Rudolf I of Greater Austria
| Rudolf I | |
|---|---|
| King of Bohemia, Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, Galicia and Lodomeria | |
 | |
| Emperor of Greater Austria | |
| Reign | 11 August 1894 - 25 August 1934 |
| Inauguration | 20 August 1894 |
| Predecessor | Monarchy established |
| Successor | Rudolf II |
| Emperor of Austria King of Hungary | |
| Reign | 20 February 1891 - 11 August 1894 |
| Coronation | 11 March 1891 |
| Predecessor | Franz Joseph I |
| Successor | Himself as Emperor of Greater Austria |
| Born | Rudolph Francis Charles Joseph 21 August 1858 Schloss Laxenburg, Laxenburg, Lower Austria, Austrian Empire |
| Died | 25 August 1934 (aged 76) Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Greater Austria |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | |
| House | Habsburg-Lorraine |
| Father | Franz Joseph I |
| Mother | Elisabeth in Bavaria |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Rudolf I (Rudolph Francis Charles Joseph; 21 August 1858 - 25 August 1934), better known as Rudolf the Unifier was the first Emperor of Greater Austria from 11 August 1894 to 25 August 1934 of the United States of Greater Austria. He was previously Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary (as Rudolf II), and the other states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 20 February 1891 to 11 August 1894.
A liberal-minded and reformist monarch, he ascended to the throne on 20 February 1891, having successfully convinced his father, Emperor Franz Joseph I to abdicate the throne. Soon afterwards, he personally led efforts to effectively reform the rather fragile state of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which had been plagued by issues of nationalism coming from its various ethnic minorities. Under the influence of the Romanian-born lawyer and politician, Aurel Popovici, the delicate process of federalising the Empire ultimately concluded with success, thereby establishing the United States of Greater Austria. However, major Hungarian opposition to such a concept led to the beginning of the Third Balkan War, which Austria and its ally, Greece decisively won against Hungary and her allies, Serbia and Romania. Then, with support from moderate left-wing politicians in the Empire, more steps were taken to further solidify the new and refined imperial entity introduced by Rudolf himself. Around a decade later, he successfully kept Greater Austria out of the First World War, which involved its ally, Germany against the Triple Entente. With the subsequent defeat and dismemberment of the German Empire in 1919 and the collapse of the Tsarist regime in Russia, Greater Austria emerged largely unscathed from the war as the pre-eminent power in Central Europe.
Amidst the tense political atmosphere that followed the end of the First World War, Rudolf personally sought to suppress radical movements from both the left and right, which aroused some controversy. Nonetheless, the Empire remained relatively stable throughout the rest of his reign, with the economy experiencing modest growth prior to the onset of the Great Depression on August 1929. On August 1934, he passed away at the age of seventy six, and was succeeded by his son, Rudolf II.
Early Life
Rudolf was born on August 21st 1858 at Schloss Laxenburg, Vienna as the only son of Emperor Franz Joseph I and Empress Elisabeth of Austria. Upon his birth, he was given the name Rudolph Francis Charles Joseph (German: Rudolf Franz Karl Josef), with his given name being derived from the first Habsburg King of Germany, Rudolf I.
In his youth, he was raised alongside his sister, Gisela, whom he later proved to be mostly close with. However, at the age of six, a young Rudolf was separated from his sister, in order to make way for his education as the future Emperor of Austria. Nonetheless, the two's sibling dynamic remained relatively unaffected by this new arrangement.
Crown Prince
Throughout the following years, Rudolf began to develop an interest in natural sciences, under the influence of his tutor, Ferdinand von Hochstetter. As a result, at an early age, Rudolf started a rather promising mineral collection.
In 1877, the Count of Bembelles served as master of the young crown prince. Prior to this, the former had previously been the custodian of Rudolf's aunt, Empress Charlotte of Mexico. Meanwhile, in contrast to his deeply conservative father, the Emperor, he otherwise held liberal views which mirrored those of his mother's. Despite this, his relationship with the Empress was occasionally strained.
Military Career
At the age of eighteen, Crown Prince Rudolf, despite his own liberal convictions, opted to pursue an initial career in the military, with the hopes of eventually correcting the flaws in the Empire's military, which was soundly defeated by Prussia's in the Austro-Prussian War, when the crown prince was just eight years old at the time.
To that end, after gaining the reluctant approval of the Emperor, Rudolf promptly travelled abroad to the United Kingdom, where he then chose to enlist as an officer in the British Army at the Royal Military College in Sandhurst, Berkshire, a historic county in England. Upon successfully receiving his commission as a second lieutenant, he went on to participate in his first military campaign, namely the Ninth Xhosa Wars, which were a series of wars primarily between the British Empire and the Xhosa Kingdom in modern-day South Africa. According to his superiors, Rudolf was "a largely dutiful officer, whom despite his personal feelings on the matter, was nonetheless able to perform to the best of his ability". Just two years later, he returned once more to South Africa to participate in the Anglo-Zulu War, in which he once more displayed a promising performance as an officer, which earned him a promotion to the rank of Captain.
In 1882, Rudolf would participate in his final military campaign under the British Army, namely the Anglo-Egyptian War. As a result, he was part of the British troops sent to Egypt, in order to quell a nationalist uprising led by Ahmed ʻUrabi, a former military officer of the Egyptian army. He subsequently took part in all three of the major battles of the campaign, Kafr El Dawwar, Kassassin Lock, and Tell El Kebir. Once more, for his performance throughout the war, he received another promotion, this time to the rank of Lieutenant colonel.
Upon his return to Austria not long afterwards, he was met with some praise and celebrations by members of both the nobility and the public, whom were made aware of the crown prince's military exploits. Nonetheless, with the military experience he had gained abroad, Rudolf now sought to implement the ideas that he had personally learned while studying at the Royal Military College, so as to better the state of the Empire's military, which he judged to be in an "insufferably embarrassing state". However, his efforts were not without some opposition, as the more conservative-minded senior officers fundamentally resisted his ideas of military reforms, particularly his first cousin once removed, Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen. However, the tense rivalry between the two Habsburg royals would eventually come to a rather dramatic end, when just a few days after ascending to the throne on February 1891, he soon had the Duke of Teschen removed from his position and replaced with a new officeholder whom Rudolf perceived would be supportive of his reforms. The same was also applied towards the War Minister, Feldzeugmeister Ferdinand Freiherr von Bauer, and the Chief of the General Staff, Feldzeugmeister Friedrich Graf Beck-Rzikowsky.
Reign
Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary
On March 20th 1890, with the removal of the longtime German statesman, Otto von Bismarck from his position of Chancellor of the German Empire by the new Kaiser Wilhelm II, Rudolf now feared that Germany, under the absolute leadership of its new Kaiser would soon undertake a radically different approach in regards to international affairs, an assumption that would promptly be proven right by Wilhelm's aggressive actions in the years that followed. At the same time, in accepting this new apparent reality, Rudolf would increasingly come to see his father, the elderly Emperor Franz Joseph I as supposedly unsuitable to deal with the new German Emperor. In his memoirs, he later wrote, "If Germany was going to put a young leader on the throne, then Austria shall do the same with myself on the throne".
Eventually, on the eve of February 20th 1891, Rudolf himself personally confronted the elderly Emperor in his bedchambers, urging him to resign for the "good of the empire". Initially, for about ten minutes or so, both father and son engaged in a considerably heated argument with one another. Ultimately, Franz Joseph himself agreed to abdicate the throne, thereby paving way for Rudolf to subsequently ascend to the throne, which he did so the following morning. Thus, at exactly 8:00 A.M, an official announcement was made by the outgoing Emperor from the imperial residence of Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, in which he declared, "For reasons that I believe might hinder my capability to effectively rule as Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and so forth, I hereby declare my formal abdication from the throne, for the sake of preserving this united, but otherwise fragile empire, one that I hope would be preserved by my son and heir, the Crown Prince". Almost immediately, the announcement came as a shock to the majority of the Empire's population, but was otherwise met with much joy and relief by those closest to and supporters of Crown Prince Rudolf, whom was soon afterwards proclaimed "Emperor Rudolf I". Soon afterwards, while the majority of the public immediately came to accept the new emperor as their own, a minority of them, primarily those whom were closely aligned with the former Emperor Franz Joseph I otherwise came to strongly resent the new Emperor Rudolf, whose ascension to the throne was perceived and denounced by his father's closest allies and supporters as a "coup".
Among his first few acts as the new Emperor was to immediately dismiss certain military officials whom he believed would stand opposed to his planned reforms. As a result, his own Habsburg cousin, Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen was notably removed from his position of Inspector General, paving the way for a more conciliatory and supportive replacement whom Rudolf personally favoured. Besides this, both the sitting minister-president of Austria and the prime minister of Hungary were also swiftly replaced along with their respective cabinets in favour of those that are also favourable to the monarch.
On February 20th 1892, in marking his first year on the throne, Rudolf made an infamous declaration, in which he announced that "the Dual Monarchy shall exist no more", before subsequently revealing his plans for a "Greater Austria", which according to Rudolf himself, would "ensure total equality and representation for all". Soon enough, while this announcement was met with considerable joy and support from the Empire's many different ethnic minorities, it was otherwise met with fierce backlash from the Hungarian population and government, both of whom feared a reduction in their overall power should the Emperor's proposed project becomes a reality.
Emperor of Greater Austria
First World War
Post-War
Death
Personal Life
Titles & Honours
- 21 August 1858 - 20 February 1891 His Imperial and Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia
- 20 February 1891 - 11 August 1894 His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary
- 11 August 1894 - 25 August 1934 His Imperial Majesty The Emperor of Greater Austria
Ancestors
| Ancestors of Rudolf I of Greater Austria |
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