Makka Pakkan language

Makka Pakkan
markąpalką jęzek
Pronunciation	/mɑrkɔ̃.pɑlkɑ̃ jɛ̃zɛk/
Native to	Makka Pakka
Ethnicity	Rakanen
Native speakers	102 million (2025)
Language family	Okchon Old Rakanen Middle Rakanen South Rakanen Makka Pakkan
Early forms	Old Makka Pakkan Early Middle Makka Pakkan Late Middle Makka Pakkan
Writing system	Latin script (Makka Pakkan alphabet)
Official status
Official language in	Makka Pakka
Regulated by	Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek
Language codes
ISO 639-1	mp
ISO 639-2	mkp (B) map (T)
ISO 639-3	mkp

Makka Pakkan (endonym: markǫpalką jęzek) is a South Rakanen language. It is the native language of the Makka Pakkans and belongs to the Okchonic language family. It is one of three living South Rakanen languages, and is also a part of the larger Rakanen languages. Approximately 102 million people speak Makka Pakkan fluently with 97% living in Makka Pakka; however, only 65% of the Makka Pakkan population speak it as a first language. The Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek (English: Makka Pakkan Academy) is the principal Makka Pakkan council for matters pertaining to the Makka Pakkan language.

History

Makka Pakkan is a Rakanen language that evolved out of the South Rakanen dialects spoken in souhern Wolcatán. The language's early forms include Old Makka Pakkan, Early and Late Middle Makka Pakkan.

Makka Pakkan Academy

The Akádemja val markǫpalką jęzek (English: Makka Pakkan Academy) was formed in 1938 from the Makka Pakkan Language Act to regulate the Makka Pakkan language due to local differences which the Fascist government intended to erase to improve bureaucracy and communication between the local and national government and further solidify a united Makka Pakkan identity. Even after the overthrow of the Fascist government in 1949, the Academy remained and has grown to be an influential force amongst even other Rakanen languages for example ...

Classification

Makka Pakkan is a member of the South Rakanen languages, along with other languages such as Parsan and Upran. Along with the rest of the Rakanen languages, Makka Pakkan is descended from the Okchon language. Despite its placement in the Okchonic language tree, it is widely considered a linguistic black sheep amongst other Okchonic languages. ...

Comparisons

Proto-Okchon	Makka Pakkan	A	B
Example	Example	Example	Example
Example	Example	Example	Example
Example	Example	Example	Example
Example	Example	Example	Example
Example	Example	Example	Example

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial		Dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar
Nasal		m		n						ɲ
Stop	p	b	t	d					c	ɟ	k	ɡ
Affricate	p͡f		t͡s	d͡z			t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	t͡ɕ	d͡ʑ	k͡x
Fricative	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ɕ	ʑ	x	ɣ
Approximant		ʋ								j		w
Lateral						l				ʎ
Trill						r

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	oral	nasal	oral	nasal	oral	nasal
Close	i		ɨ		u
Mid	ɛ œ	ɛ̃ œ̃	ə	ə̃	o ɔ	ɔ̃
Open			a		ɑ	ɑ̃

Orthography

The Makka Pakkan alphabet consists of 56 letters; 41 consonants and 15 vowels. Makka Pakkan has 6 unique characters uncommon in other Latin script-based alphabets; Ͱ ⱶ, Ꝇ ꝇ, ẞ ß, Ϝ ϝ, Ʒ ʒ, Þ þ, Ꝩ ꝩ. Despite the latinisation of Makka Pakkan, runes are commonly used in rural areas though mostly by the elderly generation and has been considered endangered due to declining usage so conservation efforts have been pushed forward by both the government and the people.

Α a /ɑ/

Ą ą /ɑ̃/

Á á /a/

B b /b/

C c /t͡s/

Cś cś /t͡ʃ/

Cš cš /t͡ɕ/

D d /d/

Đ đ /ɟ/

Dz dz /d͡z/

Dź dź /d͡ʒ/

Dž dž /d͡ʑ/

E e /ɛ/

Ę ę /ɛ̃/

É é /œ/

E̋ e̋ /œ̃/

F f /f/

G g /g/

Ͱ ⱶ /ɣ/

H h /x/

I i /i/

J j /j/

Ꝇ ꝇ /ʎ/

K k /k/

L l /l/

Ł ł /w/

M m /m/

N n /n/

Ń ń /ɲ/

O o /ɔ/

Ǫ ǫ /ɔ̃/

Ó ó /o/

P p /p/

Pf pf /p͡f/

Q q /k/

R r /r/

S s /s/

Ś ś /ʃ/

Š š /ɕ/

ẞ ß /sː/

T t /t/

Ŧ ŧ /c/

U u /u/

Ú ú /ə/

Ű ű /ə̃/

V v /v/

W w /v/

Ϝ ϝ /ʋ/

X x /ks,k͡x/

Y y /ɨ/

Z z /z/

Ź ź /ʒ/

Ž ž /ʑ/

Ʒ ʒ /zː/

Þ þ /θ/

Ꝩ ꝩ /ð/