Rhavanese language: Difference between revisions

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{{WIP}}
{{Region icon Eurth}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name             = Nhai
| name = Khotirava
| altname         =  
| altname = Rhavanese
| nativename       = Phasieng Nhai
| nativename = Ghātikhaobák
| acceptance      =
| states = [[Rhava]]
| image            =
| ethnicity = [[Demographics of Rhava|Rhavanese]]
| imagesize        =
| speakers = 171,080
| imagealt        =
| date = 2013
| imagecaption    =
| ref = e18
| pronunciation    =  
| speakers2 = Total speakers: 640,000<ref name="How many people speak Dzongkha">{{cite web|url=http://www.languagecomparison.com/en/how-many-people-speak-dzongkha/model-136-7 |title=How many people speak Dzongkha?|publisher=languagecomparison.com|access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref>
| states           =  
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
[[File:RhavaFlag4.jpg|25px|frameless]] [[Rhava]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Khiewsiak]]
| region          =
| ancestor2 = [[Old Rhavan]]
| creator          =
| ancestor3 = [[Classical Rhavan]]
| created          =
| script = [[Rha script]]<br/>[[Rha Braille]]
| setting          =
| nation = {{RHA}}
| ethnicity        = Nhai, Rhavanese
| agency =  
| extinct          =
| dia1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham Rha]]
| era              =
| dia2 = [[Knem Rha dialect|Lunana]]
| speakers         = 3,500,052
| dia3 = Adap
| date             =
| iso1 = dz
| dateprefix      =
| iso2 = dzo
| ref             =  
| iso3 = dzo
| refname          =
| lc1 = lya
| speakers2        =
| ld1 = [[Laya dialect|Laya]]
| revived          =
| lc2 = luk
| revived-category =
| ld2 = [[Lunana dialect|Lunana]]
| familycolor      = Austroasiatic
| lc3 = adp
| fam1            = Indonadisi
| ld3 = Adap
| fam2            = Rhavic
| glotto = nucl1307
| protoname        =
| glottorefname = Nuclear Dzongkhic
| ancestor        =
| lingua = 70-AAA-bf
| ancestor2        = <!-- up to ancestor8 -->
| map = Dzongkha native language districts.svg
| standards        =
| mapcaption = Districts of Bhutan in which the Dzongkha language is spoken natively are highlighted in yellow.
| stand1          = Northern
| notice = IPA
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| image =  
| dialects        =
[[File:Khotirava3.png|200px]]
| listclass        =
| imagecaption =  
| dia1            = Northern
| dia2            = Southern
| dia3            =  
| dia4            =
| dia5            =
| script           =
| sign            =
| posteriori      =
| nation          = [[Rhava]]
| minority        =
| agency          =
| development_body =
| iso1             =
| iso1comment      =
| iso2             =
| iso2b            =
| iso2t            =
| iso2comment      =
| iso3             =
| iso3comment      =
| lc1             =
| ld1             =
| lc2             = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| ld2             = <!-- up to ld30 -->
| iso6            =
| isoexception    =
| linglist        =
| lingname        =
| linglist2        = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
| glotto           =
| glottoname      =
| glotto2          = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| glottoname2      = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
| aiatsis          =
| aiatsisname      =
| aiatsis2        = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| aiatsisname2    = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| guthrie          =
| ELP              =
| ELPname          =
| ELP2            = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
| ELPname2        = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
| glottopedia      =
| lingua          =
| lingua_ref      =
| ietf            =
| map             =
| mapsize          =
| mapalt          =
| mapcaption       =  
| map2            =
| mapalt2          =
| mapcaption2      =
| pushpin_map      =
| pushpin_image    =
| pushpin_map_alt  =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize  =
| pushpin_label          =
| pushpin_label_position  =
| coordinates      = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
| module          =
| notice          =  
}}
}}


Nhai is a regional language of [[Rhava]], and the sole official language of the [[Nhai]] ethnic group and used daily in [[Nokornhai]].
'''Rha''', or '''Khótirâvá''' alternatively referred to as '''Ghātikhaobák''', is a [[Alharun]] native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in [[Rhava]].
 
 
==Nhai Phonology==
==Consonants==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
! colspan="2" width=25% |
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Retroflex]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m {{IPA link|m|[m]}}
| m {{IPA link|n|[m]}}
|
| nh {{IPA link|ɲ|[ɲ]}}
| ng {{IPA link|ŋ|[ŋ]}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[wikipedia:Tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
| p, ph ({{IPA link|p|[p]}})
| t {{IPA link|t|[t]}}
| style="background-color: #ccf" | tr {{IPA link|ʈ|[ʈ]}}
| dy [{{IPAlink|dʒ}}]<br>ch [{{IPAlink|tʃ}}]
| k {{IPA link|k|[k]}}
| (awh ({{IPA link|ʔ|[ʔ]}})
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|
| th {{IPA|tʰ|[tʰ]}}<br>{{IPAlink|ts}}<br>tl [{{IPAlink|tɬ}}]
|
|
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Glottalization|glottalized]]</small>
| b {{IPA link|ɓ|[ɓ]}}
| d {{IPA link|ɗ|[ɗ]}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[wikipedia:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ph {{IPA link|f|[f]}}
| {{IPA link|s|[s]}}
| style="background-color: #ccf" | sh {{IPA link|ʂ|[ʂ]}}
|
| kh {{IPA link|x|[x]}}
| h {{IPA link|h|[h]}}
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v|[v]}}/y/
| style="background-color: #fcc" | z {{IPA link|z|[z]}}
|
|
| gh {{IPA link|ɣ|[ɣ]}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| l {{IPA link|l|[l]}}
|
|style="background-color: #ccf" | y {{IPA link|j|[j]}}
| qu {{IPA link|w|[w]}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| style="background-color: #ccf" | r {{IPA link|ɹ|[ɹ]}}
|
|
|
|
|}
:{{colorbox|#fcc}} - only found in the Northern Dialect
:{{colorbox|#ccf}} - only found in the Southern Dialect
 
==Vowels==
Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are also added long vowels such as; aa, and ee.
 
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! &nbsp;
! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iah [iə̯]
| uah, uoh [ɨə̯]
| ua/uô [uə̯]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| iv, ee, y {{IPA link|i|[i]}}
| wuh {{IPA link|u|[u]}}
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ey, ay, eh {{IPA link|e|[e]}}
| uh {{IPA link|əː|[əː]}}<br />â {{IPA link|ə|[ə]}}
| oh {{IPA link|o|[o]}}
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|e {{IPA link||ɛ[ɛ]}}
| a {{IPA link|aː|[aː]}}<br />ah {{IPA link|a|[a]}}
| o {{IPA link|ɔ|[ɔ]}}
|}
 
 
In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs.  The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel [[wikipedia:offglide]] {{IPA link|j|/j/}} or {{IPA link|w|/w/}}.
 
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w|/w/}} offglide
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|j|/j/}} offglide
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iew [iə̯w
| uouh [ɯə̯w
| uy [ɯə̯j
| uyohiv [uə̯j
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| iu [iw]
| u'u [ɯw]
| uiv, uiy [ɯj]
| uiv, uee [uj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| eu [ew]
| rowspan="2"|  –<br />âu [ʌw]
| rowspan="2"| uhy, uyhiv [ɤj]<br />ay [ʌj]
| oi, oy [oj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| eo [ɛw]
| oi [ɔj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| &nbsp;
| ao [aw]<br />au [ɐw]
| ai [aj]<br />ay [ɐj]
| &nbsp;
|}
</ref> There are restrictions on the high offglides: {{IPA link|j|/j/}} cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and {{IPA link|w|/w/}} cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.
 
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w|/w/}} offglide
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|j|/j/}} offglide
|-
! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iew [iə̯w]
| uouh [ɨə̯w]
| uhy, uhuy [ɨə̯j]
| uy [uə̯j]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| iu [iw]
| u'u [ɨw]
| eiv, uhyiv [ɨj]
| ui [uj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| eu [ew]
|  –<br />âu[əw]
| uyh [əːj]<br />ay [əj]
| oiv, ohwiv [oj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| eo [ɛw]
| ao [aːw]<br />au [aw]
| ai [aːj]<br />ay [aj]
| oi [ɔj]
|}
 
==Nhai Phonetics==
 
In Nhai latinization most tones are not shone in actual writing, with the exception of the ''tieptuhk'' tone, which is sometimes shown with the word mā or mah.
 
A sentence such as;
 
''Tuy Hak Yeo Lom Me Mā Tuy''
 
would be pronounced as
 
''Tuy Hak Yểo Lòm Mẹ Mā Tuy''
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Description
! Diacritic
! Example
|-
| '''ngang''' &nbsp; 'level'
| mid level
| align="center" | <small>(no mark)</small>
| ''ma'' &nbsp;'ghost'
|-
| '''huyen''' &nbsp; 'deep'
| low falling (often breathy)
| align="center" | '''◌̀''' ([[wikipedia:grave accent]])
| ''mà'' &nbsp;'but'
|-
| '''sakhun''' &nbsp; 'sharp'
| high rising
| align="center" | '''◌́''' ([[wikipedia:acute accent]])
| ''má'' &nbsp;'cheek, mother (southern)'
|-
| '''hoi''' &nbsp; 'questioning'
| mid dipping-rising
| align="center" | '''◌̉''' ([[wikipedia:hook above]])
| ''mả'' &nbsp;'tomb, grave'
|-
| '''nga''' &nbsp; 'tumbling'
| creaky high breaking-rising
| align="center" | '''◌̃''' ([[wikipedia:tilde]])
| ''mã'' &nbsp;'horse
|-
| '''naknanh''' &nbsp; 'heavy'
| falling
|align="center" | '''◌̣''' ([[wikipedia:dot (diacritic)|dot below]])
| ''mạ'' &nbsp;'rice seedling'
|-
|'''tieptuhk''' &nbsp; 'continuation'
| straight tone (medium length)
| align="center" | '''◌̣''' ([[wikipedia:straight line above)|straight line above]])
| ''mā'' &nbsp;'used before Tuy to symbolize ownership of subject'
|}
 
 
==Personal Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Word
!Definition
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Singular'''
|-
| 1st
| Tuy
| I, me
|-
| 2nd
| Lanh
| you (older male)
|-
| 2nd
| Lom
| you (older female)
|-
| 2nd
| Kasonh
| you (younger male)
|-
| 2nd
| Kasanh
| you (younger female)
|-
| 2nd
| Nawh
| you (close friend)
|-
| 3rd
| Lanh Nan
| he (older male)
|-
| 3rd
| Lom Nan
| she (older female)
|-
| 3rd
| Kasonh Nan
| he (younger male)
|-
| 3rd
| Kasanh Nan
| She (younger female)
|-
| 3rd
| Hawh
| They
|}
<ref>you can add '''mā''' to any personal pronoun and it will change the meaning to have ownership</ref>
 
==Rhavanese Numerals==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable"
! Literary
! Rhavanese  
|-
| 1
| Mot
|-
| 2
| Thaoh
|-
| 3
| Phat
|-
| 4
| Bom
|-
| 5
| Khi
|-
| 6
| Khoh
|-
| 7
| Sab
|-
| 8
| Thapad
|-
| 9
| Thikhao
|-
| 10
| Muy
|-
| 11
| Muymot
|-
| 12
| Muythaoh
|-
| 13
| Muyphat
|-
| 14
| Muybom
|-
| 15
| Muykham
|-
| 16
| Muykhoh
|-
| 17
| Muysab
|-
| 18
| Muythapad
|-
| 19
| Muythikhao
|-
| 20
| Thaohmuy
|-
| 21
| Thaohmuy mot
|-
| 30
| Phatmuy
|-
| 40
| Bommuy
|-
| 50
| Khimuy
|-
| 60
| Khohmuy
|-
| 70
| Sabmuy
|-
| 80
| Thapadmuy
|-
| 90
| Thikhaomuy
|-
| 100
| Mot Tram
|}
<ref>'''3''' and '''7''' in some regions are also referred to as '''Sap''' and '''Sapa'''</ref>
<ref>5 before 10 is Khi and after 10 is Kham, however in numbers like 51 it would be Khimuy mot</ref>
 
==Language Examples==
===Basic greetings and phrases===
{| class="wikitable"
!Rhavanese
!Translation
!Notes
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Greetings'''
|-
|''Namchao!''
|Hello!
|A formal way of saying hello
|-
|''Chao!''
|Hey/ whats up
|Less formal way of saying hello
|-
|''Chao Chasao''
|Good Morning
|
|-
|''Chao Amaelnh''
|Good Night
|
|-
|''Cham''
|Welcome
|
|-
|''Khivsam Sabit''
|Goodbye/see you again
|
|-
|''Dep Chonleuok''
|Hello and Welcome
|Very formal, directly translates to; beautiful opportunities
|-
|''Namchao Khoediv''
|How are you?
|
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Useful Expressions'''
|-
|''Khobonh''
|Thanks
|You can add a pronoun to the back, you can also say Shukran, or Khonaar
|-
|''Kalinh''
|Please
|
|-
|''Kalinh Saoilai''
|Please Say it Again
|
|-
|''Kalinh Laplai''
|Please repeat
|
|-
|''Ntxua Nawh Lah''
|How old are you
|You can put any pronoun at the beginning
|-
|''Kalinhkao''
|Sorry
|Alternative is Kaling-tlao
|-
|''Kalinhkao, Nhai Mā Tuy Laemn Boun Khandiv''
|Sorry, My Rhavanese is not good
|
|-
|''Banay Souaphomnh Khatroi''
|What time is it
|
|-
|''Tuy Nahivtom''
|I am hungry
|
|-
|''Honh-am Naiuhdao''
|Where is the bathroom?
|
|-
|''Kalinh Hawivdee''
|Please stop
|
|}
 
===Universal Decleration of Human Rights: article 1:===
{| class="wikitable"
| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
|-
| ''Thanhmop Nguy Sinra Dopniv Ya Kintheoathiam Naiuh Phamkyiv Ya Quyen. Hawh Chawbhai Livphon Ya Lungsoanuk Ya Kuanhpativ Zhaikap Ntxoeng-au Naiuh Tinhchai Lamntxanh.
''
|}

Revision as of 23:38, 3 August 2022

Khotirava
Rhavanese
Ghātikhaobák
Khotirava3.png
Native toRhava
EthnicityRhavanese
Native speakers
171,080 (2013)[1]
Total speakers: 640,000[2]
Austroasiatic
  • Khotirava
Early forms
Dialects
Rha script
Rha Braille
Official status
Official language in
Template:RHA
Language codes
ISO 639-1dz
ISO 639-2dzo
ISO 639-3dzo – inclusive code
Individual codes:
lya – Laya
luk – Lunana
adp – Adap
Glottolognucl1307[3]
Linguasphere70-AAA-bf
Dzongkha native language districts.svg
Districts of Bhutan in which the Dzongkha language is spoken natively are highlighted in yellow.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Rha, or Khótirâvá alternatively referred to as Ghātikhaobák, is a Alharun native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in Rhava.

  1. ↑ Template:Ethnologue18
    Template:Ethnologue18
    Template:Ethnologue18
    Template:Ethnologue18
  2. ↑ "How many people speak Dzongkha?". languagecomparison.com. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nuclear Dzongkhic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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