Üxa language

Üxasi
Duwafa Üxasi
Native to	Üxasi
Native speakers	unknown (2019)
Language family	Üxasi Üxasi
Writing system	Latin Script, Saruzh Script (archaic)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

Üxasi

The Üxa Language is the spoken language of Üxasi.

Classification

Üxasi is a language isolate.

Dialects

This Article deals with royal üxasi, the prestige dialect understood by all üxa people, used in writing/official communication/media/education and by large parts of the urban population in everyday speech.Royal Üxasi is officially modeled after the speech of the king, but is in practice synonymous with the dialect spoken in the capital city.

There exist some rural dialects and urban dialects specific to the big cities, but these are not subject of this article.

Orthography

Before contact with saruzh civilization brought the saruzh script the Üxa language had no writing system.In the early 20th century the latin writing system was adopted to aid efforts in increasing literacy, as saruzh script had proven to be an ill fit for Üxasi, requiring an amount of time to reach literacy only the old scholar class could afford.

Only the first letter of a sentence is written with a capital letter.All other letters are written in lowercase, the only exception being the word for king (or emperor), or the name of a ruling üxa king.

Latin Transcription

Üxasi Letter	IPA	Sound
ü	/y/	🔊
ö	/œ/	🔊
a	/ɐ/	🔊
i	/i/	🔊
u	/u/	🔊
e	/ə/	🔊
m	/m/	🔊
n	/n/	🔊
b	/b/	🔊
c	/ts/	🔊
d	/d/	🔊
g	/g/	🔊
ć	/tɕ/	🔊
f	/f/	🔊
z	/z/	🔊
x	/x/	🔊
h	/h/	🔊
l	/l/	🔊
ɻ	/ɻ/	🔊
y	/j/	🔊
w	/w/	🔊
t	/t/	🔊

Phonology

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded		Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	y			u
Mid		œ	ə		o
Open			ɐ

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

	Labial		Alveolar /Dental		Post- alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
	plain	pal.	plain	pal.	plain	pal.		plain	pal.
Nasal	m		n
Stop	b		d t					g
Affricate				ts		tɕ
Fricative	f		z					x		h
Approximant			l		ɻ		j	w
Trill

Stress

In unconjugated words the first syllable is stressed, in conjugated words the last syllable of the word-stem is stressed.

duwafa
language

duwafasi
(belonging to) language

Grammar

Gender

Üxasi knows 2 Genders: Female(nouns ending in i) and Male(rest).Nouns in plural are always male.

ig yadli bazi
The woman sits (yadli is female, verb adopts i ending)

ig na yadla baza
The women sit (yadli is now male due to plural, verb remains with the default a ending)

ig fru yadla baza
The 2 women sit (yadli is now male due to plural, verb remains with the default a ending)

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

	Singular	Plural
1.Person	üt (m) üti (f)	xö
2.Person	nim (m) nimi (f)	buna
3.Person	zut (m) zuti (f)	füwa

Possesive determiner

	Singular	Plural
1.Person	ida (m) idi (f)	xuda
2.Person	nića (m) nići (f)	üćna
3.Person	zala (m) zali (f)	furga

Demonstrative Pronouns

English	Üxasi
This	traf (m) trafi (f)
That	trüg (m) trügi (f)
Here	mlad
There	dadu

Word Order

Normal Word Order

The normal Word Order is SVO.

 |ig gwüt | dötra| tazaxa .   
 |Subject | Verb | Object
 The Man kills the Animal .

Questions

In Question Sentences the Word Order is inverted to OVS.This feature is inherited from saruzh and does not appear in proto-Üxasi and some dialects, where different intonation is used instead.

 | tazaxa | dötra| ig gwüt ?   
 | Object | Verb | Subject
 The Man kills the Animal ? (lit: The Animal kills the Man ?)

Adjectives

Adjectives always follow the Nouns they describe.The ending vocal of an adjectives matches the ending of the Noun, if the adjective ends with a consonant, an a is interjected. Nouns can be used as Adjectives.

röga bitafa
a blue kingdom

gwüt djülat
an animalistic(savage) man

Possession

Possession follows the Possessee-Possessor Order:

Duwafa Üxasi
Language (of the) Üxa

Morphology

Nominative Case

Nouns in the Nominative Case remain unchanged.

röga
Kingodm

Accusative Case

The accusative case is used to mark the object in a sentence.It is formed by adding ta- as a prefix

ig gwüd dötra tazaxa
the man kills the animal

Genetive Case

The Genetive Case marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus, indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.In Üxa this relation is usually possesee-possessor. It is formed by adding the suffixes -si or -isi (if the last letter is a consonant) to the possessor.If the possessor is also the object of the sentence it also takes on the accusative taß prefix.

Duwafa Üxasi
Language (of the) Üxa.

Üt gruwu ig duwafa taüxasi
I speak the Üxa language.

Plurals

Plurals are divided into definite and indefinite plurals. The indefinite Plural refers to a multitude of uncertain size, while the definite plural refers to a ,multitude of certain size. The Indefinite plural is constructed by adding the plural marker na in front of the word.

na gwüt
a multitude of men, a lot of men

The na takes precedenced over any other particles placed in front of the word (such as the article ig).

ig na gwüd
the multitude of men

For the definite Plural the word indicating the defined amount (e.g. a number) is placed before the word.

ćim gwüt
3 men

üdrö gwüd
5 men (lit: a hand of men)

Verbs

Present Tense

Verbs in the present tense take on the endings -ö (if male) or -ön (if female).Personal pronouns do not affect the verb, it remains unchanged.

üt bazö. nimi bazön. füwa bazö
I sit. You(f) sit. They sit

Preterite Tense

The Preterite Tense indicates that an event/action took place or was completed in the past. It is formed by adding -na (m) -ni (f) to the infinitive.

üt bazuna. nimi bazuni. füwa bazuna
I sat. You(f) sat. They sat

Pluperfect Tense

The Pluperfect Tense indicates that an event/action took place or was completed at a time earlier than a time in the past already referred to.

It is formed by using the verb wruda/wrudi (had) with the preterite form of the verb.

üt wruda bazuna.nimi wrudi bazuni.füwa bazuna 
I had sat.You(f) had sat.They had sat.

Future Tense

Future tense Verbs take on the endings -ü (m) or -ün (f).

üt bazü. nimi bazün. füwa bazü
I will sit. You(f) will sit. They will sit

Passive

Verbs are turned passive by adding ta- as a prefix.

üt finuna -> üt tafinuna
I gave -> was given

nimi finön -> nimi tafinön
You give -> You are given

Causative

The Causative indicates that a subject either causes someone or something else to do or be something. It is formed by adding the verb datu in it's preterite form (datuna).In the pluperfect it is placed after wruda.

üt wruda datuna bazuna taX  
I had caused X to sit.

nimi datuna finön taüt
You cause me to give

Imperative

Imperative = Infintive.

bazu !
Sit !

Vocabulary Influences

The biggest foreign influence on Saruzh historically came from the saruzh language, though loanwords from aydnirian and other languages also exist.

Sample Text

Üxasi	Translation
ik gwüd dötrü tazaxa.	The man kills the animal
Üt gruwu ig duwafa taüxasi.	I speak the Üxa language.
Bazu !	Sit !
Tazaxa dötra ig gwüd ?	The man kills the animal ?

List of Üxasi Words

General List:

Üxasi	IPA	Translation	Notes
duwafa	/duwɐfɐ/	Language
röga	/ɻœgɐ/	Kingdom
gwüt	/gwyt/	Man
yadli	/jadli/	Woman
ufa	/ufɐ/	Child
ćawüg	/tɕɐwyg /	Person, Human
djül	/djyl/	Animal
zaxa	/zɐxɐ/	Thing
tönra	/tœnɻɐ /	Sky
hi	/hi/	Light
tönranahi	/tœnɻɐnɐhi/	Morning, Sunrise
üdrö	/ydɻœ/	Hand	If used together with a noun denotes 5 pieces/units of sth.
nadri	/nɐdɻi/	Set, Multitude, Group
gatü	/gɐty/	Word
gatünadri	/gɐtynɐdɻi/	Text, Article
gla	/glɐ/	and
wri	/wɻi/	point

Geography:

Üxasi	IPA	Translation	Notes
röga üxasi	/ɻœgɐ yxɐzi/	Üxasi
röga sarućasi	/ɻœgɐ zɐɻutɕɐzi/	Saruzhan
örövidil	/œɻœwidil/	Outland, Abroad,Aclus	Saruzh Loanwoard

Numbers:

Üxasi	IPA	Translation	Notes
iti	/iti/	0
dag	/dɐg/	1
fru	/fɻu/	2
ćim	/tɕim/	3
gid	/gid/	4
zam	/zam/	5
yöga	/jœgɐ/	6
yüwa	/jywɐ/	7
tut	/tut/	8
taö	/tɐœ/	9
fruzam	/tɕim/	10
dagfruzam	/tɕim/	11	same schema for all other X1 - X9 numbers
gidzam	/gidzɐm/	20
ćimfruz	/tɕimfɻuz/	30	fruz is shortened form of fruzam
fruzamza	/fɻuzɐmzɐ/	100	same "Xza" schema for other increments of 100
fruza	/fɻuzɐ/	200	same "Xza" schema for other increments of 100
dagwö	/dɐgwœ/	1,000	same "Xwö" schema for other increments of 1000
dagmü	/dɐgmy/	10,000	same "Xmü schema for other increments of 1000
dagsamü	/dɐgsɐmy/	100,000	same "Xsamü schema for other increments of 1000
raxis	/ɻɐxiz/	1,000,000	Aydinir Loanword
biraxis	/biɻɐxiz/	1,000,000,000	Aydinir Loanword
fruyüwafruz gla fruzamza	n/a	172	lit: two-seventwofive and hundred = 100 + 7*2*5 + 2 = 172
frutaöfruz gla taözaćimwö gla yögamüdagsamü gla wri itiyüwa	n/a	163,992.07	lit: 92 and 3900 and 160000 and .07 (number order reverses after decimal point ! zero-seven, not seven-zero)

Verbs:

Üxasi	IPA	Translation	Notes
urönu	/uɻœnu/	to eat	u/nu indicates infinitve, stem is urö
bazu	/bɐzu/	to sit
finu	/finu/	to give	stem is fin
dötru	/dœtɻu/	to kill
wrudu	/wɻudu/	to have
taru	/tɐɻu/	to take
datu	/dɐtu/	to cause
awaru	/ɐwɐɻu/	to finish
gruwu	/gɻuwu/	to speak

Irregular Verbs:

Infitive	Preterite	Future	IPA	Translation	Notes
möxu	gitna	öćü	/mœxu/ /gitnɐ/ /œtɕy/	to be

Adjectives:

Üxasi	IPA	Translation	Notes
bitaf	/bitɐf/	blue, royal	blue -> royal, due to Üxa Monarchs traditionally wearing blue garb

Prepositions:

Üxasi	IPA	Translation	Notes
bö	/bœ/	on, onto

Grammar:

Words used for grammatical constucts.

Üxasi	IPA	Translation	Notes
üt(i)	/yt/	I	Pronoun
nim(i)	/nim/	you (singular)	Pronoun
zut(i)	/zut/	he/she	Pronoun
xö	/xœ/	we	Pronoun
banu	/bɐnu/	you (plural)	Pronoun
füwa	/fywɐ/	they	Pronoun
na	/nɐ/	indefinite plural marker
ida,idi	/ida,idi/	my	Pronoun
nića,nići	/nitɕɐ/	your	Pronoun
zala,zali	/zɐlɐ , zɐli/	his, her	Pronoun
xuda	/xudɐ/	our	Pronoun
üćna	/ytɕnɐ/	your	Pronoun
furga	/fuɻgɐ/	their	Pronoun
traf(i)	/tɻɐf/	this	Pronoun
trüg(i)	/tɻyg/	that	Pronoun
mlad	/mlɐd/	here	Pronoun
dadu	/dɐdu/	there	Pronoun