User:Luziyca/Sandbox

Estuary Creole
Krio
Region	Rwizikuru
Native speakers	TBD (2011) L2: TBD
Language family	Estmerish-based creole Estmero-Arucian Pidgin Estuary Creole
Writing system	Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	iak

Estuary Creole (Krio) is an Estmerish-based creole language spoken among the Freemen in Rwizikuru.

Etymology

Estuary Creole derives from the estuary of the Rwizikuru River, where the language was commonly spoken. It was given that name in 1887 by linguist Augustine Walsham, to describe the language spoken "by the natives of Port Fitzhubert and its surrounding environs."

History

Estuary Creole is believed by linguists to have originated from a contact language spoken around Estmerish trade posts in present-day Rwizikuru, with linguist Tinozivaishe Makwarimba from the University of Rwizikuru hypothesising that local veRwizi near Fort Graham wishing to trade with Estmere had to learn the Estmerish language, but due to Estmerish's complicated grammar, the veRwizi near Fort Graham simplified it to a point that they can comprehend it, while still getting the message across to the Estmerish merchants.

As the language spread across Estmere's trade posts, the language was carried with slaves to Estmerish colonies, particularly the Colony of Imagua, where it was adopted as a pidgin language, and then as children grew up learning it, developed into a creole language. However, due to the presence of Imaguan Creole on Imagua, the nascent creole language was in competition with Imaguan Creole. As this language further developed in Imagua, the Estmerish slave trade ceased in 1740, leading to a decline in the use of the original pidgin on the coast of present-day Rwizikuru, until by 1801, Fort Graham was abandoned, with linguists believing that the pidgin ceased to be spoken in Bahia by that point.

In the early 19th century, numerous Freemen migrated to present-day Rwizikuru under the auspices of the Saint Geoffrey's Company, bringing their language with them. Although the language was commonly used among the Freemen, it remained primarily a spoken language, with Freemen preferring to write in standard Estmerish and to teach the standard variety of Estmerish.

After the 1860s, Estuary Creole spread from the Freemen settlements to Port Fitzhubert, partially as many Freemen migrated to the city to work for the colonial governmenjt, and partially because native Bahians learnt Estuary Creole. By the 1880s, Estuary Creole had become the dominant language "spoken in the marketplace" of Port Fitzhubert, with linguist Augustine Walsham noting that (TBC).

Phonology

Vowels

Like weRwizi, vowels in Estuary Creole are pronounced like Template:IPA-sn, with vowels maintaining a consistent pronunciation: if a vowel is followed by another vowel, they are to be pronounced separately.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
				plain	whistled
Plosive	voiceless	p		t			k
	breathy	b̤		d̤			ɡ̤
	implosive	ɓ		ɗ
	prenasalized	ᵐb		ⁿd			ᵑɡ
Fricative	voiceless		f	s		ʃ
	breathy		v̤	z̤		ʒ̤		ɦ
	prenasalized
Nasal	plain	m		n		ɲ	ŋ
	breathy	m̤	mʋ̤	n̤
Affricate	voiceless	p͡f		t͡s		t͡ʃ
	breathy	b͡v̤		d͡z̤	d͡z̤ᵝ	d͡ʒ̤
	prenasalized					ⁿd͡ʒ̤
Trill				r
Approximant			ʋ			j	w