Public order and rioting in the Kingdom of Italy

In the Kingdom of Italy, the maintenance of public order and effective riot control is considered as a sensitive issue, in order to manage to resist to any attempt of colour revolution enacted by the Western liberaldemocratic powers.

Public Order

Public order is the set of fundamental principles of the legal order concerning ethical and political principles as well as laws whose observance and implementation is considered indispensable for the existence of such order. Public order is also intended as a guarantee of peace, tranquility and collective security. Its maintenance is also protected by means of concrete actions on the part of the police.
In terms of the institutional duties of police officers, the term public order means a set of services inherent in maintaining order conditions in circumstances where an intense influx of people is expected.

Public Order services

Outside of attempts of total subversion of the Fascist Regime, there are several occasions where the public order is put at risk but the political order is not contested. In order to manage these events, the security and police forces enact Public Order services.
When, at meetings or gatherings in a public place, rebellious or seditious events take place or cries seditious or damaging the prestige of authority, or that may endanger public order or discipline are shout, or when in meetings or in assemblages predicted crimes are committed, meetings and gatherings can be dissolved. The exhibition of anti-fascist flags, emblems or symbols, or any device displaying concepts or ideas of subversion or rebellion or disdain toward the State, Government, Duce or authority in general is always considered as being a seditious event.
Both predominant mentality and operational approaches are heavily influenced by the fascist characterization of the Kingdom of Italy and they are no way intended to guarantee the expression of a political pluralism: however, Italy is no longer a totalitarian State. Riot control follows this setting: although most rallies and demonstrations are carried out by opponents to the Government (but mostly protesters are Fascists who do not support the particular faction in power), the predominant contrast approach do not deny, in practice, the right to demonstrate.
The Public Security apparatus (but not the Party armed units) tends to distinguish between "good protesters" (Fascists, peaceful, young, pragmatic, well-disciplined, with a direct interest in the confrontation and with a specific goal) and "bad protesters" (non-fascist or even anti-fascists, uninformed, violent, "professional agitators"); this distinction is present both in official rhetoric and in operational knowledge.

Quaestor's order

Public Order services are governed by a special Quaestor's order, which regulates all the roles of subordinates in service, including officials in charge of the service itself. The Head of Service is always a civilian official, mostly part of the local Political Office, and he wears civilian clothes with the Tricolour Scarf; also all other civilian officials and troops of of the local Political Office and of the Mobile Squad (the detective department) who may be present are in civilian clothes; if a civilian official is placed in command of a troop, under the Head of Service's command, he wears a blue scarf, like military officers. All others wear the uniform. Only the Head of Service is in charge. Other officials and officers are under him in the roles specified in the Quaestor's order: they may have command of their units, but are subordinate to the Head of Service.
The Head of Service is in charge of managing the event from the point of view of the maintenance of public order and he directs the service by giving rules on the objective to be pursued, while the commander of the unit is responsible for the practical part of the service.

Prevention strategies

In the case of international summits accompanied by protests, the strategy of physical isolation of the places of the summit is applied: the access roads to the city are reduced, it establishes a "yellow zone" with further restrictions on freedom of expression and restrinction on circulation (intended to permit a limited and attentively watched protest) and a fortified red zone. In the most severe cases the closure of railway stations, airports and motorway exits is also ordered.
The instrument of the "Prefect's Decree of Provincial Expulsion" (Decreto Prefettizio di Espulsione Provinciale) is used to keep away from the place of the protest activists more dangerous. In the days before they searches of private homes and subversive hideouts are carried out.
In preparation for major clashes, the propaganda offices spread unfounded and alarming news, with the aim of releasing a picture not differentiated of "subversives" as "bad protesters".

Combat strategies

When it is necessary to dissolve a meeting, the people gathered are invited to dissolve by military Officers or Subofficers. If the three formal dissolution invitation calls (pronounced after the failure to comply to informal calls) remain without effect, the dissolution is ordered with three distinct formal notices, each preceded by a trumpet blast; if the three trumpet injunctions remain without effect or they cannot be made because revolt or opposition, the Head of Service orders that the meeting or gathering is dissolved by force.
Interventions carried out by both P.S. units and M.V.S.N. are usually brutal, repressive and generalized, in order to dissolve the entire event or gathering. The action of the Celere is usually stiff, responsive and closed to the communication with the protesters. However, in some cases the prior consent and flexible approached is searched for. The dominant model, characterized by the linear escalation in the use of force, is given an high priority; innovative forms of protest are not tolerated, communication between Public Security and demonstrators is reduced to a minimum and there is a frequent coercive measures and use of agents provocateurs.
When a rally deviates from the authorized zones, policemen stand shoulder-to-shoulder, forming a shield wall, usually five to six deep. If protesters throw objects or rocks, agents form a testudo formation. Individual action is strictly forbidden. Three-person units sometimes perform reconnaissance duties, but operations are carried out by squads of ten, platoons of thirty, and companies of two hundreds. Front ranks are trained to open to allow passage of special squads to rescue captured police or to engage in arrest-aimed assaults. Each person wears a radio with an earpiece to hear commands given simultaneously to the formation.
During confrontations, snatch squads (also plainclothes ones) are commonly used, as well as flying wedge formations, to break into a dense crowd as a snatch squad to arrest a leader or speaker.

Celere Units deployment methods

The Celere Unit is organized into contingents, deployed in sensitive areas of the operating theatre and located in a safe and secure positioning and quick intervention areas, from which it is possible, through predefined paths, intervene in all zones assigned to do so any intervention. The contingent is always placed close to the vehicles assigned.
During the demonstrations, the police are in the head, tail and sides of the rallies. Often, agents are deployed at strategic points, where there are sensitive targets.

Police charges

when the police protect a fixed point, or when the individual unit guards a prohibited path, a gradual procedure it is used. In the case of confrontations between police and protesters, the safety distance is 25 meters; failure to comply with this limit triggers the transition from rest to early warning; when protesters approaching within 20 meters, the units move from early warning to alarm; if the protesters approaching within 15 meters, units react and charge. However, units charge without provocation or any sign of approach if they have to forcefully dissolve gatherings.
Charges are directed towards the violent groups, if it is possible to separate them from the peaceful groups. During the dissolution of events or gatherings, the Celere units make massive use of tear gas and stinging.

Vehicle charges

To attack large violent gatherings, armoured vehicles are used by launching them on the crowd at high speed. This particular and extreme measure is usually ordered by the highest authorities present, and it is usually preceded by the use (if possible) of non-lethal weapons, such as self-propelled water cannons, or similar vehicles; however, on one hand such vehicles are all armoured, and can be launched against the crowd if necessary, and on the other hand the non-lethal weapons can be easily replaced with conventional fire weapons by a workshop.
The Carousel is a riot-control tactic which consists in charging the demonstrators in motor vehicles, in order to disperse more quickly and minimizing physical contact. It is ua tactic that can be effectively used only when there are wide open spaces and the protesters are not compact and determined to resist.
The charges are aimed at rejection of the mass of protesters.

Auxiliary units

The use of M.V.S.N. and other auxiliary units in the management of hard-line intervention is variously organized according to the particular circumstances. Use of mounted units is intended to complement the device for the maintenance of order and public security. Only in very rare cases there are the conditions for safe use of such units. The effectiveness of these units becomes apparent only under certain logistical and environmental conditions: wide view, manoeuvrability, ability to control the force of an impact and psychological effect on the masses. The use of such operational resources goes across a number of limitations. The use of mounted units is intended to act as a complement the instrument for the maintenance of order and public security, or to contain the crowd to be dispersed.
The use of canine units is a significant resource for the benefit of the police to protect public order: they can increase the overall operational capabilities and often are a significant deterrent. The operational capability of these resources is particularly effective outside of the sport events, being careful to not deploy them in isolation, but integrated in a larger instrument and under the direct responsibility of the head of service. The minimum operational integrated entity, therefore, is not less than 2 squads. It should be emphasized the need to maintain the physical or mental integrity of the dog in order to be able to optimize the energy in the event of an intervention aimed at both containment of the crowd and the dispersal of the mob.

Student Agents in Public Order

Student agents, Subofficers Cadets and Officers Cadets may, exceptionally, be employed in the service of public order at the behest of the General Inspector of the Corps. In these exceptional cases, a certain number of Cadets are requested to each School or Academy to be sent where the reinforcement is needed. Obviously they must be already sworn agents or officers of public security. The various School Companies decide who send. The more difficult the event is, the more people need to be sent. Those who may have special needs declare them and usually they are not considered in the search for volunteers to go, the others "volunteer". If volunteers are more than the students needed, the Company Commander decides who to send; if volunteers are not enough to fill the requirements, the Commander finds other "volunteers".

Riot-control equipment

Celere units use a series of equipment items, in order to enable policemen to successfully contrast and quell any riot or protest and, at the same time, protect the police officer.
The primary offensive weapon is the 74 cm-long straight-stick baton. It is a long cylinder with a wrapped grip, with a slightly thicker shaft and rounded tip. They are made of aluminium covered by rubber. A variant is a 91 cm-long "riot batons", used in civil disturbances by officers mounted on horseback. Other PS personnel use the expandable baton, which is easier to carry while in a vehicle. It is not permitted to hit with the baton the skull, sternum, spine, or groin unless such an attack is unavoidable. The primary targets are nerves and large muscles.
Riot shields are protection devices deployed by Celere units. Riot shields are long enough to cover an average sized man from the top of the head to the knees. They are used in riot control, to protect the user from shrapnel, thrown projectiles, and splash from various weapons such as a Molotov cocktail. They can also be used as short-ranged hand-to-hand combat weapons to push back rioters. Riot shields are constructed from transparent high-impact plastic to enable the bearer to see incoming thrown objects, so the shield can quickly be positioned to deflect them away from the policeman's body. Riot shields are rectangular with rounded corners, curved in the horizontal cross-section to shed thrown objects. The size is 70 cm to 100 cm.
The riot helmet is used to protect its wearer's head, face and eyes from handheld melee weapons, and thrown projectiles such as bricks, as may be met in riot control. The basic form is a hard shell with reinforced padding, and a chinstrap and a hinge-up visor. Visors are curved sideways and straight up-and-down. Accessories include a back-of-the-neck protector, the built-in radio microphone and earpieces. Newer models include a double visor: the outer visor is clear and hinges up outside the helmet, while the inner visor hinges up between two layers of the helmet and has a finish which can be seen through from inside but from outside looks like opaque polished brass.

Major events

In case of major events (such as international summits or other important events) which may pose a serious threat to public order, special preparations and cautions are implemented and about 5,000 policemen and legionnaires are concentrated; the strength is not fixed, and varies according the conditions. Usually, those in charge divide the host city in a three-tier subdivision. The Red Zone is the area where no demonstrator may entry, unless they are specifically authorized, and where the summit is held; the Yellow Zone is the area where unauthorized rallies heading to the Red Zone must be contained, stopped and dispersed; the Green Zone, where authorized (or de facto authorized) rallies may take place. Red Zone sewer manholes are sealed, and from four days before to the day after mobile gates and metal grids are installed to the Red Zone accesses, which are guarded 24 hours per day, also by cameras. In order to entry the Red Zone, a person must exhibit the pass, the ID card and the professional card, if he or she has one. Before the summit days, there are also mobile patrols which control and inspect people already in the Red Zone. The Yellow Zone is a limited-access area, while the Red Zone is accessible only to residents, authorized journalists, police and security officials and to the delegations. Helicopter surveillance is specially enforced. Armed forces and National Royal Guard garrison the most sensitive places: specialists for nuclear, bacteriological and chemical warfare, blasters, ships equipped with air defence systems, minesweepers. Unless the unauthorized protesters enter garrisoned places, the military does not come into contact with the protesters and have no responsibility for public order operational management.
If deemed sustainable, local inhabitants are encouraged to travel away, and the local P.N.F. Federation is supported in the organizations of mass holidays and special work permissions are granted; on the other hand, all local M.V.S.N. Legionnaires are mobilized and recalled in service.
Access roads and highways are closely monitored, while highway rest houses around the city which hosts the event are frequently searched. From two days before to the day after, local railways stations, ports and airports are closed down and border control is reinforced. Deployment of at least some ground-to-air missiles is not unusual.
The preparatory training begins some months before the event. Such training is aimed to prepare public order units (officers, officials and troops) to deal effectively with the specific conditions; it also alerts police against non-violent initiatives such as the forming groups with legal knowledge to deal with all issues relating to legal issues, carry tablets, laptops, radios and cameras to transmit real-time on the Internet circuit pictures of the protest or the renting, even for a few hours, a satellite channel to spread the protest worldwide.
As a general rule of these events, when dissolving forcefully gatherings and rallies the police use the harshest methods possible; hydrants and oter special vehicles are widely employed. Personnel is drawn from Celere Units, and as a general rule only the local Unit is wholly deployed in the host city; the other general rule is to assign only trained and experienced and fully motorized personnel to major events located in another city because it is deemed that a smaller number of expert personnel is more useful than a larger number of inexperienced policemen.
A Command Post is established at the local Questura or at the local Prefecture. In turn, a separate Logistic Centre is established in a barrack, usually of the Royal Police Corps. Most of Italian major cities, however, have a C.P.R. barrack adjacent to the Questura which in such occasions hosts the Logistic Centre. The operational commander is by default a Director General of Public Security, although sometimes a Major General of the CPR or even a skilled Prefect is chosen. The operational commander is assisted by other senior officials and M.V.S.N. officers, by local Quaestor and other senior officers (including commanders of the Celere Units which provide contingents to the public order services) and by the proper staff units. Ordinarily, for non-tactical and non logistics matters, each corps or administration deals with its own personnel, while the public order establishment services are planned by the Command Post itself; finally, localized logistics are managed by the Logistic Centre. The commander has overall authority over all police, M.V.S.N. and military personnel employed in the city for the emergence. A week before the summit additional surveillance protocols begin to be implemented: all company-level units are divided into a Mobile Section and a Surveillance Section; the day immediately before the summit, when limited problems may arise, units are divided into a reserve fraction and some line fractions. Every unit and squad ordinarily stationed outside the host city has at least two local police officers or Legionnaires who must accompany it everywhere, especially during public order services.

Major events plan and General Security Plan

While the Major events plan is not the only contingency plan envisaging large challenges to the public security, it is to note that this Plan differs from the General Security Plan due two important features: on one hand, the Major events plan assumes that the State is in control and that the worst threat is a bad ending of the event itself without breachig the political order, while the General Security Plan deals with a full-fledged insurgency; on the other hand, the General Security Plan assumes that at least a large part of the national territory is under attack, while the Major events plan deals with only one city and its surroundings.

M.V.S.N.

The M.V.S.N. contributes to major events public order services in several ways. The whole Provincial Legion is recalled into active service for the entire duration of the emergency and its personnel are employed in surveillance and vigilance duties; local Legionnaires are also employed as guides for mobile units deployed on the ground, the local Public Order Maniple is deployed as reserve force and the rescue unit is assigned to police assistance and rescue. If it is deemed necessary, neighbouring Public Order Maniples may be mobilized and concentrated in the host city.
As part of preparations for each of the major events, a Containment and Decisive Intervention Cohort (Coorte di Contenimento e Intervento Risolutivo, CCIR) is selected within the ranks of the Volunteer Militia on ad hoc basis. The Cohort consists of about ten Centuries (Centurie di Contenimento e Intervento Risolutivo, CeCIR, often referred to as CCIR, 100-strong companies) and is trained already two months before the event; the special feature of the training is that the focus is placed on the coordinated operations of several groups, each of them large. Cohort members of the cohort are all experienced Legionnaires serving in the public order units: usually, troops come from the Public Order Maniples of the Provincial Legions and from "M" Battalions of the National Royal Guard, while officers come from the Legionary Corps. The Cohort is usually commanded by a Prime Tribune (equivalent to a Lieutenant Colonel) who is based at the command post; during the public order services on the field, each provisional Century operates independently under the command of its own commanding officer (usually a Maniple Chief, equivalent to Captain) and under the direction of a Public Security official. The Centuries aim is to ensure targeted interventions or actions supporting other units during large disturbances, as well as during other particular disturbances characterized by the quality and quantity of the protesters themselves.
The decision to entrust the CCIRs to officers ordinarily assigned to combatant units performing high-risk missions, peace-keeping and manhunts shows the exact model of public order management adopted, i.e. to employ young people trained and very motivated and determined and officers with offensive approach and thorough and solid political trends. The armoured vehicles are launched into the seditious crowd at high speed in order to dissolve the unauthorized gathering.

Temporary prisons

A judge appointed by the Minister of Grace and Justice is responsible for coordinating all prison activities during the event. Prisons are all evacuated and their detainees transferred to other jails through the country. Usually a barrack is assigned to serve as additional and temporary prison for those stopped, arrested or captured during public order services. These temporary prisons are garrisoned by a joint staff: prison police, prison physicians, regular police and M.V.S.N.; they are ill-famed for serious mistreatments inflicted to detainees. There, the police (often rotated with units in forefront) behave as torturers, perpetrating violence, insults and aggressions against violent protesters stopped or arrested. The latter are forced to recite fascist and racist rhymes, to praise and sing hymns to the Duce and to Fascist Regime. Private violence and abuse of authority against detained or arrested are very common, physical and mental torture is not unusual.
The so-called bashing ritual is an reserved for the first protesters who are stopped or arrested. If conditions permit it, just entered the waiting room, the detainees are forced to kneel down with his face to the wall and his hands behind his head. Immediately indiscriminate beatings begin, made from behind, so that the affected people could not realize who beat them. Any hint of protest or remonstrance simple and even the instinctive gesture of turning is punished by a resurgence of violence.

Serious unrest

In the operations against protesters and those who commit serious violence or incite them against the police (serious events of the Condition Green or of Condtion Yellow), the figure of the Prefect is joined by that of the local military commander. While in the case of the Condition Red it is assumed the existence of a political decision-making center, in the Condition Yellow, events the ultimate goal is to repress the revolt before a political decision-making centre is finally formed, able to increase the danger of the revolt. If it becomes necessary to cope with sudden attacks carried by demonstrators, who endanger the lives of members of the Armed Forces or those of the M.V.S.N. legionnaires (attempts to dominate and disarmament, ambushes, etc..), the unit commander can certainly give the order to open fire. This shooting must be directed against the leaders or those who commit serious violence, or incite to, against the police, and not indiscriminately into the crowd. The use of arms must follow the policy that the action of one who is called to restore order must be more vigorous than that carried out by those who upset the order.
In cases where public order is seriously disturbed, but not to the point that it meets the conditions necessary for the implementation of the General Security Plan (which is equivalent to the open and widespread revolt), numerous measures are adopted to counteract the attempts at "regime change". On a general way, these measures provide for the massive use of fascists, policemen or legionnaires in plain clothes, indistinguishable from demonstrators, if not for a possibly concealable band, and the widespread use of flashbang grenades, rubber bullets, telescopic batons (also these possibly concealable if necessary) and the use of "staining" hydrants and drones that drop smoke grenades.
In these scenarios the use of more trained units is more usual. Units involved in the repression of demonstrations of this type typically use "wedge" (and not "in line") training to actively engage suspect gatherings and dissolve them quickly.

Riot police

Riot police are police who are organized, deployed, trained or equipped to confront crowds, protests or riots. Riot police are used in a variety of different situations and for a variety of different purposes: they may be employed to control riots, to maintain public order or as a tool of political repression.

A military atmosphere prevails: dress codes, behaviour standards, and rank differentiations are more strictly adhered to than in the regular police. Esprit de corps is inculcated with regular ceremonies and institutionalization of rituals such as applauding personnel dispatched to or returning from assignments and formally welcoming senior officers to the mess hall at all meals. They are also trained to take pride in their poise under stress. Training is constant and focuses on physical conditioning, mock battles, and tactical problems. In handling violent demonstrations and disturbances, riot units are deployed en masse and individual action is strictly forbidden.

State and Party forces

In Italy, State apparatuses are organized chiefly to suppress and stifle intense and violent episodes of agitation, while Party forces are used for critical emergencies. Public Security, in particular, takes upon itself the task of addressing the riots, the insubordination to authority and banditry; the M.V.S.N., through the National Royal Guard, has the task to cope with a terrorist or insurgent emergencies. It is commonly accepted that the intervention of the police assume the punitive nature of the judicial authority.

Special and Riot units

Emblem of special and riot units.

Special and Riot units are employed both for public order services (armed services, grand police services, crowd and riot control, counter-guerilla warfare and anti-banditry units) and for military duties, as well as emergency relief and territorial police support; however, the primary focus consists of the public order services and only in exceptional circumstances the territorial police is supported by the special units. These units, serving as a sort of counter-balance for the National Royal Guard internal troops, are manned and directed exclusively by the Royal Police Corps on by the Carabinieri and are directly employed by the Directorate General of Public Security.

Joint Mobile Units Command

The Joint Mobile Units Command (Comando Interforze delle Unità Mobili) is the joint police command in charge of coordinating both the C.P.R. Mobile Forces and the CC.RR. Mobile Units Division. The Commander is directly subordinate to the General-Inspector of the Militarized Police Corps and normally is a CC.RR. general officer. As of 2018, riot units are:

• Special Unit of Public Security Paratroopers (head-quartered in Pavia), for sudden crisis and emergency;
• Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion "Tuscia" (headquartered in Naples), for sudden crisis and emergency;
• Cavalry Squadrons Group of P.S. (head-quartered in Rome): it is organized into three Squadrons (based in Milan, Florence and Padua) and used in order to reinforce public order services as well as for operations in rural areas;
• Carabinieri Cavalry Squadrons Group (head-quartered in Rome): it is organized into three Squadrons (based in Cagliari, Palermo and Bari) and used in order to reinforce public order services as well as for operations in rural areas;
• 5 Carabinieri Counter-guerilla Battalions (head-quartered in Cagliari, Vibo Valentia, Naples, Rome and Milan);
• 22 Riot units (10 Celere Units of Public Security and 12 Carabinieri Mobile Battalions) of various size headquartered in various cities. The military forces tasked with police duties have a total of 25,000 men assigned to riot suppression tasks. These units are grouped into four Brigades:
  • 1st Celere Brigade: HQs in Milan, in charge for Celere Units based in Padua (II Raggruppamento Celere), in Milan (III Raggruppamento Celere), in Moncalieri (Turin province, IV Reparto Celere), in Genoa (V Reparto Celere) and in Bologna (VI Reparto Celere);
  • 2nd Celere Brigade: HQs in Rome, in charge for Celere units based in Rome (I Raggruppamento Celere), in Florence (VII Reparto Celere), in Senigallia (VIII Reparto Celere), in Sassari (IX Reparto Celere) and in Brescia (X Reparto Celere);
  • 1st Carabinieri Mobile Brigade: HQs in Naples, in charge for Carabinieri riot units based in Naples (I Battaglione Carabinieri), in Bari (II Battaglione Carabinieri), in Catania (III Battaglione Carabinieri), in Palermo (IV Battaglione Carabinieri), in Reggio Calabria (V Battaglione Carabinieri) and in Taranto (VI Battaglione Carabinieri);
  • 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade: HQs in Padua, in charge for Carabinieri riot units based in Padua (VII Battaglione Carabinieri), in Pordenone (VIII Battaglione Carabinieri), in Cagliari (IX Battaglione Carabinieri), in Turin (X Battaglione Carabinieri), in Perugia (XI Battaglione Carabinieri) and in Rome (XII Battaglione Carabinieri).

All such units may also be deployed in the Realms of the Italian Empire, should the need arise. Usually, four to six units (3 Carabinieri Battalions and 1 Police Unit in ordinary cases, 4 Carabinieri Battalions and 2 Police Units during alert conditions) are always deployed in the Realms of the Italian Empire on a rotatory basis, in order to provide support to the governments: in Valona, in Tripoli, in Mogadiscio, in Asmara, in Tunisi and in Addis Abeba.

Special Unit of Public Security Paratroopers

The Special Unit of Public Security Paratroopers (It: Reparto Speciale Paracadutisti di Pubblica Sicurezza) and Carabinieri Paratroopers Battalion (Battaglione Carabinieri Paracadutisti) are two battalions of operational rapid deployment, made up of men of great courage, significant ability, resistant to fatigue and of proven loyalty to Fascism. The Special Unit is head-quartered in Pavia, while the Carabinieri Battalion is head-quartered in Naples.
Both units are identically organized:

• Command Company, which brings together offices and logistical and technical services.
• 3 Paratroopers Companies, equipped with light weapons and mortars
• Armoured Company
  • Motorcyclists Paratroopers Platoon

The physical and technical-professional training is intense and exhausting and esprit de corps is very high; the Paratroopers Companies have environmental specializations, as well as the "Paratrooper Explorer" military qualification.

Riot units

Celere Units (Reparti Celere) and Mobile Battalions (Battaglioni Mobili) are units intended for use on the national territory for the protection of public order. They are also used to assist the local police, both in conjunction with the M.V.S.N. and alone. Celere Units are commanded by a Colonel each, assisted by a Senior Officer acting as deputy and they depend directly on the General Inspector, while functionally they are directed by the Public Order Office. Mobile Battalions, on the contrary, are led by a Lieutenant Colonel and depend on the General Command. Both in C.P.R. and in CC. units, commanding officers deal with non-operational issues, such as disciplnary matters, training, logistics. Each Celere Unit is administratively considered as a small Army Regiment (1-2 Battalions) and it organized into:

• Command Company (7 Officers (2 Medical Officers), 16 Subofficers (4 Medical Subofficers) and 77 troops);
  • Command Office, for the management of of general affairs, personnel, training, warehouse and armoury and for asset management and accounting (Commander, Deputy Commander, 3 Subofficers and 17 troops);
  • Vehicles Office for the Unit's fleet management (1 Subofficer and 16 troops);
  • Judicial Squad (2 Subofficers and 6 troops);
  • Telecommunications Office, for the management of the communication devices (1 Subofficer and 9 troops);
  • NBCR Unit (1 Officer, 1 Subofficer, 12 troops);
  • Logistics Office for catering activities (1 Subofficer and 9 troops);
  • Political, social and recreational Office (1 Politcal Officer, 1 Officer, 3 Subofficers and 10 Troops);
  • Health Office, for the protection of health (2 Medical Officers, 4 Medical Subofficers and 8 troops).
• 5-7 Operational Companies, 200 men each (4 Platoons), with Carabinieri Battalions having generally fewer Companies.

All Riot units are grouped within the Mobile and Celere Units Division and in three Brigades, although the Division has only general coordination tasks and some de facto autonomy is ensured. The Provincial Authority of Public Security requests the use of Celere Units or Mobile Battalions, and the Director General of Public Security orders the deployment, together with the special vehicles. The minimum operational level is the 10-men Team. Each Platoon is fully motorised and can be deployed also as a mechanized force if necessary to counter external invasion attempts.
The added value of the Celere Units and Mobile Battalions is represented by the deployment of policemen trained togheter and used to live and fight togheter.

Seclusion

Both C.P.R. Celere units and Carabinieri Mobile Battalions are maintained in virtually self-sufficient compounds and are trained to work as a coordinated force not only in riot control techniques but also in urban combat. Officers live in dormitories within riot barracks compounds. Training is continuous and focuses on physical conditioning, mock battles, and tactical problems. Riot units barracks are the Police places where the military atmosphere prevails, in a even more pronunced manner than in the rest of police corps: dress codes, behaviour standards, and rank differentiations are far more strictly adhered to than in the territorial Public Security apparatus.
Riot duty is not very popular because it entails special sacrifices and much boredom in between irregularly spaced actions. Only a minor part of police officers serving in riot units are volunteers. For many personnel, riot duty serves as a stepping stone because of its reputation and the opportunities it presents to study for the advanced police examinations necessary for promotion. Because riot duties demands physical fitness, most personnel are young, sometimes serving in the units after an initial assignment.
Celere Units' and Mobile Battalions' motto is "First to arrive, last to give in" (it: "Primi ad arrivare, Ultimi a cedere"). Agents and Carabinieri believe, obey, fight. Their function is to ensure public order, at present and in the future. Unlike the rest of Public Security apparatus, men staffing the special and riot units are particularly committed towards Fascism, also due to intensive ideological training.

Equipment

The riot units have a dedicated equipment in order to allow them to effectively quell riots and disturbances.

Personal equipment

The uniform of the riot and special units reflects Royal Police or Royal Carabinieri colours, but it has specific features. Riot dress consists of a field-type jacket, which covers several pieces of body armour and includes a corset hung from the waist, an aluminum plate down the spine, and shoulder pads. Armoured gauntlets cover the hands and forearms. Helmets have face plates and flared padded skirts down the back to protect the neck. The ranks carry 1.2-meter shields to protect against stave and rocks. Specially designed equipment includes water cannons, armoured vans, and mobile tunnels for protected entry into seized buildings. Each trooper also wears a radio with an earpiece to hear commands given simultaneously to the unit he belongs to.
The C.P.R. riot uniform consists in a blue coat with zipper, behind which appears the detachable inscription "POLIZIA" in reflective fabric and trousers gray blue equipped with side pockets. Both pants and jacket are in fireproof fabric and internally reinforced. The uniform includes the blue beret with badge and the black tactical vest with pockets. The pockets of the tactical vest staying grenades and radio. The uniform also includes a light blue sweater turtle-neck (in summer it is replaced with a blue polo T-shirt with the script "Polizia"), blue Cordura belt and crimson colored handkerchief that wraps around the neck, black infantry boots.

Vehicles

A VIC Freccia of the Royal Carabinieri in the peacetime metropolitan livery.

While the general organization of the mobile units of Carabinieri and Police is the same, their equipment differs. The Royal Police Corps is, just as the Carabinieri Battalions, tasked to being capable to provide Army mechanized infantry battalions; however, Celere units and groupings are usually deployed to handle softer rallies or the ones which do not have to be dissolved in a forceful manner. Therefore, main vehicles are non-armoured carriers or even police vans and TT-12 armoured personnel carriers. Heavier equipment (such as armoured fighting vehicles or military-grade armoured personnel carriers) is maintained in storage, and used during wartime, overseas deployment and major incidents (including natural disasters).
On the other hand, the Royal Carabinieri Mobile Battalions are tasked to carry out the military role of Mechanised Infantry units, and they are generally regarded as more combat-oriented than the Celere Units. Therefore, Carabinieri deploy infantry fighting vehicles (mainly VCC Puma armoured cars, but also VIC Freccia, VIC Dardo) and TT-12 armoured personnel carriers. This provides for an heavier confrontation with demonstrators, and a reduced capability to handle peaceful resolutions of non-authorized gatherings or a relatively "soft" disbandment of opposition. However, differently from "M" Battalions, they are not tasked to act as the first linke in extremely serious civil confrontations and may be deplpoyed in the Italian Empire.
Support vehicles are also used by both Police and Carabinieri, such as water cannons (IVECO ACA-10000, with a 10,000-liters tank), mobile barrier vehicles (IVECO BM-5000) and others.

Division I - General Affairs

Celere units on parade.

Division I - General Affairs (It.: Divisione I - Affari Generali, D.AA.GG. or more frequently DAG) is the Division that, directly dependent on the Chief of Police, exercises functions of general support, coordination between divisions and of performing special and confidential tasks. The Division is divided into nine Sections, led by a Prefect who bears also the title of Head of the Secretariat of the Director General.

• Section I - General Affairs and Personnel;
• Section II - Analysis, Planning and Documentation;
• Section III - Subversive Movement and Public Order (liaison with the Central Security Office);
• Section IV - Technology Improvement;
• Section V - Public Security Informatics;
• Section VI - Personnel Assistance;
• Section VII - Studies, Legislation and Ceremonial;
• Section VIII - International Affairs and External Relations;
• Section IX - Public Security of the Italian Empire.

Current Head of Secretariat is Prefect, 2nd Class Ruggero Brega.

Section III - Public Order

Section III - Public Order (Sezione III - Ordine Pubblico) is one of the most important offices within the Division (and even within the whole Directorate General of Public Security), because it deals with the top-level management of public order services, mainly on sensitive occasions. The Section is closely connected with the Central Security Office, with the Prefectures and the Questure, as well as with other information channels, for the management of public order on the occasion of important events, including rallies, demonstrations and other mass events, both events organised by the Regime and non-authorised events. The Section of Public Order is therefore the organ which is responsible for the deployment and the centralised direction and management of the Celere units, of the other non-territorial units of the Royal Police Corps, of the forces of the Voluntary Militia for National Security and of the Italian National Royal Guard units for both public order and rescue operations in case of public calamities. The Section is also responsible for the oversight of the objectives of public interest and of diplomatic and service of security for foreign dignitaries temporarily visiting in Italy.
The Section of Public Order, directed by an Inspector General, is further divided into three Offices.

Office I - General Affairs

Office I - General Affairs (Ufficio I - Affari Generali) supports the Sectional Director and prepare guidelines on the management of events and provisions for the use of mobile forces. To achieve this, the Office is in charge to plan reinforcements of the mobile units for public order services or for rescue operations in conjunction with the Joint Mobile Units Command and with relevant bodies of the militarized police corps, assigning directly to the Provincial Authorities of Public Security any special units (canine units, mounted units, bomb disposal units, naval squads, divers and snipers and sharpshooters) and decides on any temporary aggregations of personnel of the Royal Police Corps or Carabinieri for such services. With regard to other police forces, it requires such special units to the relevant Commands. The Office also monitors and analyses events and other events relevant to public order, prepares the daily reports and produces statistical analysis. The Office is directed by a Colonel of the Royal Police Corps.

Office II - Official Events, Surveillance and Emergency

Office II - Official Events, Surveillance and Emergency (Ufficio II - Eventi Ufficiali, Sorveglianza ed Emergenza) is in charge of official events attended by the most important State and the Party leaders. In addition, it deals with the most critical situations and with surveillance operations. Therefore, it prepares guidelines on public order services on the occasion of such events, as it is responsible for the preparation of guidelines for the visits of foreign dignitaries in Italy. As regards the surveillance and emergency preparation activities, the Office prepares the appropriate directives and emergency planning and crisis management that require the intervention of the Armed Forces. Finally, it is responsible for participation in exercises and international working groups for cooperation activities in the field of public security. It is directed by a Quaestor, 2nd class.

Office III - Sports Violence

Office III - Sports Violence (Ufficio III - Violenza Sportiva) is responsible for the management of sports violence. Therefore, it mainly carries out studies and research for the prevention of violence in sport, performing a dynamic analysis of the illegality related to sporting events and establish the guidelines that result. The sector therefore takes the relations with the government's national and international sporting and other organs of the whole Directorate General for the coordination of law enforcement activities. Finally, the Office is responsible for the course material for the training and retraining of personnel in the field of public order. The Office is led by a Colonel of the Carabinieri.

Legislative framework

The legislative framework used in case of cvil disturbances consists of both penal code articles specifically aimed against unrest and specific, stand-alone laws.

Criminal Code

The characteristic that unites the crimes provided for in articles 414 to 421 of the Criminal Code is the capacity of anticipatory and preventive protection that they prepare, all being mere crimes of conduct and danger, even presumed. The crimes envisaged are above all of opinion, capable of an effective injury to the legal good of the citizens' loyalty to the State, suitable for the protection of public order understood above all as survival of the state entity.

Thought offences

The Italian Criminal Code has a variety of offences aimed to inhibit the dissention when related to the public order. The sole requisite for the punishment is the publicity of the thought manifestation.
Anyone who publicly instigates committing one or more crimes is punished, solely because of the instigation, with imprisonment from one to five years, in the case of incitement to commit crimes or with imprisonment up to one year, in the case of incitement to commit violations. However, given the sensitivity of the matter, the public order laws have a toughter protection: anyone who publicly instigates the disobedience of public order laws, or the hatred between the social classes, or the subversion against the State, is punished with imprisonment from two to six and years.

Seditious cries and manifestations

The offence of seditious cries, manifestations and gatherings is the main legislative framework used in order to counter and legally justify the forceful dissolution of non-authorized manifestations and demonstrations.
Anyone, in a meeting that is not to be considered private, or in a public place, or in a place open or exposed to the public, performs seditious demonstrations or emits seditious cries is punished, if the fact does not constitute a more serious crime, with the arrest up to one year.
Anyone who is part of a seditious gathering of ten or more people is punished, for the sole fact of participation, by being arrested for up to one year. If those who are part of the gathering are armed, the penalty is arrest of not less than six months. However, the law leaves a window of opportunity to comply with orders: it is not punishable who, before the injunction of the Authority, or to obey it, withdraws from the gathering.

Criminal association

When three or more people join in order to commit more crimes, those who promote or constitute or organize the association are punished, for that reason alone, with imprisonment from four to eight years. For the sole reason of participating in the association, the penalty is imprisonment from one to five years.
The leaders are subject to the same penalty established for the promoters. If the members run the campaigns or the public streets in arms, imprisonment from five to fifteen years applies. The penalty is increased by one third to half if the number of associates is ten or more.
In order to target full-time protesters, the penalties established for the offence are increased by one third to half if the offence is committed by a person already subjected, with a definitive measure, to preventive measures. In this case, a custodial security measure is added to the penalty.

Assistance to members of a criminal association

Anyone who, out of the cases of competition in the crime or of aiding or abetting, gives refuge or provides food, hospitality, care, means of transport, communication tools to some of the persons participating in the association, is punished with imprisonment from two to four years. The penalty is increased by one third if assistance is provided continuously. It is not punishable who commits the act in favor of a next relative.
The penalties established are increased by one third to half if the offence is committed by a person subjected to a measure of personal prevention with a definitive measure. In this case, a custodial security measure is added to the penalty.

Devastation and looting

In case of violent confrontation between protesters and police, there is a specific offence to target most violent activists: anyone who commits deeds of devastation or looting is punished with imprisonment from ten to fifteen years. The penalty is increased if the offense is committed during demonstrations in a public place or open to the public or on weapons, ammunition or foodstuffs existing in place of sale or deposit.

Public intimidation

Anyone who threatens to commit crimes against public safety, that is to say devastation or plunder, in order to instill public fear, is punished with imprisonment of up to one year.
Anyone who, for the sole purpose of instilling public fear or arousing turmoil or public disorder, bursts bombs, mortals or other machines or explosive materials, is punished, if the fact does not constitute a more serious crime, with imprisonment for six months at three years.

Attack on public utility facilities

Anyone who commits an act aimed at damaging or destroying public utility plants is punished, unless the fact constitutes a more serious crime, with imprisonment from three to six years.
The penalty also applies to those who commit an act aimed at damaging or destroying computer or telematic systems of public utility, or data, information or programs contained in or relevant to them. If the fact leads to the destruction or damage to the plant or system, data, information or programs or even the partial interruption of the operation of the plant or system, the penalty is imprisonment from four to eight years.

Anti-unrest law

The so-called "Anti-unrest law" (Legge antidisordini) reduces the scope of application of the criminal procedure and extends the police powers of the administrative authority. The law was enacted in response to attempts of some judges to circumvent the political repression.

• Searches: On request of the prefect, searches of bags and vehicles are possible in the event of manifestations and their surroundings, in order to search for "weapons by destination": hammers, balls of petanque or other. Searches are to be carried out by judicial police officers.
• Prohibition to demonstrate against individuals: The Prefect may pronounce prohibitions to demonstrate against individuals or organizations representing "a threat of a particular gravity for public order". In case of non-compliance, the offender is liable to one year's imprisonment and 7500 lire fine. This measure is applicable even if the event has not been declared. The person must have committed "serious attacks on the physical integrity of persons as well as significant damage to property", or "violent act", or "act of sedition" in previous events, even if there was no conviction. In case of "serious reasons" to consider a potential participation in other gatherings, the prefect may prohibit the person from taking part in any event on the national territory for a maximum of one year.
• Personal files: The Central Political Database includes files related to people forbidden to demonstrate.

See also

• Administration of Public Security (Italy)
• Law enforcement in the Kingdom of Italy
• Royal Carabinieri
• Royal Police Corps (Kingdom of Italy)