Indian Worker Councils

People's Republic of Indian Worker Councils भारत का जनवादी गणराज्य عوامی جمہوریہ ہند
India ML Flag
Motto: "Inquilab Zindabad! Punjivad Murdabad!"
Anthem: Subh Sukh Chain
INDmap Map of India
Capital	Delhi
Largest city	Capital
Official languages	Hindi, Urdu
Recognised regional languages	Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Tamil, Malayalam, Bangla, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi, Sindhi, Balochi, Gujarati, Odia, Assamese, Maithili, Nepali, Pashto, Sinhala
Ethnic groups	Ethnic data in India isn't taken in Census counts, and laws on estimation are somewhat restrictive in order to stop ethnic tensions from arising
Demonym(s)	Indian
Government	Federal Marxist-Subhasist one-party socialist republic
• President	Subhas Chandra Bose
• Vice President	Mian Akbar Shah
Legislature	National Assembly of India
• Upper house	Politburo of the Communist Party of India
• Lower house	Congress of the Communist Party of India
Establishment
• Formation of Indus Valley civilization	c. 3300 BCE
• Establishment of Mauryan Empire (first unified Indian state)	322 BCE
• Establishment of Mughal Empire (last unified Indian imperial state)	1526 CE
• Establishment of Maratha Empire (last major Indian empire)	1645 CE
• Independence declared from Rome	19 April 1857
• Treaty of Dutchberg	1 July 1865
• Reunification	23 April 1878
Gini (1880)	2.15 low
HDI (1880)	0.517 low
Currency	Socialist rupee (₹)
Time zone	UTC-3 (IST)
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy CE
Driving side	right
ISO 3166 code	IN

The People's Republic of Indian Worker Councils, more commonly known as India is a nation in central Ridgefield. It is a peninsula, surrounded by the Equatorial Sea to the east, the Sea of Sindh to the north, and the Jalloka Ocean to the west. To its south, the Himalayan Mountains stretch from coast to coast, the highest mountains in the world. India does not share any land or maritime borders with any nation. It is the only socialist nation in Ridgefield.

Modern humans arrived on the Indian peninsula no later than 55,000 years ago. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the southwest, unfolding as the language of the Rigveda, and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India. The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions. By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin. Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity, but also marked by the declining status of women, and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief. In northeast India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of the southern continent.

In the early medieval era, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism put down roots on India's eastern and northern coasts. Armed naval invasions intermittently overran India's plains, eventually establishing the Delhi Sultanate, and drawing northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of medieval Islam. In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Empire created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture in northeast India. In the Punjab, Sikhism emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion. The Mughal Empire, in 1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace, leaving a legacy of luminous architecture. Gradually expanding rule of the Roman West India Company followed, turning India into a colonial economy. Imperial Roman rule began in 1757. The rights promised to Indians were rarely granted except to civil servants and military members, but technological changes were introduced, and ideas of education, modernity and the public life took root.

Modern India was born upon the Proclamation of Independence from Rome in 1857. Following Indian victory against the Romans in the First India War, which ended in 1865, the nation was divided into two rival states: the communist Indian Worker Councils and anti-communist Mughal Empire, mainly propped up through foreign resources. Conflicts intensified in the Second India War, which ended with Indian Worker Councils's victory in 1878. India is a secular federal socialist republic. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. Currently, India is embarking on an ambitious industrialization program causing a sharp rise in economic growth and development in the country.

History

By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans, or Homo sapiens, had arrived on the Indian peninsula. The earliest known modern human remains in India date to about 30,000 years ago. After 6500 BCE, evidence for domestication of food crops and animals, construction of permanent structures, and storage of agricultural surplus appeared in Mehrgarh and other sites in what is now Andhra Pradesh. These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, the first urban culture in South Asia, which flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in what is now northern India. Centred around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade. During the period 2000–500 BCE, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic cultures to the Iron Age ones. The Vedas, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism, were composed during this period, and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain. Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the southwest. The caste system, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure, arose during this period. On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation. In northeast India, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of megalithic monuments dating from this period, as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.

In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the mahajanapadas. The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions. Jainism came into prominence during the life of its exemplar, Mahavira. Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India. In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up renunciation as an ideal, and both established long-lasting monastic traditions. Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire. The empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent except the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas. The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist dharma. The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the XII Legion Fulminatia and with the northern continent of Ridgefield. In northwest and southeast India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women. By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms. Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself. This renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite. Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.

The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity. When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan. When his successor attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal. When the Chalukyas attempted to expand eastwards, they were defeated by the Pallavas from farther east, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas from still farther south. No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core region. During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes. The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.

In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language. They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the subcontinent. Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well. Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation. By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as Dravidian-Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Tiskaiya and Bretislavia. Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission. Those from the northern continent took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.

After the 10th century, Muslim southern nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran the Indian Peninsula's Kashmir Valley and Bengal plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206, based in the Delhi city of the Yamuna Lake Valley. The sultanate was to control much of West India and to make many forays into East India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs. By avoiding the scourge of the southern Mongol invaders in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on the central southern continent, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the peninsula, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the west. The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of East India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire. Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of northeast India, and was to influence Dravidian-Indian society for long afterwards.

In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of southern warriors. The resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status. The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency, caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture. Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of northern and eastern India. As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.

By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the Roman West India Company, had established coastal outposts. The West India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over the Bengal region by 1765 and sideline the other imperialist client companies. Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s. India was then no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the XII Legion Fulminatia with raw materials. Many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period. By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the Roman government and having effectively been made an arm of Roman administration, the company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas like education, social reform, and culture.

Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1878. The appointment in 1848 of General Gnaeus Julius Agricola as Governor General of the West India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in the imperial core. However, disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the Naxalbari Insurrection, and the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive Roman-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, However, disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rebellion rocked much of western India. The rebellion was uncoordinated and it was clear that without a unified leadership structure and strategy, at least militarily, the rebellion would fail. The sepoys and civil servants who did revolt would eventually find this leadership with Subhas Chandra Bose politically, becoming the symbol of India for decades to come, and Habibur Rahman, who unified the various sepoy factions into a central chain of command with him and Bose at its head. Other political and military figures close to Bose and the Communist Party formed the first Politburo, the main ruling body of the Indian Rebellion.