Imperial Federation of Brazil

Imperial Federation of Brazil Federação Imperial do Brasil
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Independência ou Morte!" "Independence or Death!"
Anthem: Independence Anthem
Brazil, 2022
Capital	Rio de Janeiro
Largest city	São Paulo
Official languages	Portuguese Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRA)
Ethnic groups (2015)	44.5% White 41.2% Mixed 8.2% Black 3.8% Asian 2.3% Amerindian
Religion (2015)	56.7% Roman Catholic 14.5% Irreligious 7.9% Evangelical 6.3% Protestant 3.4% Spiritist 2.7% Other Christian 2.1% Afro-Brazilian Religions 6.4% Other Religions
Demonym(s)	Brazilian, Brazilese
Government	Federal parliamentary republic
• Emperor	Henrique de Orléans e Bragança
• Prime Minister	Giovanna Zanetti Gottschalk
• President of the Parliament	Alessandro Padovan Malvezzi
• President of the Supreme Federal Court	Sebastião Carvalho Arruda
• Minister of Defense	Aloísio Ferreira Gomes
Legislature	Federal Parliament
• Upper house	Federal Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Independence from Portugal
• Declared	07 September 1822
• Recognized	29 August 1825
• Slavery Abolished	13 May 1888
• Brazilian Revolution	9 July 1932
• Current Constitution	19 December 1950
Area
•	8,599,093 km2 (3,320,128 sq mi)
Population
• 2015 census	242,003,000
• Density	28.14/km2 (72.9/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	2021 estimate
• Total	$7.36 trillion (3rd)
• Per capita	$30,414 (28th)
Gini (2021)	46 high
HDI (2021)	0.840 very high
Currency	Brazilian Real (R$) (BRL)
Time zone	UTC -5 to UTC -2
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy (CE)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+55
ISO 3166 code	BR
Internet TLD	.br

Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil), officially the Imperial Federation of Brazil (Portuguese: Federação Imperial do Brasil), is the largest country in the continents of Latin America and South America. Brazil is the fifth-largest country by area and the sixth-most populous in the world. Its capital is Rio de Janeiro, which also briefly served as the capital of the Portuguese Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. The country is composed of a union of 41 states, two territories, and a Federal District. Brazil is the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world. The country is the only Portuguese-speaking territory in the Americas, as well as the country with the largest Roman Catholic population. With access to both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, it borders all countries in South America without exceptions. Brazil covers more than half of the continent's area.

Brazil is one of the 17 megadiverse countries and is home to most of the Amazon Rainorest. The Amazon Rainforest is home to highly diverse wildlife and contains uncountable natural resources. These facts turned Brazil into a subject of global interest, especially due to environmental degradation processes such as deforestation. The government pursues an ambivalent policy towards the Forest. Although extensive areas of the Amazon are protected by indigenous federations and natural reserves, companies are given permission to exploit areas that contain mineral resources. The government forbade deforestation for agriculture. According to specialists, this is not out of preoccupation due to environmental degradation, but due to concerns regarding deindustrialization.

Brazil was inhabited by various tribal groups prior to the landing of Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500, who then claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 when the capital of Portugal was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro amidst the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal. In 1815 Brazil was elevated to the rank of kingdom following the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Brazil achieved its independence in 1822 following its demotion back to the status of colony. The country was a unitary constitutional monarchy from 1822 to 1889, when a military coup deposed emperor Dom Pedro II and established an oligarchic federal presidential republic, led by the military.

In 1932, a fairly long process known as the Brazilian Revolution, or the Brazilian Civil War, began. After two years under the yoke of Getúlio Vargas, the state of São Paulo, allied with the elite of other discontent states, declared war against the Federal Government, leading to the subsequent establishment of an integralist (fascist) government in Brazil. However, the integralist experiment was short-lived, as a coalition of anti-fascists toppled the government in early 1939, re-establishing a presidential republic. However, after an attempted communist coup by members of the military in 1940, civil war broke out once again, leading to the rise of monarchist sentiment in some regions, while separatism was bolstered in others. After the monarchists - supported by the western allies of WW2 - defeated both the communists (supported by the USSR) and the integralists (supported by the Axis), the Congress of Laguna defined the fate of the Brazilian nation. In 1947 a referendum on the form of government was held, thus legitimizing the constitutional monarchy. In 1948 a constituent assembly was convened, and in December 1950 the fifth and current Brazilian constitution was adopted, thus turning Brazil into a federal constitutional monarchy.

Although the ruling dynasty of Brazil - the Orléans e Bragança - is the same as the ones that used to rule the old Empire of Brazil, the Imperial Federation of Brazil is a different country, governed under different laws. The church is separated from the state, as according to the constitution, "the emperor's legitimacy emanates from popular acclamation and not divine inspiration". Brazil also is a representative democracy under universal suffrage, unlike the older Empire, in which elections were held, but only wealthy people could vote and only landowners could be elected.

Etymology

Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, pau-brasil; brasil means "red like an ember" in Portuguese.

The standard way to refer to a citizen of Brazil is as a "Brazilian". More recently, under the 1990 Orthographic Reform, Brazilese also has been accepted as an alternative to Brazilian and is often used in a political context.

History

Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people, mostly semi-nomadic tribes, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The Amerindian population comprised several groups, such as the Tupis, the Guaranis, and the Gês. Before European arrival, boundaries between these groups were marked by wars that came from cultural, moral, and linguistic differences. These wars involved cannibalistic rituals on prisoners of war.

Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of a fleet led by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered indigenous people divided into many groups, but most of them spoke the languages of the Tupi-Guarani family. The first Portuguese settlement was founded in 1532, and colonization effectively began in 1534 when King John III of Portugal divided Brazil into fifteen private and autonomous captaincy colonies. However, the decentralized and unorganized administration of the colonies proved to be unsustainable, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the Governorate General of Brazil. The Governorate's capital, Salvador, housed the government of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.

In the first two centuries of colonization, indigenous peoples and European settlers lived in constant warfare, creating opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other. Cane sugar was Brazil's main export, and slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa were the main Brazilian import. Brazil received almost three million slaves from Africa between 1500 and 1800. By the end of the 17th century, sugar exports began to decline, and the Bandeirantes, a group of slavers and adventurers of mixed indigenous and Portuguese origin, discovered gold in 1690, marking the beginning of the Brazilian Gold Rush. The Gold Rush attracted many new settlers, and this period of increased immigration caused conflicts between newcomers and old settlers. The Bandeirantes also expanded the Brazilian borders during the 17th century. In the same period, other European powers tried to colonize Brazil, such as the French in Maranhão and the Dutch in Pernambuco, although these attempts failed and never were tried again.

In 1807, the Napoleonic Empire invaded Portugal, causing Prince Regent João, in the name of Queen Maria I, to move the royal court from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, the latter city being the capital of Brazil. Once arriving in the colony, they established Brazil's first financial institutions, such as local stock exchanges and its National Bank. They also ended the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opened Brazil to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana, which was formally annexed into Brazil following the Congress of Vienna of 1815.

In 1814, after the end of the Peninsular War, the European courts demanded the return of the Portuguese court to Lisbon. In 1815, as a justification to continue living in Brazil, the Crown created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, thus establishing a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state. In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries, who were threatening independence from Brazil, Dom João VI left for Lisbon, leaving his son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil.

Independence and the Age of Crises (1822-1840)

In 1822 the Portuguese Cortes attempted to demote Brazil back to its old status of colony. The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro supported the Brazilians, declaring independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. The Brazilian War of Independence was fought from 1822 to 1824, as the Portuguese garrisons in Brazil refused to recognize independence. Brazilian independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825, after Brazil paid a sum of money to Portugal as reparation for the loss of the colony. The sum paid to Portugal was the first international debt of Brazil, and it affected the economy for the following decades.

The first years after independence were troublesome. Republican sentiment in the northeast of Brazil was fairly strong. Some northeastern provinces felt left behind with the promulgation of the 1824 Constitution, which was considered to be too authoritarian and centralist. In July 1824 the Confederation of the Equador declared independence from Brazil, but the movement was quickly and brutally repressed by the authorities. The Confederation of the Equador is seen as a continuation of the Pernambucano Revolution of 1817, which attempted to declare Brazilian independence from Portugal and establish a liberal republic in Brazil.

Although the Argentine Confederation was among the first countries to recognize Brazilian independence, doing so before the United States, the Argentines had a keen interest in the region of Cisplatina (Uruguay), which was invaded by Portugal during the Napoleonic Wars as a way to solidify its rule in Southern Brazil. In 1825, shortly after the recognition of Brazilian independence by Portugal, the Uruguayan caudillo Juan Antonio Lavalleja gathered support from Argentine leaders and declared independence from Brazil on 25 August 1825. On 25 October the Argentine Congress declared the annexation of Uruguay, prompting the Brazilians to declare war on 10 December 1825. The war lasted until 1828, when the United Kingdom intervened, leading to the creation of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay.

By 1831, in spite of the failure of his military campaigns in the south, the debt amassed from the wars, economic stagnation, and his authoritarian manners, Emperor Pedro I public image's was worn off. After his brother Dom Manuel deposed Pedro I's daughter from the Portuguese throne, the Brazilian emperor abdicated and went to Portugal to assist his daughter in the Portuguese Civil War, leaving a five-year-old Dom Pedro II on the Brazilian throne. This sudden abdication marked the beginning of the Regency Period, also named the Age of Crises due to the myriad of revolutions and revolts that took place against the regents. Some of these revolts include the Sabinada, the Balaiada, the Cabanagem, the Malê Revolt, and the Ragamuffin War.

Rise and Fall of the Empire of Brazil (1840-1889)

Despite numerous revolts, Brazil solidified the early coronation of Dom Pedro II. Politicians who witnessed the period of crises and rebellions sought to put a neutral figure in power, who would act as a balance between interest groups. Dom Pedro II's long reign was stable. Although the economy did not grow at a rapid pace, the riots stopped and some progress began to be made in infrastructure and society. Brazil was the first Latin American country to experience industrial growth in the 19th century thanks to the investments made by Irineu Evangelista de Sousa, the Viscount of Mauá, although his businesses would eventually bankrupt; Brazil would not see industrial growth until the early 20th century, during the late Oligarchic Republic.

During Dom Pedro II's reign, Brazil became involved in a series of international disputes, such as the Platine War (1851), the Uruguayan War (1863), the Paraguayan War (1864-1870), and the diplomatic Christie Question; the Empire of Brazil left the conflicts as a victor, solidifying its position as a regional power in South America. However, the costly Paraguayan War would become a disaster for the Empire. The country was left with an enormous external debt, the military (especially the army) felt ignored and left aside by the Emperor, and the black population who fought in the war demanded the abolishment of slavery.

After a series of scandals, such as the Religious Question, which angered the Roman Catholic Church, the popularity of the Emperor and the institution of the monarchy were declining, mostly among the elite. When slavery was outlawed in 1888, historians regard it as the final nail in the coffin of Pedro II. Former slaveowners and landowners demanded economic compensation for the loss of their slaves, but such demands were ignored by the government. In the year 1889, the Ouro Preto Cabinet was appointed by the emperor. With promises of broad economic, institutional, and educational reforms, the Cabinet was quickly overthrown by a clique of military aligned with the interests of the former slaveholding elite.

Geography

Snow in mountains near Florianópolis, Santa Catarina

Brazil is the largest country in Latin America and the second-largest in the Americas, only behind Canada. It occupies 9,973,513 km2, more than half of South America. It shares land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the Southwest; Peru and Chile to the East; Colombia to the Northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and Germany (German overseas region of Guyana) to the north. Ecuador is the only South American country Brazil does not share a border with. Brazil also encompasses many archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. These archipelagos are territories of Brazil. Its size, climate, and availability of natural resources make Brazil a geographically diverse country.

The Federal Republic of Brazil spans four time zones; UTC−5 comprising the states of Acre, Antofagasta, and Petrônia, to UTC-4 in the western states, to UTC-3 in the eastern states (also the national time), and UTC-2 in the Atlantic Territories. Brazil is the longest country in the world, spanning 4,395 km from its northernmost point (Oiapoque) to its southernmost point (Chuí). Most of the terrain lies between 200 meters and 800 meters in elevation, although to the west, in the States of Antofagasta and Petrônia, the elevation is significantly higher.

Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers. There are eight major drainage basins, and each single one of them drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the São Francisco, Xingu, and Tapajós.

Climate

Although most of the country is tropical, Brazil comprises a varied range of weather conditions. According to the Köppen system, Brazil is home to six major climatic subtypes: desert, equatorial, tropical, semiarid, oceanic, and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce diverse environments, ranging from equatorial rainforests in the northern region, semiarid deserts in the northeast and west, temperate coniferous forests in the south, and tropical savannas in the center-west.

An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls. Temperatures average 25 °C. with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons. Over central Brazil, rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate. This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude. In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimeters (31.5 in) of rain, most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought. South of Bahia, near the coasts, and in most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year. The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C; winter frosts and snowfall are not rare in the highest areas.

Government and Politics

Main article: List of political parties in the Federal Republic of Brazil

Main article: Federative Units of Brazil (Pax Brasiliana)

Palácio Ipiranga, official house of the Prime Minister

Brazil is a democratic federal constitutional monarchy under a parliamentary system. The Prime Minister is the head of government and the Monarch is the head of state. The prime minister usually rules for as long as his coalition stays in power. There is no term limit for offices in the parliament. The current prime minister is Giovanna Gottschalk, who was appointed by the Brazilian emperor Dom Henrique I following the resignation of Ingrid Santos' cabinet. The monarch is Dom Henrique I de Orléans e Bragança, who was directly elected by the people in the 2020 General Election. The government can be dissolved either through a vote of no confidence from the parliament or from the monarch. In 2018 the government was dissolved by the monarch following a gridlock over the issue of intervention in the Bolivarian War. In 2022 the government of Ingrid Winckler Santos resigned over the Vincenzi Letter Scandal.

Voting used to be compulsory until 2003 when it was made voluntary. Since 2010 the minimum voting age is 16. Most Brazilian citizens are allowed to vote upon reaching the minimum voting age, except for those living abroad. The Federal Parliament is composed of two houses: the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house) and the Federal Senate (the upper house). Deputies and senators are elected through proportional representation.

Brazil is composed of 41 states, one federal district, and two territories. The Federal Republic is often referred to as the "Union". The three branches of government - the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary - are clearly defined by the constitution. The Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities compose what is called the "spheres of government". The Federal Republic is built upon five fundamental principles: pluralism, sovereignty, justice, liberty, and equality. The executive and legislative branches of government are organized in all spheres of government, while the judicial branch is organized only at the Federal, State, and Federal District levels. Municipalities and territories do not have courts.

Law and Justice

Palácio do Riachuelo, seat of the Supreme Federal Court

Brazilian law is based on the civil law system. The entirety of Brazilian law is codified. The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated in 1984. As of December 2021, there have been eight amendments to the Constitution, with many other amendment proposals rejected. Each state (and the Federal District) has its own constitution, which must not contradict federal law. Since each federal unit has its own constitution, many states preserved the presidential form of government, while others adhere to a parliamentary system. Municipalities have "organic laws", whose function is similar to a constitution. Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although the judiciary and executive bodies can enact norms on special occasions. There also are specialized labor, military, sports, and electoral courts. The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court. After passing entry exams, the Judicial Committee appoints judges and other officials. The Judicial Committee is an independent body, created in 1983 by Prime Minister Roberto Santos in an attempt to curb corruption and nepotism. The Brazilian judicial system has been praised for its quick-paced rulings and efficiency. Nonetheless, the population and specialists criticize the system for the privileges that public servants and politicians receive, which can be considered one of the main factors behind corruption in Brazil.

Foreign policy

Main article: Foreign Relations of the Federal Republic of Brazil

The International Relations of Brazil are based on Article 3 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1950. According to Article 3, Brazil's official foreign policy is one of neutrality, peaceful settlement of conflicts, international cooperation, and reciprocity. On the matter of reciprocity, the article allows military intervention if a country violates Brazilian neutrality or threatens its territorial integrity, such as seen in the Bolivarian War. According to the Constitution, the president has complete control over the armed forces, although the Federal Parliament is tasked with diplomatic nominations and legislation relating to foreign policy.

Considered a hegemon in South America, Brazil has competed with the Socialist States of America for influence over Central America. The Brazilian development plans for undeveloped countries are widely regarded as a model to be followed. Brazil donates an estimated $20 billion as foreign aid to other countries. The receivers usually are Latin American countries or Portuguese-speaking territories, although other countries do receive aid in the form of expertise and diplomacy.

On December 2021, the Federal Republic of Brazil joined the World Assembly. The Brazilian prime minister, Ingrid Santos, stated the government's intention to be more active in international affairs, thus joining the World Assembly.