Kamany
The Federal Republic of Kamany Kamnia Kamnijk | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of Arms
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| Motto: Dum spiro spero | |
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| Capital and largest city | Kama |
| Official languages | Ladino, Dutch, Polish |
| Demonym(s) | Kamanian |
| Government | Federal parliamentary republic |
| Alesandro Vunilo | |
| Linn Ambux | |
| Legislature | S 2020 |
| Senate | |
| Chamber of Representatives | |
| Alliance | |
• Treaty of Kama | 14 January 1830 |
| Area | |
• Total | 186,927 km2 (72,173 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate | 21, 832, 888 |
• Density | 117/km2 (303.0/sq mi) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | 646,000,000,000 |
• Per capita | 31,128 |
| Currency | Kamanian Pound (KKL) |
| Time zone | UTC +1 |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +40 |
| Internet TLD | |
Kamany [kamani], officially the Republic of Kamany is a landlocked country located in central Europe. It borders France to its west, Bade to its northwest, Ernaf and Luxemburg to its north, Korterzag and Vrdinska to its northeast, Ruthenia to its east, Slovenia to its southeast, Bosnia to its south and the Latin Republic to its southwest. Kamany is home to 21,8 million people, of whom 4,3 million live in the region of Kama, its capital. With an area of 186,927 square kilometres Kamany is not considered as a large country.
History
Antiquity
Kamany was inhabited by Celtic tribes 3200 years ago in the north and Truscian tribes in the south. Truscians developed between the 9th and 3rd century BC developed an agricultural civilization organised around independent kingdoms and civitas. The most famous, Vali, is home now to numerous archaeological discoveries. Celts in the north thrived around small villages and organised an intense trade between northern tribes and Truscians.
The Latin republic, originating from today Latin Republic, conquered the south of Kamany during the 3rd century BC. From 280 to 250 Rome won battles against local civitas and Truscans kingdoms. Celts in the north were conquered in the 1st century BC during the Celtic wars.
Romans rapidly established a network of roads and trade cities around the new provinces, Kanoj (Castra Batavar) and Kama (Comum) were founded by Roman merchants. The south of Kamany was administrated by the province of Panonia and the north was shared between the province of Raetia in the west and Noricum in the east. Romans, Truscans and Celts melted into a unique culture throughout this period; historians call this culture protokamanian or toscavian. Latin language slowly replaced Truscan and Celtic languages and people spoke an ancient version of ladino from the 5th century. Only a small part of the territory, in the east has been lost by Romans in the 1st century AD, in this part of the country, agricultural communities established small tribal kingdoms, such as the mythical Krak around present day Krakow.
Romans after the 3rd century lost a great part of their stability and the Empire started to become threatened by neighbouring tribes. Pescavians and Samarians launch military campaigns and raids towards toscavian cities; La Ventana (Durovigutum), and Belmondo (Aquae Mae) are both totally sacked in the late 4th century. At this time, Christianity develops in cities and extends to rural areas towards the end of 5th century. From this period, local landlords extend their power and establish romanized and ephemeral kingdoms in northern Kamany. The south is more prosperous and not affected before the great wars of the late 5th century. During these wars the last roman administrators leave power, roman armies are dismantled, and trade is dramatically reduced. Between the 6th and 9th centuries, these kingdoms continue to function under old Roman laws and traditions. Populations leave cities and feudalism emerged in this period.
The south of Kamany hosts several archaeological sites
Truscan murals from Agunerou.
Toscavian or protokamanian provinces during the IInd century.
Middle Ages
In the late 8th century the king of Galians (current France, west of Kamany), Desiderius, extends his kingdoms towards the east. He conquers vast territories in Kamany and annexes cities like Kama, La Ventana and Kanoj. After the treaty of Roviera (Rouvières in France) the Empire is divided between his four sons: Frankia in the west with, Campania in the north (north of Kamany), Caroz in the east (centre and east of Kamany) and Lombaria in the south (south of Kamany and norther Bosnia). The king of Caroz, Paulus the first, merges with Campania and Lombaria. During the 9th and 10th centuries, Paulian kings (descendants of Paulus) loosen their power and local lords (domini) become more and more influent. Notwithstanding this fact, Paulian kings keep their status of Defender of the Faith guaranteed by the Pope.
Despite regular tensions between lords (domini), between the 10th and 14th centuries trade thrives, especially along Fly River and the east-west corridor. Cities develop and population doubles during this time (from 2 to 4 million people). Local states, such as Erestakama in the west, Lombaria in the south, and Galicia in the east become fully independent by the end of the 13th century. A network of independence city-states (Kama, La Ventana, Genoa, Leij and Luanda) gains autonomy with negotiated charts at this time. In these city-states local craftsmen organise themselves in guilds and an emerging bourgeoisie working in banking and trade gains more and more power. By the 15th century, city-states are ruled by councils of local bourgeois and craftsmen; these councils elected a chief magistrate and leader called Dogo (from latin Dux) in Kama or Burgomaster (master of town) in Genoa. This organisation and trade allow arts and culture to develop in Kamany.
A representation of Paulus of Caroz
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The Dogo of Kama "Alberto de Sant Alban".
Modern times
During the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century the kingdom of Caroz, ruled by the Defender of the Faith extends its territory through marital unions and purchases of land; Grimaldis originating from Sant Sebastian rule this kingdom. Between 1525 and 1640 the kingdom triples its size and becomes one of the most influent powers in the region; only France in the west, England in the north and Ruthenia in the east are more powerful. Thanks to this period of peace, called European Renew, Kamanian merchants and artists travel from cities to cities and develop scientific knowledge.
The famous king Francesco Grimaldi, reigning from 1583 to 1625, surrounds himself with scholars and founds the Academy of Sciences of Kanoj. Nicknamed the Wise King he sends expeditions towards newly discovered lands across the Atlantic. Under Grimaldis’ name four colonies are founded in central and northern America.
With the development of sciences and an increasing enrichment of clergy, new religious ideas emerge. Protestantism and Calvinism spread in the north east of the country. This expansion leads to an increasing number of local uprisings and confrontations between local princes and newly established religious powers by the middle of the 17th century.
After Bosnia during the 15th century, the extreme south of Kamany is conquered by the Ottomans. Ottomans build fortresses along their northern border. These castles, mostly reconstructed from medieval ruins are still visible in the region of Algecira and the Valley of Murcia River. Ottomans respect local customs and religion but an important number on inhabitants convert to islam, especially to Bektashi Order. Ottomans, leaded by Kara Mustafa Pasha, are stopped in 1683 by armies of the Duke of Galicia, Jan Sobieski and Leopoldo Grimaldi of Caroz at the Pass of Fontana de Usagre.
Jan Sobieski at the battle of Fontana de Usagre painted by Jan Mateko
Turning period of the 17th and 18th centuries
Confident enough after his victory of Fontana de Usagre in 1683, Leopoldo Grimaldi, a staunch proponent of Counter-Reformation, attempts a coup to repress Protestants in the city of Cartego in 1685. In reaction, protestant nobles of Cartego and northern cities of Kamany led ferocious protests: catholic monasteries are burned and Grimaldis’ mercenaries are attacked. The reaction of Leopoldo Grimaldi, the dispatch of troops in the region, headed to wider conflicts and the beginning of Protesting Wars. From 1685 to 1701 Protestant city-states and kingdoms on one hand and catholic ones on the other hand fight each other. The war ends with the Treaty of Benisola signed in April 1701. This treaty rehabilitates freedom of cult in all Kamanian principalities and kingdoms.
Consequences of Protesting Wars affect Kamany during the beginning of the 18th century. Indeed rural areas were heavily affected by raids and cities by sieges. In the meanwhile, an epidemic of plague, probably accentuated by famines and cold winters, kills 200 000 people in 1732-1733. This period of troubles was also marked regular uprisings, such as the Great Uprising of Campania of 1744. This era, from the beginning of the war in 1685 and the last uprisings in 1748, is called the Time of Despair by historians.
The context is also difficult for other regional powers. France and England are on bad terms because of colonial conflicts, religious influence of Jesuits in southern England and tensions around fisheries. The United Kingdom of Latin States and the Ottomans have fought for decades and are getting poorer because of these wars and an increasing distance from new trade routes. In the east, Ruthenia is eager to integrate the rich Duchy of Galicia and have a direct access to rich Korterzag harbours. Anna Maria Grimaldi, Defender of the Faith and new king of Caroz since 1740 and Kamanian nobles impatient to restore their credibility attack Ruthenia in September 1757 in order to protect the Duchy of Galicia. This attack is a complete disaster and starts the Great European War. This war opposes two sides: Kamanian states by Caroz with Galicia, England and Portugal with France, Ruthenia and the United Kingdom of Latin States. Caroz and its allies win the war in 1763, this strengthens the power of Grimaldis, England, Portugal and proximity between Kamanian states.
At the end of the 18th century Kamanian states are closer than ever. They are united by military and trade alliances led by the kingdom of Caroz, the Duchy of Galicia and rich city-states of Kama and Genoa.
Kama during the Plague of 1732
Queen of Caroz and Defender of the Faith, Anna Maria Grimaldi
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Revolutions
The influence of Enlightenments’ philosophy is clearly apparent in European cultures at the end of the 18th. In 1776, English colonies of northern America declare their independence and war against London. France eager to revenge from the War of Six Years declares war to England and its allies. American colonies gain their independence in 1788 but France and England are both heavily affected and largely indebted. In Caroz, the new king, Federico III Grimaldi is heavily influenced by philosophers implements reforms in 1783-1788: Government and administration is centralised, brutal punishments and serfdom are abolished and basic education of all inhabitants is promoted. Federico III is supported by a large part of nobility, the developing bourgeoisie and religious authorities. Most of these reforms are also implemented all over kamanian states. In 1789, France, ruled by the absolute monarch Louis the 16th implements large political reforms in order to restore its finance. These reforms are the beginning a French revolution which rapidly spreads all over Europe.
With a radicalisation of the Revolution after 1790, Louis the 16th, married to the sister of the new king of Caroz, Leopoldo II Grimaldi, flees to the Kamanian states in June 1791. This escape is an excuse for radical French revolutionaries to declare war to counter-revolutionaries (Caroz, most of Kamanian states, England and the United Kingdom of Latin States). At this time, Ruthenia takes this advantage to attack Galicia. During the war Francesco II Grimaldi leads Kamanian armies against French revolutionaries and sister republics of Campania and Brandebao established in western Kamany whereas General Kosciuszko leads Galician armies against Ruthenians. From 1798 English ships block French trade and weaken its economy. Besieged France is obliged to surrender and in February 1805, the Treaty of Saint Maur is signed between all parties. The treaty establishes a new European order and a reestablishment of previous royal families.
After the Treaty of Saint Maur of 1805 and despite the defeat of French revolutionaries, their ideal of freedom is still vivid; scholars and intellectuals organised into “freedom comities” advocate for extensive political reforms. Francisco II Grimaldi worried by possible popular uprisings proposes new reforms and a reinforced union with Galicia, Kama, Campania and Brandebao, they’re enacted by the Treaty of Hal in 1812. Victorious military campaigns of the united armies against the Ottomans and remaining independent kingdoms in the south increase bonds with between Kamanian states. Viktoro Laresimo, doge of Kama, and Francisco II Grimaldi, king of Caroz, undertake a tour through states and mobilise the attention of local nobility and bourgeois for a true union of Kamanian states. With the support of England and France, western states unify with the Treaty of Kama the 14th of January 1830. Kama is designated as the new capital, Francisco Grimaldi as the king and Laresino as the new chief of cabinet.
Kosciuszko in Krakow before the battle of Rzeszow against Ruthenians
Francisco Grimaldi after the unification of Kamany
First industrialisation and territorial formation of Kamany
After its establishment the 14th of January 1830, Francesco Grimaldi, the king and former king of Caroz, and Viktoro Laresino, the chief of cabinet and former doge of Kama, gather a special council composed by nobles and bourgeois from Kamany. Between 1830 and 1832 this council writes the first constitution of the country in which previous states maintain a lot of competences such as internal security, currency and religious law. Kamany as a federal state, with Kama as its capital, is ruled by Francisco Grimaldi as the king and Laresino as the new chief of cabinet. When Francisco dies of a sudden fever at the age of 67, his son Fernando is crowned in June 1835.
The formation of Kamany is contemporary to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Starting in the late 1830s coal mining areas in the north and main cities host an increasing number of proto-industrial workshops. Trade along rivers and roads increases and the first railway is built between Genoa and Baarlouw in 1839. While in cities textile industry develops around ancestral knowledge and guilds, entrepreneurs found with local bankers steel plants. One of the first industrial fabric of steel of Kamany, Staal Kapenaer, quickly nicknamed Stalka, is considered as a symbol of this first industrialisation. This industrialisation transforms a mainly rural society into an urban one with an important working class located in developing urban centres. Despite this fast development, the east and the south of country remain rural and less developed.
Fernando Grimaldi, the king of Kamany, exhausted by difficult harvests in 1846 and 1847 and an increasing opposition of the new urban industrial bourgeoisie is threatened in autumn 1847 by an increasing discontent. In industrial urban centres, such as Kama, Genoa, Kanoj and Krakow, the difference between the “privileged” bourgeois and the working class is clear: working conditions, political rights, hygienic conditions are very harsh for these last ones. Rodrigo Meser, the chief of cabinet of the king, forbids the 25th of February 1848 the organisation of popular soups by socialist groups in Kama and fearing uprisings sends troops to the city. The 27th of February attacks are perpetrated by socialists and the 30th Kamaians march towards the Royal Palace in order to claim politic rights and a new constitution. New urban elites support these demands and request the resignation of Rodrigo Meser and the ratification of a federal constitution. The revolution spreads in big cities and after vigorous fights between royal mercenaries, troops and revolutionaries Fernando Grimaldi dismisses Meser and appoints Giorgio Sarauzo de Monca a liberal as the chief of cabinet in May 1848. Sarauzo de Monca and Francesco Grimaldi propose a new constitution for the country. Urban bourgeoisie supports this proposition but put pressure on nobles to accelerate the process. In July 1848, the constitution is signed by the king and elections (where only homeowners have the right to vote) are won in September by the Conservative-Federalist Party. According to the constitution a federal currency is created, the Kamanian Florin, federal taxes are implemented and the new Federal Guard is created. Remaining workers' and peasants' uprisings are repressed by the Federal Guard with the support of liberals fearing to lose control of the situation. The King, Francesco Grimaldi, weakened by the revolution and important critics from both liberals and conservatives resigns from power the 20th of December 1848 and his young son, Karlos Grimaldi is crowned king the 25th of December.
The king Fernando Grimaldi
States joing the Condeferation of Kamany. 1830: Caroz, Kama, Kampina, Genoa, La Ventana, La Selenha, Western Brandebao. 1833: Hal. 1839: Ilira, Cartego, Exterior Brandebao. 1843: Grimi. 1845: Galicia.
Inauguration of the first railway line between Genoa and Baarlouw in 1839.
The King Karlos Grimaldi in 1848.
Massacres of Galician nobles during the revolution of 1848.
A meeting of liberal-federalists in Kama in March 1848.
Renewed monarchy and territorial gains
The young Karlos Grimaldi, supported by liberal and conservative members of the parliament and highly influenced by his mother, Sofia Grimaldi, his mentor Luis Fonsea and the chief of cabinet Sarauzo de Monca, tries to gain the support of peasants, workers and bourgeois. In March 1850, motivated by this particular social and political context, new articles of the constitution are adopted: Universal suffrage is granted to all Kamanian men over 30, military conscription becomes compulsory for all men and the federal state grants now a total equality of rights for all citizens regardless of religion and ethnicity. For the first time a federal referendum is organised the 5th of April 1850 and the constitution is approved by 86% of voters. In June 1850 a new federal assembly is elected and the new Constitutionalist Party of Sarauzo de Monca reinforces its hegemony. Sarauzo de Monca served as chief of cabinet of the king until his retirement in 1871.
1850s and 1860s are marked by an important economic development. Economic liberalism and unified taxes in the kingdom are a formidable incentive for the development of trade and industry throughout the country. Agriculture is modernised with an intensive reparcelling and railway are built across Kamany. With the modernisation of the country Kama and other main cities are transformed: walls are destroyed are replaces by defensive forts, large avenues and squares are designed in city centres (Avenida Heroi and La Rambla in Kama, Planty in Krakow, Plaza Grimaldi in Kanoj and Avenida Koekel in Genoa) and impressive monuments representative of the new opulence are built (Opera and National Library of Kama, Art Museum of Genoa).
The years 1850-1880 are also marked by an impressive territorial expansion of Kamany. With an intensive lobbying with European royal courts, Sarauzo de Monca and Karlos Grimaldi obtained in 1852 the annexation of the Principalty of Monastir and the Sandzak of Kamero, populated by Ladinos but still administered by the weakened Ottomans, and the region of Lviv populated by Poles and controlled by the Cossack Hetmanate. Furthermore in 1857 during the War of Tatras against the Cossacks their state is shared between Ruthenia and Venice and Kamany gains the territory of Eastern Galicia. Eager to control a safe access to the sea, Kamany dismantles with the agreement of European powers the remains of the Ottomans in Bosnia from 1868 to 1884: coastal Dobrinja in fully integrated in the kingdom and the rest of Bosnia is considered as a protectorate administered under military rule.
Territorial gains of Kamany from 1848 to 1884.
The king Karlos Grimaldi of Kamany in 1861.
Sarauzo de Monca in 1853.
The arrival of Kamanian troops in Sarajevo in 1878.
Urban transformation of Kama in 1870s
Kamanian “Beautiful Epoch”
Years 1880-1914 is subsequently seen as a golden age, a “Beautiful Epoch”. This period in Kamany is characterised by optimism, economic prosperity, regional peace, colonial expansion and technological and cultural innovations.
After the retirement of Sarauzo de Monca in 1871, the Constitutionalist Party stays in power until the political crisis of 1882 when the Liberal Party is founded. After that a political bipolar system emerges between liberals and constitutionalists (which became more conservative) up till 1900s. This weakening of the Constitutionalist Party is the occasion for the king Karlos Grimaldi to deepen his power. With regular changes of chief of cabinet his role of neutral arbitrator becomes the one of a political facilitator, guarantying him a central position in the political game of Kamany. Moreover the image of “El Velo Senhor” (“the old man” in Ladino) of Karlos grows into one of the key stones of a developing national self-consciousness: the portrait of the king is ubiquitous in public spaces and state symbols. The emergence of socialists, economic development and a liberal bourgeoisie in 1900s led to the implementation of social reforms during this period: Strikes were legalised in 1905, a minimal welfare system was introduced in 1907, Sunday rest was established in 1909 and universal suffrage for all men over 21 in 1912. Even if Karlos Grimaldi was close to liberals and keen on laissez-faire ideologies, he supported these reforms in order to restrict the influence of communists and anarchists in the country.
After the total occupation of Bosnia in 1884 Kamany tries to enter the colonial game. A royal marine is quickly established in 1880 and extended in the following years. In the meanwhile the country started to show great commercial interest in several distant locations such as the Samoan islands, Morocco, Zanzibar and Taiwan. The Sultanate of Zanzibar becomes de facto a Kamanian protectorate thanks to the coup of Baleares in 1890. Zanzibar stays independent but Kamanians control trade and install a new sultan who abolishes slavery in 1902. After this, Western Kamanian Samoa is established as a protectorate in 1900 and the city of Salé and Tangier in Morocco become Kamanian harbours in 1908. Kamany doesn’t succeed to establish a protectorate in Taiwan but retains a concession in Tainan from 1909. In the immediate neighbourhood of Kamany, Bosnia is totally annexed in 1908. At the turn of the century colonisation is energetically promoted by liberals and the new radical left.
Prominent artistic movements of Kamany during this period are Symbolism in 1880s-1890s and Futurism and Art Nouveau in 1900s-1910s. In the field of literature, Sofia Haboma is the author of the series of novels telling the story of the Puna family and Joorn Heseld, wrote the famous “the Promise Land” in 1899 a social panorama of Genoa during the industrial revolution. Alfonso Somera, from Kama, is a famous composer of that time and actively worked with musicians from England and France. Major cities of Kamany, such as Kama, Kanoj, Genoa and Krakow were redeveloped during this period with the construction of Art Nouveau buildings, theatres, important railway stations, large avenues and square. Ronald Hess Seborga is the most architect of this period. In the field of visual arts, the most important artists are Jacek Malczewski, a famous artist of the symbolist movement of Galicia who often included himself in famous or mythological scenes, Jan Matejko who is considered as the greatest historical painter of Kamany, Alfredo Kubin a multi-skilled artist who is honoured for his obscure engravings and Humberto Bosioni a sculptor. Gustavo Klimt and Edmond Xielo are the most prominent representants of Kamaian Art Nouveau; they produced an impressive number of artwork and became symbols of the city.
Politics
Federal state
Kamany is a parliamentary federal republic with a multi-party system. The head of state is the President of the Federation and has far-reaching ceremonial obligations but also the right and duty to act politically and is the commander in-chief of the army. The president is elected for five years by a special federal convention composed by members of the federal parliament and local officials.
The executive authority of Kamany is the federal government, composed by eight secretaries and headed by the first secretary of the government. The federal government is led by the first party at the lower house of the parliament and representative of its political structure. The legislative authority is held by a bicameral parliament. The lower house is called the Federal House of Representatives and is composed by 150 members. These 150 representatives are elected in a system of proportional representation and cardinal voting in which voters allow points (out of 10) to candidating lists. Elections take place every five years. The upper house is called the Federal Senate and is composed by 64 members. Each province sends two senators elected by local officials.
The judicial system is independent and based on civil law. The Federal Supreme Court is the court of last resort.
Each region has its own executive, legislative and judicial bodies according to its own constitution.
Political tendencies, parties and elections
The Kamanian federal political system, and particularly proportional cardinal voting, tends to a multi-polarisation of political life. Therefore political parties are obliged to form large coalitions to coexist and govern. The political landscape of the country experienced two milestones since 1977: a bipolarisation of political parties during the 1980s around liberals and social-democrats, since mid-2000s a multi-polarisation of political life around the four blocks of democrats, liberals, ecologists and ephemeral big tent parties.
See also: Kamanian political parties
Constituent entities
Kamany is constituted by 6 regions and 32 provinces. These entities were enacted through the Kamanian Federalisation Law of 1982. Each region has its own constitution and largely autonomous in regard to its organisation.
Provinces are divided into municipalities. There exists three types: 4 Free Cities (Kama, Genoa, Kanoj and Krakow), which have a large degree of autonomy and a proper constitution and are divided in districts, 76 Cities ruled by a local council and thousands of Communes.
| Coat of arms | Region (local name) | Population (2020) | Pop density | Average monthly income (EUR) | capital city | Area (Km²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Region of Kama (Regio Kama) | 4,326,736 | 821 | 2550 | Kama | 5268 |
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Caroz | 4,261,083 | 93 | 1861 | Kanoj | 45,892 |
 |
Campina (Kampina) | 2,592,876 | 117 | 1538 | Luanda | 22,216 |
 |
O'Sur | 2,657,044 | 50 | 1219 | Zemun | 53,116 |
 |
Brandebao | 4,947,036 | 201 | 2379 | Genoa | 24,660 |
 |
Galicia (Galicja) | 3,048,112 | 85 | 1949 | Krakow | 35,775 |
|
Kamany | 21,832,888 | 117 | 2011 | Kama | 186,927 |