ | k | (ʔ/oi/) |
| aspirated | tʰ/th/ | ||||||
| glottalized | ɓ/b/ | ɗ/d/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f/ph/ | s | ʂ/sh/ | x/kh/ | h | |
| voiced | v/y/ | z | ɣ/gh/ | ||||
| Approximant | l | j/y/ | w | ||||
| Rhotic | ɹ/r/ (trilled) | ||||||
Vowels
Rhavanese, or Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are also added long vowels such as; aa, and oo.
Front Central Back Centering ia/iê [iə̯] ưa/ươ [ɨə̯] ua/uô [uə̯] Close i/y [i] ư [ɨ] u [u] Close-mid/
Midê [e] ơ [əː]
â [ə]ô [o] Open-mid/
Opene [ɛ] a [aː]
ă [a]o [ɔ]
In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs.
Front Central Back unrounded rounded Centering ia~iê [iə̯] ưa~ươ [ɯə̯] ua~uô [uə̯] Close i [i] ư [ɯ] u [u] Close-mid ê [e] ơ [ɤ] ô [o] Open-mid e [ɛ] ă [ɐ] â [ʌ] o [ɔ] Open a [a]
Centering diphthongs are formed with only the three vowels; i, ư, u. They are usually spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, when they are followed by a consonant.
In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel offglide /j/ or /w/.
/w/ offglide /j/ offglide Centering iêu [iə̯w] ươu [ɯə̯w] ươi [ɯə̯j] uôi [uə̯j] Close iu [iw] ưu [ɯw] ưi [ɯj] ui [uj] Close-mid êu [ew] –
âu [ʌw]ơi [ɤj]
ây [ʌj]ôi [oj] Open-mid eo [ɛw] oi [ɔj] Open ao [aw]
au [ɐw]ai [aj]
ay [ɐj]
</ref> There are restrictions on the high offglides: /j/ cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and /w/ cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.[1]
/w/ offglide /j/ offglide Front Central Back Centering iêu [iə̯w] ươu [ɨə̯w] ươi [ɨə̯j] uôi [uə̯j] Close iu [iw] ưu [ɨw] ưi [ɨj] ui [uj] Close-mid/
Midêu [ew] –
âu[əw]ơi [əːj]
ây [əj]ôi [oj] Open-mid/
Openeo [ɛw] ao [aːw]
au [aw]ai [aːj]
ay [aj]oi [ɔj]
Diaeresis (diacritic)
| letter | sound |
|---|---|
| ü | oo-weeh |
| ë | ooh-weh |
| ö | er |
| ä | ay |
Rhavanese Phonetics
| Name | Description | Diacritic | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ngang 'level' | mid level | (no mark) | ma 'ghost' | |
| huyền 'deep' | low falling (often breathy) | ◌̀ (grave accent) | mà 'but' | |
| sắc 'sharp' | high rising | ◌́ (acute accent) | má 'cheek, mother (southern)' | |
| hỏi 'questioning' | mid dipping-rising | ◌̉ (hook above) | mả 'tomb, grave' | |
| ngã 'tumbling' | creaky high breaking-rising | ◌̃ (tilde) | mã 'horse | |
| nặng 'heavy' | falling | ◌̣ (dot below) | mạ 'rice seedling' | |
| Vēn 'continuation' | straight tone (medium length) | ◌̣ (straight line above) | mā 'used before Tü to symbolize ownership of subject' |
- ↑ The lack of diphthong consisting of a ơ + back offglide (i.e., [əːw]) is an apparent gap.