Moesia (Byzatium)

Revision as of 15:58, 21 July 2024 by Itali (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{Infobox settlement |name = Province of Moesia |native_name = Περιφέρεια Μοισίας<br>Periféreia Moisías |native_name_lang = el |settlement_type = Province of the Byzantine Empire |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_alt = |image_caption = |image_flag = File:Flag of the Republic of Tamrash.svg |flag_alt = |image_seal...")
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Province of Moesia
Περιφέρεια Μοισίας
Periféreia Moisías
Province of the Byzantine Empire
Flag of Province of Moesia
Flag
CountryByzantine Empire
Established1756
Founded byAlexios VII
CapitalSerdica
Government
 • GovernorZoran Lovric (Democratic Party of Moesia)
Area
 • Total110,993.6 km2 (42,854.9 sq mi)
Population
 (2023)
 • Total6,385,500
 • Density58/km2 (150/sq mi)
DemonymMoesians

Moesia, (Greek: Μοισία Moisía; Bulgarian: Мизия Miziya) officially the Province of Bulgaria (Greek: Περιφέρεια Μοισίας Periféreia Moisías; Bulgarian: Провинция Мизия Provintsiya Miziya) is a Province of the Byzantine Empire in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Moesia is bordered by Romania to the north. It covers a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi) and is the 4th largest Province in the Empire. Serdica is the Province's capital and largest city; other major cities include Pyrgos, Philippopolis, and Varna.

One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Karanovo culture (6,500 BC). In the 6th to 3rd century BC, the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts and Ancient Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. After the Roman state splintered, tribal invasions in the region resumed. Around the 6th century, these territories were settled by the early Slavs. The Bulgars, led by Asparuh of Bulgaria, attacked from the lands of Old Great Bulgaria and permanently invaded the Balkans in the late 7th century. They established the First Bulgarian Empire, victoriously recognised by treaty in 681 AD by the Byzantine Empire. It dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century, when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire, which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria (1218–1241). After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the empire disintegrated and in 1396 fell under Ottoman rule for nearly three centuries.

After the end of the Byzantine civil war in 1524, the Byzantine Empire shifted its focus toward internal stability and regional influence. Emperor Michael XI, cementing his rule, prioritized the consolidation of Byzantine power in the Ottoman Balkans. Key military leader John Palaiologos played a crucial role in securing control over strategic territories. In 1527, Byzantine forces successfully besieged and reclaimed Adrianople, establishing it as a strategic center. After nearly thirty years of war, in 1556, Byzantine conquered Achrida, solidifying control over crucial trade routes. Sporadic fighting and limited campaigns lasted until 1602 when Emperor John IX entered in Episkion.

Geography

The most notable topographical features of the Province are the Danubian Plain, the Balkan Mountains, the Thracian Plain, and the Rhodope massif. The southern edge of the Danubian Plain slopes upward into the foothills of the Balkans, while the Danube defines the border with Romania. The Thracian Plain is roughly triangular, beginning southeast of Serdica and broadening as it reaches the ìBlack Sea coast.

The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the province from west to east. The mountainous southwest has two distinct lpine type ranges— Rila and Pirin, which border the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains to the east, and various medium altitude mountains to west, northwest and south, like Vitosha, Osogovo and Belasitsa. Musala, at 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), is the highest point in both Bulgaria and the Balkans. The Black Sea coast is the country's lowest point. Plains occupy about one third of the territory, while plateaux and hills occupy 41%. Most rivers are short and with low water levels. The longest river located solely in Moesian territory, the Iskar, has a length of 368 kilometres (229 mi). The Strymónas and the Evros are two major rivers in the south.

Climate

Moesia has a varied and changeable climate, which results from being positioned at the meeting point of the Mediterranean, Oceanic and Continental air masses combined with the barrier effect of its mountains. Northern Bulgaria averages 1 °C (1.8 °F) cooler, and registers 200 millimetres (7.9 in) more precipitation, than the regions south of the Balkan mountains. Temperature amplitudes vary significantly in different areas. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F), while the highest is 45.2 °C (113.4 °F). Precipitation averages about 630 millimetres (24.8 in) per year, and varies from 500 millimetres (19.7 in) in Kalí Chóra to more than 2,500 millimetres (98.4 in) in the mountains. Continental air masses bring significant amounts of snowfall during winter.

Köppen climate types of Bulgaria
Köppen climate types of Moesia

Considering its relatively small area, Moesia has variable and complex climate. The province occupies the southernmost part of the continental climatic zone, with small areas in the south falling within the Mediterranean climatic zone. The continental zone is predominant, because continental air masses flow easily into the unobstructed Danubian Plain. The continental influence, stronger during the winter, produces abundant snowfall; the Mediterranean influence increases during the second half of summer and produces hot and dry weather. Moesia is subdivided into five climatic zones: continental zone (Danubian Plain, Pre-Balkan and the higher valleys of the Transitional geomorphological region); transitional zone (Upper Thracian Plain, most of the Struma and Mesta valleys, the lower Sub-Balkan valleys); continental-Mediterranean zone (the southernmost areas of the Struma and Mesta valleys, the eastern Rhodope Mountains, Sakar and Strandzha); Black Sea zone along the coastline with an average length of 30–40 km inland; and alpine zone in the mountains above 1000 m altitude (central Balkan Mountains, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, western Rhodope Mountains, etc.).

Administrative divisions

Moesia is subdivided into 28 Eparchies, including the Metropolitan Eparchy of Serdica city. All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The Eparchies are subdivided into over 1,000 municipalities. Municipalities are run by Prokathemenoi, who are elected to four-year terms, and by directly elected municipal councils. Within the framework of the Byzantine legal system, Moesia has an highly centralised political organisation, where Eparchies, Archontates, Demos, and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding.


Achridos Belebousda Blagoevgrad Chisaria

Dristra


Dobrich Ezarpolis Gabrovo Kókkino Kástro Kutlovitsa

Marsa Pazard Philippopolis Pleven


Pyrgos Rousopolis Šimeonis Varna Vidin



Economy

Main article: Economy of Bulgaria
Graph showing GDP and unemployment
Economic growth (green) and unemployment (blue) statistics since 2001

Bulgaria has an open, high-income range market economy where the private sector accounts for more than 70% of GDP.[1][2] From a largely agricultural country with a predominantly rural population in 1948, by the 1980s Bulgaria had transformed into an industrial economy, with scientific and technological research at the top of its budgetary expenditure priorities.[3] The loss of COMECON markets in 1990 and the subsequent "shock therapy" of the planned system caused a steep decline in industrial and agricultural production, ultimately followed by an economic collapse in 1997.[4][5] The economy largely recovered during a period of rapid growth several years later,[4] but the average salary of 2,072 leva ($1,142) per month remains the lowest in the EU.[6]

A balanced budget was achieved in 2003 and the country began running a surplus the following year.[7] Expenditures amounted to $21.15 billion and revenues were $21.67 billion in 2017.[8] Most government spending on institutions is earmarked for security. The ministries of defence, the interior and justice are allocated the largest share of the annual government budget, whereas those responsible for the environment, tourism and energy receive the least funding.[9] Taxes form the bulk of government revenue[9] at 30% of GDP.[10] Bulgaria has some of the lowest corporate income tax rates in the EU at a flat 10% rate.[11] The tax system is two-tier. Value added tax, excise duties, corporate and personal income tax are national, whereas real estate, inheritance, and vehicle taxes are levied by local authorities.[12] Strong economic performance in the early 2000s reduced government debt from 79.6% in 1998 to 14.1% in 2008.[7] It has since increased to 22.6% of GDP by 2022, but remains the second lowest in the EU.[13]

A business park in Sofia, the nation's largest economic hub
An electronics factory in Trakia Economic Zone near Plovdiv

The Yugozapaden planning area is the most developed region with a per capita gross domestic product (PPP) of $29,816 in 2018.[14] It includes the capital city and the surrounding Sofia Province, which alone generate 42% of national gross domestic product despite hosting only 22% of the population.[15][16] GDP per capita (in PPS) and the cost of living in 2019 stood at 53 and 52.8% of the EU average (100%), respectively.[17][18] National PPP GDP was estimated at $143.1 billion in 2016, with a per capita value of $20,116.[19] Economic growth statistics take into account illegal transactions from the informal economy, which is the largest in the EU as a percentage of economic output.[20][21] The Bulgarian National Bank issues the national currency, lev, which is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 levа per euro.[22]

After several consecutive years of high growth, repercussions of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 resulted in a 3.6% contraction of GDP in 2009 and increased unemployment.[23][24] Positive growth was restored in 2010 but intercompany debt exceeded $59 billion, meaning that 60% of all Bulgarian companies were mutually indebted.[25] By 2012, it had increased to $97 billion, or 227% of GDP.[26] The government implemented strict austerity measures with IMF and EU encouragement to some positive fiscal results, but the social consequences of these measures, such as increased income inequality and accelerated outward migration, have been "catastrophic" according to the International Trade Union Confederation.[27]

Siphoning of public funds to the families and relatives of politicians from incumbent parties has resulted in fiscal and welfare losses to society.[28][29] Bulgaria ranks 71st in the Corruption Perceptions Index[30] and experiences the worst levels of corruption in the European Union, a phenomenon that remains a source of profound public discontent.[31][32] Along with organised crime, corruption has resulted in a rejection of the country's Schengen Area application and withdrawal of foreign investment.[33][34][35] Government officials reportedly engage in embezzlement, influence trading, government procurement violations and bribery with impunity.[36] Government procurement in particular is a critical area in corruption risk. An estimated 10 billion leva ($5.99 billion) of state budget and European cohesion funds are spent on public tenders each year;[37] nearly 14 billion ($8.38 billion) were spent on public contracts in 2017 alone.[38] A large share of these contracts are awarded to a few politically connected[39] companies amid widespread irregularities, procedure violations and tailor-made award criteria.[40] Despite repeated criticism from the European Commission,[35] EU institutions refrain from taking measures against Bulgaria because it supports Brussels on a number of issues, unlike Poland or Hungary.[31]

Structure and sectors

The labour force is 3.36 million people,[41] of whom 6.8% are employed in agriculture, 26.6% in industry and 66.6% in the services sector.[42] Extraction of metals and minerals, production of chemicals, machine building, steel, biotechnology, tobacco, food processing and petroleum refining are among the major industrial activities.[43][44][45] Mining alone employs 24,000 people and generates about 5% of the country's GDP; the number of employed in all mining-related industries is 120,000.[46][47] Bulgaria is Europe's fifth-largest coal producer.[47][48] Local deposits of coal, iron, copper and lead are vital for the manufacturing and energy sectors.[49] The main destinations of Bulgarian exports outside the EU are Turkey, China and Serbia, while Russia, Turkey and China are by far the largest import partners. Most of the exports are manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel products and food.[50] Two-thirds of food and agricultural exports go to OECD countries.[51]

Although cereal and vegetable output dropped by 40% between 1990 and 2008,[52] output in grains has since increased, and the 2016–2017 season registered the biggest grain output in a decade.[53][54] Maize, barley, oats and rice are also grown. Quality Oriental tobacco is a significant industrial crop.[55] Bulgaria is also the largest producer globally of lavender and rose oil, both widely used in fragrances.[56][57][58][59] Within the services sector, tourism is a significant contributor to economic growth. Sofia, Plovdiv, Veliko Tarnovo, coastal resorts Albena, Golden Sands and Sunny Beach and winter resorts Bansko, Pamporovo and Borovets are some of the locations most visited by tourists.[60][61] Most visitors are Romanian, Turkish, Greek and German.[62] Tourism is additionally encouraged through the 100 Tourist Sites system.[63]

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Bulgaria
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launching BulgariaSat-1 in June 2017
The launch of BulgariaSat-1 by SpaceX

Spending on research and development amounts to 0.78% of GDP,[64] and the bulk of public R&D funding goes to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS).[65] Private businesses accounted for more than 73% of R&D expenditures and employed 42% of Bulgaria's 22,000 researchers in 2015.[66] The same year, Bulgaria ranked 39th out of 50 countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the highest score being in education (24th) and the lowest in value-added manufacturing (48th).[67] Bulgaria was ranked 38th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[68] Chronic government underinvestment in research since 1990 has forced many professionals in science and engineering to leave Bulgaria.[69]

Despite the lack of funding, research in chemistry, materials science and physics remains strong.[65] Antarctic research is actively carried out through the St. Kliment Ohridski Base on Livingston Island in Western Antarctica.[70][71] The information and communication technologies (ICT) sector generates three per cent of economic output and employs 40,000[72] to 51,000 software engineers.[73] Bulgaria was known as a "Communist Silicon Valley" during the Soviet era due to its key role in COMECON computing technology production.[74] A concerted effort by the communist government to teach computing and IT skills in schools also indirectly made Bulgaria a major source of computer viruses in the 1980s and 90s.[75] The country is a regional leader in high performance computing: it operates Avitohol, the most powerful supercomputer in Southeast Europe, and will host one of the eight petascale EuroHPC supercomputers.[76][77]

Bulgaria has made numerous contributions to space exploration.[78] These include two scientific satellites, more than 200 payloads and 300 experiments in Earth orbit, as well as two cosmonauts since 1971.[78] Bulgaria was the first country to grow wheat and vegetables in space with its Svet greenhouses on the Mir space station.[79][80] It was involved in the development of the Granat gamma-ray observatory[81] and the Vega program, particularly in modelling trajectories and guidance algorithms for both Vega probes.[82][83] Bulgarian instruments have been used in the exploration of Mars, including a spectrometer that took the first high quality spectroscopic images of Martian moon Phobos with the Phobos 2 probe.[78][81] Cosmic radiation en route to and around the planet has been mapped by Liulin-ML dosimeters on the ExoMars TGO.[84] Variants of these instruments have also been fitted on the International Space Station and the Chandrayaan-1 lunar probe.[85][86] Another lunar mission, SpaceIL's Beresheet, was also equipped with a Bulgarian-manufactured imaging payload.[87] Bulgaria's first geostationary communications satellite—BulgariaSat-1—was launched by SpaceX in 2017.[88]

Infrastructure

Main articles: Energy in Bulgaria and Transport in Bulgaria
Trakiya motorway, one of the main national motorways
Trakia motorway

Telephone services are widely available, and a central digital trunk line connects most regions.[89] Vivacom (BTC) serves more than 90% of fixed lines and is one of the three operators providing mobile services, along with A1 and Telenor.[90][91] Internet penetration stood at 69.2% of the population aged 16–74 and 78.9% of households in 2020.[92][93]

Bulgaria's strategic geographic location and well-developed energy sector make it a key European energy centre despite its lack of significant fossil fuel deposits.[94] Thermal power plants generate 48.9% of electricity, followed by nuclear power from the Kozloduy reactors (34.8%) and renewable sources (16.3%).[95] Equipment for a second nuclear power station at Belene has been acquired, but the fate of the project remains uncertain.[96] Installed capacity amounts to 12,668 MW, allowing Bulgaria to exceed domestic demand and export energy.[97]

The national road network has a total length of 19,512 kilometres (12,124 mi),[98] of which 19,235 kilometres (11,952 mi) are paved. Railroads are a major mode of freight transportation, although highways carry a progressively larger share of freight. Bulgaria has 6,238 kilometres (3,876 mi) of railway track, [89] with rail links available to Romania, Turkey, Greece, and Serbia, and express trains serving direct routes to Kyiv, Minsk, Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[99] Sofia is the country's air travel hub, while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports.[89]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bulgaria

Ethnic groups in Bulgaria (2021 census)[100][101]

  Bulgarians (84.57%)
  Bulgarian Turks (8.40%)
  Romani (4.41%)
  Other (1.31%)
  Undeclared (1.31%)

According to the government's official 2022 estimate, the population of Bulgaria consists of 6,447,710 people, down from 6,519,789 according to the last official census in 2021.[102][101] The majority of the population, 72.5%, reside in urban areas.[103] As of 2019, Sofia is the most populated urban centre with 1,241,675 people, followed by Plovdiv (346,893), Varna (336,505), Burgas (202,434) and Ruse (142,902).[16] Bulgarians are the main ethnic group and constitute 84.6% of the population. Turkish and Roma minorities account for 8.4 and 4.4%, respectively; some 40 smaller minorities account for 1.3%, and 1.3% do not self-identify with an ethnic group.[100][101] The Roma minority is usually underestimated in census data and may represent up to 11% of the population.[104][105] Population density is 55-60 per square kilometre (ultimo 2023), almost half the European Union average.[106]

Bulgaria is in a state of demographic crisis.[107][108] It has had negative population growth since 1989, when the post-Cold War economic collapse caused a long-lasting emigration wave.[109] Some 937,000 to 1,200,000 people—mostly young adults—had left the country by 2005.[109][110] The majority of children are born to unmarried women.[111] In 2024, the average total fertility rate (TFR) in Bulgaria was 1.59 children per woman,[112] a slight increase from 1.56 in 2018,[113] and well above the all-time low of 1.1 in 1997, but still below the replacement rate of 2.1 and considerably below the historical high of 5.83 children per woman in 1905.[114] Bulgaria thus has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an average age of 43 years.[115] Furthermore, a third of all households consist of only one person and 75.5% of families do not have children under the age of 16.[108] The resulting birth rates are among the lowest in the world[116][117] while death rates are among the highest.[118]

Bulgaria scores high in gender equality, ranking 18th in the 2018 Global Gender Gap Report.[119] Although women's suffrage was enabled relatively late, in 1937, women today have equal political rights, high workforce participation and legally mandated equal pay.[119] In 2021, market research agency Reboot Online ranked Bulgaria as the best European country for women to work.[120] Bulgaria has the highest ratio of female ICT researchers in the EU,[121] as well as the second-highest ratio of females in the technology sector at 44.6% of the workforce. High levels of female participation are a legacy of the Socialist era.[122]

Largest cities

Template:Largest cities of Bulgaria

Health

Main article: Health in Bulgaria

High death rates result from a combination of an ageing population, high numbers of people at risk of poverty, and a weak healthcare system.[123] Over 80% of deaths are due to cancer and cardiovascular conditions; nearly a fifth of those are avoidable.[124] Although healthcare in Bulgaria is nominally universal,[125] out-of-pocket expenses account for nearly half of all healthcare spending, significantly limiting access to medical care.[126] Other problems disrupting care provision are the emigration of doctors due to low wages, understaffed and under-equipped regional hospitals, supply shortages and frequent changes to the basic service package for those insured.[127][128] The 2018 Bloomberg Health Care Efficiency Index ranked Bulgaria last out of 56 countries.[129] Average life expectancy is 74.8 years, compared with an EU average of 80.99 and a world average of 72.38.[130][131]

Education

Main article: Education in Bulgaria
Sofia University building
The Rectorate of Sofia University

Public expenditures for education are far below the European Union average as well.[132] Educational standards were once high,[133] but have declined significantly since the early 2000s.[132] Bulgarian students were among the highest-scoring in the world in terms of reading in 2001, performing better than their Canadian and German counterparts; by 2006, scores in reading, math and science had dropped. By 2018, Programme for International Student Assessment studies found 47% of pupils in the 9th grade to be functionally illiterate in reading and natural sciences.[134] Average basic literacy stands high at 98.4% with no significant difference between sexes.[135] The Ministry of Education and Science partially funds public schools, colleges and universities, sets criteria for textbooks and oversees the publishing process. Education in primary and secondary public schools is free and compulsory.[133] The process spans 12 grades, in which grades one through eight are primary and nine through twelve are secondary level. Higher education consists of a 4-year bachelor degree and a 1-year master's degree.[136] Bulgaria's highest-ranked higher education institution is Sofia University.[137][138]

Language

Main article: Languages of Bulgaria

Bulgarian is the only language with official status.[139] It belongs to the Slavic group of languages but has a number of grammatical peculiarities that set it apart from other Slavic languages: these include a complex verbal morphology (which also codes for distinctions in evidentiality), the absence of noun cases and infinitives, and the use of a suffixed definite article.[140]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Bulgaria
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia

Bulgaria is a secular state with guaranteed freedom of religion by constitution, but Eastern Orthodox Christianity is designated as the traditional religion of the country.[141] Approximately two-thirds of Bulgarians identify as Eastern Orthodox Christians.[101] The Bulgarian Orthodox Church was the first church apart from the Four Ancient Patriarchates of the Eastern Orthodox Church—in Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem—and the first national church to gain autocephalous status in 927 AD.[142][143] The Bulgarian Patriarchate has 12 dioceses and over 2,000 priests.[144]

Muslims are the second-largest religious community and constitute approx. 10% of Bulgaria's overall religious makeup. A 2011 survey of 850 Muslims in Bulgaria found 30% self-professing as deeply religious and 50% as just religious. According to the study, some religious teachings, like Islamic funeral, have been traditionally incorporated and are widely practiced while other major ones are less observed, such as the Muslim prayer or abstaining from drinking alcohol, eating pork, and cohabitation.[145]

Other important religions include Roman Catholicism and Judaism, whose history in Bulgaria dates back to the early Middle Ages, the Armenian Apostolic Church, as well as various Protestant denominations, all of which stand for around 2% of Bulgaria's population. An ever increasing number of Bulgarians are either irreligious or unaffiliated with any religion, a percentage that has been growing rapidly over the past 20 years, from 3.9% in 2001, through 9.3% in 2011 and all the way to 15.9% in 2021.[101][146][147][148]

According to the most recent census of 2021 the religious denominations of the population are, as follows: Christian (71.5%), Islam (10.8%), other religions (0.1%). Further 12.4% were unaffiliated or did not respond.[149][150][101]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bulgaria
Roman theatre, Plovdic
The Roman theatre of Plovdiv, European Capital of Culture in 2019
Rila Monastery
Rila Monastery, an important spiritual centre for the Bulgarians
Bulgarian Kuker
Kuker in Lesichovo

Contemporary Bulgarian culture blends the formal culture that helped forge a national consciousness towards the end of Ottoman rule with millennia-old folk traditions.[151] An essential element of Bulgarian folklore is fire, used to banish evil spirits and illnesses. Many of these are personified as witches, whereas other creatures like zmey and samodiva (veela) are either benevolent guardians or ambivalent tricksters.[152] Some rituals against evil spirits have survived and are still practised, most notably kukeri and survakari.[153] Martenitsa is also widely celebrated.[154] Nestinarstvo, a ritual fire-dance of Thracian origin, is included in the list of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.[155][156]

Nine historical and natural objects are UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Pirin National Park, Sreburna Nature Reserve, the Madara Rider, the Thracian tombs in Sveshtari and Kazanlak, the Rila Monastery, the Boyana Church, the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo and the ancient city of Nesebar.[157] The Rila Monastery was established by Saint John of Rila, Bulgaria's patron saint, whose life has been the subject of numerous literary accounts since Medieval times.[158]

The establishment of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools in the 10th century is associated with a golden period in Bulgarian literature during the Middle Ages.[158] The schools' emphasis on Christian scriptures made the Bulgarian Empire a centre of Slavic culture, bringing Slavs under the influence of Christianity and providing them with a written language.[159][160][161] Its alphabet, Cyrillic script, was developed by the Preslav Literary School.[162] The Tarnovo Literary School, on the other hand, is associated with a Silver age of literature defined by high-quality manuscripts on historical or mystical themes under the Asen and Shishman dynasties.[158] Many literary and artistic masterpieces were destroyed by the Ottoman conquerors, and artistic activities did not re-emerge until the National Revival in the 19th century.[151] The enormous body of work of Ivan Vazov (1850–1921) covered every genre and touched upon every facet of Bulgarian society, bridging pre-Liberation works with literature of the newly established state.[158] Notable later works are Bay Ganyo by Aleko Konstantinov, the Nietzschean poetry of Pencho Slaveykov, the Symbolist poetry of Peyo Yavorov and Dimcho Debelyanov, the Marxist-inspired works of Geo Milev and Nikola Vaptsarov, and the Socialist realism novels of Dimitar Dimov and Dimitar Talev.[158] Tzvetan Todorov is a notable contemporary author,[163] while Bulgarian-born Elias Canetti was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1981.[164]

А religious visual arts heritage includes frescoes, murals and icons, many produced by the medieval Tarnovo Artistic School.[165] Like literature, it was not until the National Revival when Bulgarian visual arts began to reemerge. Zahari Zograf was a pioneer of the visual arts in the pre-Liberation era.[151] After the Liberation, Ivan Mrkvička, Anton Mitov, Vladimir Dimitrov, Tsanko Lavrenov and Zlatyu Boyadzhiev introduced newer styles and substance, depicting scenery from Bulgarian villages, old towns and historical subjects. Christo is the most famous Bulgarian artist of the 21st century, known for his outdoor installations.[151]

Folk music is by far the most extensive traditional art and has slowly developed throughout the ages as a fusion of Far Eastern, Oriental, medieval Eastern Orthodox and standard Western European tonalities and modes.[166] Bulgarian folk music has a distinctive sound and uses a wide range of traditional instruments, such as gadulka, gaida, kaval and tupan. A distinguishing feature is extended rhythmical time, which has no equivalent in the rest of European music.[56] The State Television Female Vocal Choir won a Grammy Award in 1990 for its performances of Bulgarian folk music.[167] Written musical composition can be traced back to the works of Yoan Kukuzel (c. 1280–1360),[168] but modern classical music began with Emanuil Manolov, who composed the first Bulgarian opera in 1890.[151] Pancho Vladigerov and Petko Staynov further enriched symphony, ballet and opera, which singers Ghena Dimitrova, Boris Christoff, Ljuba Welitsch and Nicolai Ghiaurov elevated to a world-class level.[151][169][170][171][172][173][174]Template:Excessive citations inline

Bulgarian performers have gained acclaim in other genres like electropop (Mira Aroyo), jazz (Milcho Leviev) and blends of jazz and folk (Ivo Papazov).[151]

The Bulgarian National Radio, bTV and daily newspapers Trud, Dnevnik and 24 Chasa are some of the largest national media outlets.[175] Bulgarian media were described as generally unbiased in their reporting in the early 2000s and print media had no legal restrictions.[176] Since then, freedom of the press has deteriorated to the point where Bulgaria scores 111th globally in the World Press Freedom Index, lower than all European Union members and membership candidate states. The government has diverted EU funds to sympathetic media outlets and bribed others to be less critical on problematic topics, while attacks against individual journalists have increased.[177][178] Collusion between politicians, oligarchs and the media is widespread.[177]

Bulgarian cuisine is similar to that of other Balkan countries and demonstrates strong Turkish and Greek influences.[179] Yogurt, lukanka, banitsa, shopska salad, lyutenitsa and kozunak are among the best-known local foods. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a cultural preference for a large variety of salads.[179] Bulgaria was the world's second-largest wine exporter until 1989, but has since lost that position.[180][181] The 2016 harvest yielded 128 million litres of wine, of which 62 million was exported mainly to Romania, Poland and Russia.[182] Mavrud, Rubin, Shiroka melnishka, Dimiat and Cherven Misket are the typical grapes used in Bulgarian wine.[183] Rakia is a traditional fruit brandy that was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century.[184]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Bulgaria
Grigor Dimitrov in 2017
Grigor Dimitrov at the 2015 Italian Open

Bulgaria appeared at the first modern Olympic games in 1896, when it was represented by gymnast Charles Champaud.[185] Since then, Bulgarian athletes have won 55 gold, 90 silver, and 85 bronze medals,[186] ranking 25th in the all-time medal table. Weight-lifting is a signature sport of Bulgaria. Coach Ivan Abadzhiev developed innovative training practices that have produced many Bulgarian world and Olympic champions in weight-lifting since the 1980s.[187] Bulgarian athletes have also excelled in wrestling, boxing, gymnastics, volleyball and tennis.[187] Stefka Kostadinova is the reigning world record holder in the women's high jump at 2.09 metres (6 feet 10 inches), achieved during the 1987 World Championships.[188] Grigor Dimitrov is the first Bulgarian tennis player in the Top 3 ATP rankings.[189]

Football is the most popular sport in the country by a substantial margin. The national football team's best performance was a semi-final at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, when the squad was spearheaded by forward Hristo Stoichkov.[187] Stoichkov is the most successful Bulgarian player of all time; he was awarded the Golden Boot and the Golden Ball and was considered one of the best in the world while playing for FC Barcelona in the 1990s.[190][191] CSKA and Levski, both based in Sofia,[187] are the most successful clubs domestically and long-standing rivals.[192] Ludogorets is remarkable for having advanced from the local fourth division to the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage in a mere nine years.[193] Placed 39th in 2018, it is Bulgaria's highest-ranked club in UEFA.[194]

See also

Explanatory notes

References

  1. ↑ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". The World Bank Group. 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  2. ↑ "Bulgaria Overview". USAID. 2002. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  3. ↑ Bell, John D. "Bulgaria – Late Communist rule". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018. Bulgaria gave the highest priority to scientific and technological advancement and the development of trade skills appropriate to an industrial state. In 1948 approximately 80 percent of the population drew their living from the soil, but by 1988 less than one-fifth of the labour force was engaged in agriculture, with the rest concentrated in industry and the service sector.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The economies of Bulgaria and Romania". European Commission. January 2007. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  5. ↑ OECD Economic Surveys: Bulgaria. OECD. 1999. p. 24. ISBN 9789264167735. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2018. The previous 1997 Economic Survey of Bulgaria documented how a combination of difficult initial conditions, delays in structural reforms, ... culminated in the economic crisis of 1996–97.
  6. ↑ "Средната заплата в България в края на септември стигна 2072 лв".
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hawkesworth, Ian (2009). "Budgeting in Bulgaria" (PDF). OECD Journal on Budgeting (3/2009): 137. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "Field listing: Budget". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Denizova, Vera (23 October 2017). Бюджет 2018: Повече за заплати, здраве и пенсии [2018 Budget: More for salaries, health and pensions] (in български). Kapital Daily. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  10. ↑ "Field listing: Taxes and other revenue". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  11. ↑ "These are the 29 countries with the world's lowest levels of tax". Business Insider. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  12. ↑ "Structure of Bulgarian Tax System". Ministry of Finance of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  13. ↑ "Брутен държавен дълг". www.nsi.bg. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  14. ↑ "Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant), by NUTS 2 regions". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  15. ↑ БВП – регионално ниво [GDP – regional level] (in български). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 NSI Census data 2017.
  17. ↑ "GDP per capita in PPS". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  18. ↑ "Comparative price levels". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  19. ↑ "Bulgaria". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  20. ↑ "EU: Countries to Begin Counting Drugs, Prostitution in Economic Growth". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  21. ↑ "Shadow Economy" (PDF). Eurostat. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  22. ↑ Курсове на българския лев към еврото и към валутите на държавите, приели еврото [Exchange rates of the lev to the euro and Eurozone currencies replaced by the euro] (in български). Bulgarian National Bank. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  23. ↑ "Bulgaria: GDP growth (annual %)". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  24. ↑ "Bulgaria: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)". The World Bank. 2018. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  25. ↑ Harizanova, Tanya (17 June 2010). "Inter-company debt – one of Bulgarian economy's serious problems". Bulgarian National Radio. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  26. ↑ Бизнесът очерта уникална диспропорция в България [Business points to a major disproportion in Bulgaria] (in български). Dir.bg. 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  27. ↑ "ITUC Frontlines Report 2012: Section on Bulgaria". Novinite. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  28. ↑ "Bulgaria, Romania Rapped for Public Procurement Fraud". Novinite. 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  29. ↑ Center for the Study of Democracy (2007). Anti-corruption Reforms in Bulgaria: Key Results and Risks. Center for the Study of Democracy. p. 44. ISBN 9789544771461. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  30. ↑ "Corruption Perceptions Index: Transparency International". Transparency International. 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Rankin, Jennifer (28 December 2017). "Cloud of corruption hangs over Bulgaria as it takes up EU presidency". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  32. ↑ "Bulgarian corruption at 15-year high". The Telegraph. 12 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2018.Template:Cbignore
  33. ↑ "Bulgarian border officers suspended over airport security lapse". Reuters. 24 March 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  34. ↑ Macdonald, Alastair (11 January 2018). "Bulgaria savors EU embrace despite critics". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Krasimirov, Angel (17 January 2018). "Bulgaria's government faces no-confidence vote over corruption". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  36. ↑ "US State Dept criticises Bulgaria on prisons, judiciary, corruption, people-trafficking and violence against minorities". The Sofia Globe. 21 April 2018. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  37. ↑ 10 млрд. лв. годишно се харчат с обществени поръчки [10 bln. leva are spent on public procurement every year]. 24 Chasa (in български). 21 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  38. ↑ Stanchev, Ivaylo (29 December 2017). Рекорд при обществените поръчки: открити са търгове за почти 14 млрд. лв. [A record in public procurement: tenders worth nearly 14 billion lv unveiled] (in български). Kapital Daily. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  39. ↑ Stefanov, Ruslan (2015). "The Bulgarian Public Procurement Market: Corruption Risks and Dynamics in the Construction Sector" (PDF). Government Favouritism in Europe: The Anticorruption Report 3 (3/2015): 35. doi:10.2307/j.ctvdf0g12.6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  40. ↑ "Public procurement in Bulgaria" (PDF). European Commission. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  41. ↑ "Field listing: Labor force". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  42. ↑ "Field listing: Labor force by occupation". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  43. ↑ Bell, John D. "Bulgaria – Manufacturing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  44. ↑ "Field listing: Industries". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  45. ↑ "Bulgaria: Selling off steel". Oxford Business Group. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  46. ↑ "Mining Industry Accounts for 5% of Bulgaria's GDP – Energy Minister". Novinite. 29 August 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Bulgaria's ore exports rise 10% in H1 2011 – industry group". The Sofia Echo. 18 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  48. ↑ "Total Primary Coal Production (Thousand Short Tons)". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  49. ↑ Resource Base.
  50. ↑ "Trade In Goods of Bulgaria With Third Countries In the Period January – October 2019 (Preliminary Data)" (PDF). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. November 2019. pp. 7, 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  51. ↑ "Agricultural Policies in non-OECD countries: Monitoring and Evaluation" (PDF). OECD. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  52. ↑ "Bulgaria – Natural conditions, farming traditions and agricultural structures". Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  53. ↑ "Bulgaria – Economic Summary, UNData, United Nations". United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  54. ↑ "Experts: Bumper Year for Wheat Producers in Dobrich Region". Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  55. ↑ Bell, John D. "Bulgaria – Agriculture". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CENTCOM
  57. ↑ Ivanova, Miglena (31 May 2017). "Bulgarian rose oil keeps its top place on world market". Bulgarian National Radio. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  58. ↑ "Bulgaria is Again the World's First Producer of Lavender Oil". Novinite. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  59. ↑ "Bulgaria tops lavender oil production, outpacing France". Fox News. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  60. ↑ "Europe (without the euro)". The Guardian. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  61. ↑ Bell, John D. "Bulgaria – Tourism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  62. ↑ Посещения на чужденци в България по месеци и по страни [Arrivals of foreigners in 2017 by month and country of origin] (in български). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  63. ↑ Markov, Alexander (3 October 2011). "100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria". Bulgarian National Radio. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  64. ↑ NSI Brochure 2018, p. 19.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "EU Presidency Puts Lagging Bulgarian Science in the Spotlight". Novinite. 22 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  66. ↑ "R&D Spending in Bulgaria Up in 2015, Mostly Driven by Businesses". Novinite. 31 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  67. ↑ "The 2015 Bloomberg Innovation Index". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  68. ↑ WIPO. "Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition". www.wipo.int. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  69. ↑ Shopov, V. (2007). "The impact of the European scientific area on the 'Brain leaking' problem in the Balkan countries". Nauka (1/2007).
  70. ↑ St. Kliment Ohridski Base. Template:Webarchive SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
  71. ↑ Ivanov, Lyubomir (2015). General Geography and History of Livingston Island. Template:Webarchive In: Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press. pp. 17–28. ISBN 978-954-07-3939-7
  72. ↑ Hope, Kerin (17 October 2016). "Bulgaria strives to become tech capital of the Balkans". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  73. ↑ "Bulgaria's ICT Sector Turnover Trebled over Last Seven Years – Deputy Economy Minister". Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  74. ↑ McMullin, David (2 October 2003). "The Great Bulgarian BrainDrain". Delft Technical University. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  75. ↑ Petrov, Victor (30 September 2021). "Socialist Cyborgs". Archived from the original on 17 September 2021.
  76. ↑ Zapryanov, Yoan (22 June 2018). Малката изчислителна армия на България [Bulgaria's small computing army] (in български). Kapital Daily. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  77. ↑ "Digital Single Market: Europe announces eight sites to host world-class supercomputers". European Commission. 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Burgess, Colin; Vis, Bert (2016). Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program. Springer. pp. 247–250. ISBN 978-3-319-24161-6. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  79. ↑ "Cosmonauts Eager, Hopeful for Reboot of Bulgaria's Space Program". Novinite. 17 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  80. ↑ Ivanova, Tanya (1998). "Six-month space greenhouse experiments—a step to creation of future biological life support systems". Acta Astronautica. 42 (1–8): 11–23. Bibcode:1998AcAau..42...11I. doi:10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00102-7. PMID 11541596.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Harland, David M.; Ulivi, Paolo (2009). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System: Part 2: Hiatus and Renewal, 1983–1996. Springer. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-387-78904-0. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  82. ↑ Dimitrova, Milena (2008). Златните десятилетия на българската електроника [The Golden Decades of Bulgarian Electronics]. Trud. pp. 257–258. ISBN 9789545288456. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  83. ↑ Badescu, Viorel; Zacny, Kris (2015). Inner Solar System: Prospective Energy and Material Resources. Springer. p. 276. ISBN 978-3-319-19568-1. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  84. ↑ Semkova, Jordanka; Dachev, Tsvetan (2015). "Radiation environment investigations during ExoMars missions to Mars – objectives, experiments and instrumentation". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie Bulgare des Sciences. 47 (25): 485–496. ISSN 1310-1331. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  85. ↑ "Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment (RADOM)". ISRO. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  86. ↑ Dachev, Ts.; Dimitrov, Pl.; Tomov, B.; Matviichuk, Yu.; Spurny, F.; Ploc, O. (2011). "Liulin-type spectrometry-dosimetry instruments". Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 144 (1–4): 675–679. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncq506. ISSN 1742-3406. PMID 21177270.
  87. ↑ "Bulgarian Camera Flies to the Moon". Darik News. 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  88. ↑ "BulgariaSat-1 Mission". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Library of Congress 2006, p. 14.
  90. ↑ "Bulgaria: 2011 Telecommunication Market and Regulatory Developments" (PDF). European Commission. 2011. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  91. ↑ "Bulgaria Opens Tender for Fourth Mobile Operator". Novinite. 3 October 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  92. ↑ "Individuals regularly using the Internet (Every day or at least once a week)". National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 27 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  93. ↑ "Households with Internet access at home". National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 27 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  94. ↑ "Energy Hub". Oxford Business Group. 13 October 2008. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  95. ↑ NSI Brochure 2018, p. 47.
  96. ↑ Krasimirov, Angel (7 June 2018). "Bulgaria must work to restart Belene nuclear project: parliament". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  97. ↑ "Bulgaria – Power Generation". International Trade Administration. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  98. ↑ "Country comparison: Total road length". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  99. ↑ "Trains in Bulgaria". EuRail. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 National Statistical Institute (2022). "Population by Ethnic Group, Statistical Regions, Districts and Municipalities as of 07/09/2021". Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 101.5 National Statistical Institute (24 November 2022). "Ethno-Cultural Characteristics of the Bulgarian Population as at 7 September 2021" (PDF) (in български). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  102. ↑ "Population and demographic processes in 2022" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  103. ↑ NSI Census data 2011, p. 3.
  104. ↑ "Bulgarians unfazed by anti-Roma hate speech from deputy prime minister". Deutsche Welle. 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  105. ↑ "Field listing: Ethnic Groups". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  106. ↑ "Population density (people per sq. km of land area)". The World Bank. 2018. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  107. ↑ "World Bank: The demographic crisis is Bulgaria's most serious problem". Klassa. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 "Demographic crisis in Bulgaria deepening". Bulgarian National Radio. 12 March 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 "Will EU Entry Shrink Bulgaria's Population Even More?". Deutsche Welle. 26 December 2006. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  110. ↑ Roth, Klaus; Lauth Bacas, Jutta (2004). Migration In, From, and to Southeastern Europe. The British Library. p. 188. ISBN 978-3-643-10896-8. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  111. ↑ "Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table". Eurostat. 17 October 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  112. ↑ "UNdata | Total fertility rate (live births per woman)". data.un.org. World Population Prospects: The 2022 Revision | United Nations Population Division. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  113. ↑ "Population and Demographic Processes in 2018". Nsi.bg. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  114. ↑ Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 10 May 2022, retrieved 6 May 2019
  115. ↑ Template:Citation-attribution
  116. ↑ "Country Comparison: Population growth rate". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  117. ↑ "Country Comparison: Birth rate". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  118. ↑ "Country Comparison: Death rate". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 The Global Gender Gap Report (PDF). World Economic Forum. 2018. pp. 10, 45, 46. ISBN 978-2-940631-00-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  120. ↑ "The best countries in Europe for women to work". Yahoo! Finance. 6 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  121. ↑ "Girls and women under-represented in ICT". Eurostat. 25 April 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  122. ↑ Hope, Kerin (9 March 2018). "Bulgaria builds on legacy of female engineering elite". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  123. ↑ Hope, Kerin (11 January 2018). "Bulgaria battles to stop its brain drain". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2018. But a sharp decline in the quality of state healthcare and high poverty rates—42% of the population are at risk of poverty in old age, according to Eurostat—gives Bulgaria the second-lowest life expectancy in the EU after Lithuania.
  124. ↑ Country Health Profile, p. 1
  125. ↑ Georgieva, Lidia; Salchev, Petko (2007). "Bulgaria Health system review" (PDF). Health Systems in Transition. 9 (1): xvi, 12. ISSN 1817-6127. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  126. ↑ Country Health Profile, p. 7
  127. ↑ Country Health Profile, pp. 8, 11, 12.
  128. ↑ Guineva, Maria (7 January 2013). "The Bulgaria 2012 Review: Health and Healthcare". Novinite. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  129. ↑ Miller, Lee J (19 September 2018). "These Are the Economies With the Most (and Least) Efficient Health Care". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  130. ↑ "Country Comparison: Life Expectancy". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  131. ↑ "Life expectancy at birth, total (years)". The World Bank. 2019. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 "Education in Bulgaria" (PDF). UNICEF. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 Library of Congress 2006, p. 6.
  134. ↑ Dimitrov, Deyan (3 December 2019). "PISA 2018: Българските ученици покоряват ново дъно" [PISA 2018: Bulgarian pupils reach new lows]. Kapital Daily. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  135. ↑ "Field Listing: Literacy". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  136. ↑ "Structure of the Education System in Bulgaria". Ministry of Education, Youth and Science of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  137. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  138. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  139. ↑ Template:Harvnb In the 2011 census, the language question was optional and it was answered by 90.2% of those surveyed.
  140. ↑ "The introduction of the definite article, which appears in the form of a suffix, and the almost total disappearance of the ancient declensions, for which the use of prepositions has been substituted, distinguish the Bulgarian from all the other members of the Slavonic family" (Template:Cite EB1911).
  141. ↑ "The Bulgarian Constitution". Parliament of Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  142. ↑ Kiminas, D. (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  143. ↑ Carvalho, Joaquim (2007). Religion and power in Europe: conflict and convergence. Pisa University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-88-8492-464-3. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  144. ↑ "Bulgarian Orthodox Church". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  145. ↑ "Bulgaria's Muslims not deeply religious: study". Hürriyet Daily News. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  146. ↑ "Religious demography in the censuses of 1887, 1905, 1926, 1946, 1992, 2001 and 2011". Archived from the original on 18 June 2022.
  147. ↑ "2001 Census: Population by districts and religious groups". Archived from the original on 23 February 2017.
  148. ↑ "Преброяване 2011: Население по местоживеене, възраст и вероизповедание" [2011 Census: Population by place of residence, age and religion]. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018.
  149. ↑ staff, The Sofia Globe (24 November 2022). "Census 2021: Close to 72% of Bulgarians say they are Christians". The Sofia Globe. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  150. ↑ National Statistical Institute (2022). "Population by Religious Denomination, Statistical Regions and Districts as of 07/09/2021". Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 151.3 151.4 151.5 151.6 Bell, John D. "Bulgaria – The arts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. The early impetus of Bulgarian traditions in the arts was cut short by the Ottoman occupation in the 14th century, and many early masterpieces were destroyed. ... the foundations were laid for later artists such as Vladimir Dimitrov, an extremely gifted painter specializing in the rural scenes of his native country ... At the beginning of the 21st century, the best-known contemporary Bulgarian artist was Christo, an environmental sculptor known for wrapping famous structures
  152. ↑ MacDermott 1998, pp. 64–70.
  153. ↑ Creed, Gerald W. (2011). Masquerade and Postsocialism: Ritual and Cultural Dispossession in Bulgaria. Indiana University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-253-22261-9. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  154. ↑ "The Bulgarian Tradition of Martenitsa". Bulgarian National Television. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  155. ↑ MacDermott 1998, p. 226.
  156. ↑ "Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari". UNESCO. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  157. ↑ "Bulgaria – Profile". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 158.3 158.4 Brisby, Liliana. "Bulgarian Literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  159. ↑ Giatzidis, Emil (2002). [[[:Template:Google books]] An Introduction to post-Communist Bulgaria: Political, Economic and Social Transformation] Check |url= value (help). Manchester University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7190-6094-6. Thus, with its early emphasis on Christian Orthodox scholarship, Bulgaria became the first major centre of Slavic culture
  160. ↑ Riha, Thomas (1964). [[[:Template:Google books]] Readings in Russian Civilization] Check |url= value (help). University of Chicago Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-7190-6094-6. And it was mainly from Bulgaria that a rich supply of literary monuments was transferred to Kiev and other centres.
  161. ↑ McNeill, William Hardy (1963). [[[:Template:Google books]] The Rise of the West] Check |url= value (help). University of Chicago Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-112-69531-5. Accordingly, when Bulgaria was converted to Christianity (after 865), bringing massive Slavic-speaking populations within the pale of Christendom, a new literary language, Old Church Slavonic, directly based upon Bulgarian speech, developed for their use.
  162. ↑ Curta, Florin (2006). [[[:Template:Google books]] Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250] Check |url= value (help). Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
  163. ↑ "French-Bulgarian Theorist Tzvetan Todorov Wins Top Spanish Award". Novinite. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  164. ↑ Lorenz, Dagmar C.G. (17 April 2004). "Elias Canetti". The Literary Encyclopedia. 1.4.1. ISSN 1747-678X.
  165. ↑ Grabar, André (1928). La Peinture Religieuse en Bulgarie [Religious Visual Arts in Bulgaria]. P. Geuthner. p. 95. Template:ASIN
  166. ↑ Kremenliev, Boris A. (1952). [[[:Template:Google books]] Bulgarian-Macedonian Folk Music] Check |url= value (help). University of California Press. p. 52. Bulgaria's scales are numerous, and it may be demonstrated that they are a fusion of Eastern and Western influences. ... first, Oriental scales; second, church modes: the osmoglasie ... third, the conventional scales of Western Europe. ... Among the scales which have come to the Balkans from Asia, the pentatonic is one of the most widely used in Bulgaria. Whether it came from China or Japan, as Dobri Hristov suggests[permanent dead link]
  167. ↑ "32nd Grammy Awards Winners". Grammy Awards. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  168. ↑ Lang, David Marshall (1976). The Bulgarians: From Pagan Times to the Ottoman Conquest. Westview Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-89158-530-5. John Kukuzel, the eminent Bulgarian/born reformer of Byzantine music.
  169. ↑ Tzvetkova, Elena (25 October 2011). "The 2011/2012 season of the National Opera and Ballet House". Bulgarian National Radio. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  170. ↑ "Obituary: Ghena Dimitrova". The Telegraph. 13 June 2005. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2011.Template:Cbignore
  171. ↑ Forbes, Elizabeth (29 June 1993). "Obituary: Boris Christoff". The Independent. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  172. ↑ Forbes, Elizabeth (9 September 1996). "Obituary: Ljuba Welitsch". The Independent. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  173. ↑ Kozinn, Allan (29 June 1993). "Boris Christoff, Bass, Dies at 79; Esteemed for His Boris Godunov". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  174. ↑ Midgette, Anne (3 June 2004). "Nicolai Ghiaurov, Operatic Bass, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  175. ↑ "Bulgaria profile – Media". BBC News. 13 July 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  176. ↑ Library of Congress 2006, pp. 18, 23.
  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 "Bulgaria". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  178. ↑ Greenslade, Roy (23 September 2014). "Why Bulgaria is the EU's lowest ranked country on press freedom index". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  179. ↑ 179.0 179.1 Albala, Ken (2011). [[[:Template:Google books]] Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia] Check |url= value (help). ABC-CLIO. pp. 61, 62. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9.
  180. ↑ Bruce-Gardyne, Tom (7 February 2012). "Bulgaria Bounces Back". Novinite. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  181. ↑ "Bulgaria Ranks 22nd in World Wine Production". Novinite. 21 October 2016.
  182. ↑ Mihaylov, Ivaylo (14 February 2017). "Bulgaria wine production 2016". SEE News.
  183. ↑ "Wines of Bulgaria". ChicagoNow. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  184. ↑ "Archeological Find Proves Rakia Is Bulgarian Invention". Novinite. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  185. ↑ "Athens 1896". Bulgarian Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  186. ↑ "Bulgaria". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  187. ↑ 187.0 187.1 187.2 187.3 Bell, John D. "Bulgaria – Sport and recreation". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018. In international sports competition, Bulgarians have excelled in tennis, wrestling, boxing, and gymnastics, but the country's greatest repute may be in weight-lifting. ... Fans of football (soccer), the most popular sport in Bulgaria, were buoyed by the success of the national team in the 1994 World Cup, when it advanced to the semi-final match under the leadership of forward Hristo Stoichkov. The premier league in Bulgaria has 16 teams, of which four play in Sofia: CSKA, Levski, Slavia, and Lokomotiv.
  188. ↑ "Highest high jump (female)". The Guinness World Records. 30 August 1987. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  189. ↑ Buddell, James (7 July 2014). "Dimitrov Breaks Into Top 10 of Emirates ATP Rankings". ATP World Tour. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  190. ↑ "Hristo Stoichkov". FC Barcelona. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  191. ↑ "Hristo Stoichkov – Bulgarian League Ambassador". Professional Football Against Hunger. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  192. ↑ "Eternal+Derby" "Levski, CSKA Score Emphatic Wins Before "Eternal Derby"". Novinite. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  193. ↑ Ames, Nick (16 September 2014). "Plucky Ludogorets' rise to the Champions League group stage". ESPN. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  194. ↑ "Club Coefficients". UEFA. Retrieved 22 July 2018.

Bibliography

External links

Template:Sister project links

Template:Bulgaria topics

Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://iiwiki.us/mediawiki/index.php?title=Moesia_(Byzatium)&oldid=822762"