Makka Pakkan language: Difference between revisions
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==History== | ==History== | ||
Makka Pakkan is a Rakanen language that evolved out of the South Rakanen dialects spoken in souhern | Makka Pakkan is a Rakanen language that evolved out of the South Rakanen dialects spoken in souhern Wolcazem. The language's early forms include Old Makka Pakkan, Early and Late Middle Makka Pakkan. | ||
===Old Makka Pakkan=== | ===Old Makka Pakkan=== | ||
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|+ Comparisons | |+ Comparisons | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Proto-Okchon !! Makka Pakkan !! | ! English !! Proto-Okchon !! Makka Pakkan !! Aral'sk !! Ziromnian | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Example || Example || | | ''river'' || Example || Example || ''řeka'' || Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Example || | | ''land'' || Example || ''zem'' || ''zjem'' || Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''sky'' || Example || Example || ''öbloga'' || Example | ||
| | |||
| Example || Example || | |||
|} | |} | ||
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|+ | |+ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]] | ! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]] | ! colspan="2" | | ||
[[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ! [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
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| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant|Stop]] | ![[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant|Stop]] | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|p}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|b}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|p}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|b}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|c}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɟ}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|c}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɟ}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɡ}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|k}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɡ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ![[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|p͡f}} || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|p͡f}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡s}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d͡z}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡s}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d͡z}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d͡ʒ}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d͡ʒ}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡ɕ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d͡ʑ}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|t͡ɕ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|d͡ʑ}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|k͡x}} || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|k͡x}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ![[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|v}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|f}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|v}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|θ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ð}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|θ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ð}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|z}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|s}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|z}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ʒ}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|ʃ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ʒ}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|ɕ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ʑ}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|ɕ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|ʑ}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|x}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ɣ}} | | style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA|x}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA|ɣ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ![[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ʋ}} | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|ʋ}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|j}} | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|j}} | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|w}} | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA|w}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | ![[Wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
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| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ![[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | ! colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | ! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|oral}} | !{{small|oral}} | ||
! {{small|nasal}} | !{{small|nasal}} | ||
! {{small|oral}} | !{{small|oral}} | ||
! {{small|nasal}} | !{{small|nasal}} | ||
! {{small|oral}} | !{{small|oral}} | ||
! {{small|nasal}} | !{{small|nasal}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ![[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| {{IPA|i}} | |{{IPA|i}} | ||
| | | | | | ||
| {{IPA|ɨ}} | |{{IPA|ɨ}} | ||
| | | | | | ||
| {{IPA|u}} | |{{IPA|u}} | ||
| | | | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ![[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
| {{IPA|ɛ}} {{IPA|œ}} | |{{IPA|ɛ}} {{IPA|œ}} | ||
| {{IPA|ɛ̃}} {{IPA|œ̃}} | | {{IPA|ɛ̃}} {{IPA|œ̃}} | ||
| {{IPA|ə}} | |{{IPA|ə}} | ||
| {{IPA|ə̃}} | |{{IPA|ə̃}} | ||
| {{IPA|o}} {{IPA|ɔ}} | |{{IPA|o}} {{IPA|ɔ}} | ||
| {{IPA|ɔ̃}} | |{{IPA|ɔ̃}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | ![[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
| || | | || | ||
| {{IPA|a}} | | | ||
{{IPA|a}} | |||
| | | | | | ||
| {{IPA|ɑ}} | |{{IPA|ɑ}} | ||
| {{IPA|ɑ̃}} | |{{IPA|ɑ̃}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ͱ ⱶ'''<br>/ɣ/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ͱ ⱶ'''<br>/ɣ/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''H h'''<br>/x/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''H h'''<br>/x/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''I i'''<br>/i/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''I i'''<br>/i/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''J j'''<br>/j/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''J j'''<br>/j/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ꝇ ꝇ'''<br>/ʎ/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ꝇ ꝇ'''<br>/ʎ/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''K k'''<br>/k/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''K k'''<br>/k/ | ||
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| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ϝ ϝ'''<br>/ʋ/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ϝ ϝ'''<br>/ʋ/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''X x'''<br>/ks,k͡x/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''X x'''<br>/ks,k͡x/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Y y'''<br>/ɨ/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Y y'''<br>/ɨ/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Z z'''<br>/z/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Z z'''<br>/z/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ź ź'''<br>/ʒ/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ź ź'''<br>/ʒ/ | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ž ž'''<br>/ʑ/ | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |'''Ž ž'''<br>/ʑ/ |
Latest revision as of 10:33, 1 September 2024
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Makka Pakkan | |
---|---|
markąpalką jęzek | |
Pronunciation | /mɑrkɔ̃.pɑlkɑ̃ jɛ̃zɛk/ |
Native to | Makka Pakka |
Ethnicity | Rakanen |
Native speakers | 102 million (2025) |
Okchon
| |
Early forms | Old Makka Pakkan
|
Latin script (Makka Pakkan alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]() |
Regulated by | Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | mp |
ISO 639-2 | mkp (B) map (T) |
ISO 639-3 | mkp |
Makka Pakkan (endonym: markǫpalką jęzek) is a South Rakanen language. It is the native language of the Makka Pakkans and belongs to the Okchonic language family. It is one of three living South Rakanen languages, and is also a part of the larger Rakanen languages. Approximately 102 million people speak Makka Pakkan fluently with 97% living in Makka Pakka; however, only 65% of the Makka Pakkan population speak it as a first language. The Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek (English: Makka Pakkan Academy) is the principal Makka Pakkan council for matters pertaining to the Makka Pakkan language.
History
Makka Pakkan is a Rakanen language that evolved out of the South Rakanen dialects spoken in souhern Wolcazem. The language's early forms include Old Makka Pakkan, Early and Late Middle Makka Pakkan.
Old Makka Pakkan
Middle Makka Pakkan
Makka Pakkan Academy
The Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek (English: Makka Pakkan Academy) was formed in 1938 from the Makka Pakkan Language Act to regulate the Makka Pakkan language due to local differences which the Fascist government intended to erase to improve bureaucracy and communication between the local and national government and further solidify a united Makka Pakkan identity. Even after the overthrow of the Fascist government in 1949, the Academy remained and has grown to be an influential force amongst even other Rakanen languages for example ...
Classification
Makka Pakkan is a member of the South Rakanen languages, along with other languages such as Parsan and Upran. Along with the rest of the Rakanen languages, Makka Pakkan is descended from the Okchon language. Despite its placement in the Okchonic language tree, it is widely considered a linguistic black sheep amongst other Okchonic languages. ...
English | Proto-Okchon | Makka Pakkan | Aral'sk | Ziromnian |
---|---|---|---|---|
river | Example | Example | řeka | Example |
land | Example | zem | zjem | Example |
sky | Example | Example | öbloga | Example |
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||||||
Stop | p | b | t | d | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | ||||
Affricate | p͡f | t͡s | d͡z | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | k͡x | ||||
Fricative | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ɕ | ʑ | x | ɣ |
Approximant | ʋ | j | w | |||||||||
Lateral | l | ʎ | ||||||||||
Trill | r |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
Close | i | ɨ | u | |||
Mid | ɛ œ | ɛ̃ œ̃ | ə | ə̃ | o ɔ | ɔ̃ |
Open |
a |
ɑ | ɑ̃ |
Orthography
The Makka Pakkan alphabet consists of 56 letters; 41 consonants and 15 vowels. Makka Pakkan has 6 unique characters uncommon in other Latin script-based alphabets; Ͱ, Ꝇ, ẞ, Ϝ, Ʒ, Þ, Ꝩ. Despite the latinisation of Makka Pakkan, runes are commonly used in rural areas though mostly by the elderly generation and has been considered endangered due to declining usage so conservation efforts have been pushed forward by both the government and the people.
Α a /ɑ/ |
Ą ą /ɑ̃/ |
Á á /a/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /t͡s/ |
Cś cś /t͡ʃ/ |
Cš cš /t͡ɕ/ |
D d /d/ |
Đ đ /ɟ/ |
Dz dz /d͡z/ |
Dź dź /d͡ʒ/ |
Dž dž /d͡ʑ/ |
E e /ɛ/ |
Ę ę /ɛ̃/ |
É é /œ/ |
E̋ e̋ /œ̃/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /g/ |
Ͱ ⱶ /ɣ/ |
H h /x/ |
I i /i/ |
J j /j/ |
Ꝇ ꝇ /ʎ/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
Ł ł /w/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n/ |
Ń ń /ɲ/ |
O o /ɔ/ |
Ǫ ǫ /ɔ̃/ |
Ó ó /o/ |
P p /p/ |
Pf pf /p͡f/ |
Q q /k/ |
R r /r/ |
S s /s/ |
Ś ś /ʃ/ |
Š š /ɕ/ |
ẞ ß /sː/ |
T t /t/ |
Ŧ ŧ /c/ |
U u /u/ |
Ú ú /ə/ |
Ű ű /ə̃/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /v/ |
Ϝ ϝ /ʋ/ |
X x /ks,k͡x/ |
Y y /ɨ/ |
Z z /z/ |
Ź ź /ʒ/ |
Ž ž /ʑ/ |
Ʒ ʒ /zː/ |
Þ þ /θ/ |
Ꝩ ꝩ /ð/ |