Sandbox:Historical script development (Fjana)
Czech language
Evolution of Czech orthography
№ | Primitive | Digraph | Diacritic | Brotherly | Analogic | Synthetic | Current | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Older | Younger | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | A | a | A | a | A | a | A | a | A | a | A | a | A | a | A | a | |||||||
2 | Á | á | Á | á | Á | á | Á | á | Á | á | |||||||||||||
3 | B | b | B | b | B | b | B | b | B | b | B | b | B | b | B | b | |||||||
4 | C | c | Cz | cz | C | c | C | c | C | c | C | c | C | c | C | c | |||||||
5 | Chz | chz | Cz | cz | Ċ | ċ | Č | č | Č | č | Č | č | Č | č | |||||||||
6 | D | d | D | d | D | d | D | d | D | d | D | d | D | d | D | d | |||||||
7 | Ḋ | ḋ | Ď | ď | Ď | ď | Ď | ď | Ď | ď | |||||||||||||
8 | E | e | E | e | E | e | E | e | E | e | E | e | E | e | E | e | |||||||
9 | É | é | É | é | É | é | É | é | É | é | |||||||||||||
10 | Ye | ye | Ie | ie | Ie | ie | Ě | ě | Ě | ě | Ě | ě | Ě | ě | |||||||||
11 | F | f | F | f | F | f | F | f | F | f | F | f | F | f | F | f | |||||||
12 | G | g | G | g | G | g | Ġ | ġ | Ǧ | ǧ | Ǧ | ǧ | G | g | G | g | |||||||
13 | H | h | H | h | H | h | H | h | H | h | H | h | H | h | H | h | |||||||
14 | Ch | ch | Ch | ch | Ch | ch | Ch | ch | Ch | ch | Ch | ch | Ch | ch | |||||||||
15 | I | i | I | i | I | i | I | i | I | i | I | i | I | i | I | i | |||||||
16 | Í | í | J | j | J | j | Í | í | Í | í | |||||||||||||
17 | G | g | G | g | G | g | G | g | G | g | G | g | J | j | J | j | |||||||
18 | C | c | K | k | K | k | K | k | K | k | K | k | K | k | K | k | |||||||
19 | L | l | L | l | L | l | L | l | L | l | L | l | L | l | L | l | |||||||
20 | M | m | M | m | M | m | M | m | M | m | M | m | M | m | M | m | |||||||
21 | N | n | N | n | N | n | N | n | N | n | N | n | N | n | N | n | |||||||
22 | Ṅ | ṅ | Ň | ň | Ň | ň | Ň | ň | Ň | ň | |||||||||||||
23 | O | o | O | o | O | o | O | o | O | o | O | o | O | o | O | o | |||||||
24 | Ó | ó | Ó | ó | Ó | ó | Ó | ó | Ó | ó | |||||||||||||
25 | P | p | P | p | P | p | P | p | P | p | P | p | P | p | P | p | |||||||
26 | — | Q | q | Q | q | Q | q | Q | q | Q | q | Q | q | Q | q | ||||||||
27 | R | r | R | r | R | r | ꝛ | R | r | ꝛ | R | r | R | r | R | r | R | r | |||||
28 | Rs | rs | rſ | Rſ | rs | ꝛs | rſ | ꝛſ | Ṙ | ṙ | ꝛ̇ | Ř | ř | Ř | ř | Ř | ř | Ř | ř | ||||
29 | S | s | ſ | Zz | zz | S | s | ſ | S | s | ſ | S | s | ſ | S | s | S | s | S | s | |||
30 | Sſ | ſs | ſſ | Sſ | ſs | ſſ | Ṡ | ṡ | ẛ | Sſ | ſs | ſſ | Š | š | Š | š | Š | š | |||||
31 | T | t | T | t | T | t | T | t | T | t | T | t | T | t | T | t | |||||||
32 | Ṫ | ṫ | Ť | ť | Ť | ť | Ť | ť | Ť | ť | |||||||||||||
33 | U | u | U | u | U | u | U | u | u | u | U | u | U | u | U | u | |||||||
34 | Ú | ú | Ú | ú | Ú | ú | Ú | ú | Ú | ú | |||||||||||||
35 | Ů | ů | Ů | ů | Ů | ů | Ů | ů | |||||||||||||||
36 | W | w | W | w | W | w | W | w | W | w | W | w | V | v | |||||||||
37 | W | w | W | w | |||||||||||||||||||
38 | — | X | x | X | x | X | x | X | x | X | x | X | x | X | x | ||||||||
39 | I | i | Y | y | Y | y | Y | y | Y | y | Y | y | Y | y | Y | y | |||||||
40 | Ý | ý | Ý | ý | Ý | ý | Ý | ý | Ý | ý | |||||||||||||
41 | Z | z | Z | z | Z | z | Z | z | Z | z | Z | z | Z | z | Z | z | |||||||
42 | S | s | ſ | Ż | ż | Ž | ž | Ž | ž | Ž | ž | Ž | ž |
Brotherly orthography
A a /a ~ ɑ/ |
Á á /aː ~ ɑː/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /ts/ |
Č č /tʃ/ |
D d /d/ |
Ď ď /ɟ ~ dʲ/ |
E e /ɛ ~ e/ |
É é /ɛː ~ eː/ |
Ě ě /ʲe/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /j/ |
Ǧ ǧ /ɡ/ |
H h /ɦ ~ h/ |
Ch ch /x/ |
I i /i/ |
J j /iː/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n/ |
Ň ň /ɲ/ |
O o /o ~ ɔ/ |
Ó ó /oː ~ ɔː/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /kv/ |
R r /r/ |
Ř ř /r̝/ |
S s ſ /s/ |
Sſ ſs ſſ /ʃ/ |
T t /t/ |
Ť ť /c/ |
U u /u/ |
Ú ú ů /uː/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /v/ |
X x /ks/ |
Y y /ɪ/ |
Ý ý /ɪː/ |
Z z /z/ |
Ž ž /ʒ/ |
Long and rounded S
S s ſ
The Brother orthography uses both long and rounded S letters as a miniscule.
The rules on writing those are:
- Long S (ſ) is written, if it is on the beginning or in the middle of a syllable
- Rounded S (s) is written on the end of a syllable or if they act as a syllabic consonant
Both rounded S (s) & long S (ſ), if capitalizated, are written as a regular S
Accute and ringed U
Ú ú ů
The Brother orthography uses both accute and ringed U letters as a miniscule.
The rules on writing those are:
- Accute U (ú) is written in interjections and collocated words (if the ú would stand first before the Collocation)
- Ringed U (ů) is written in all other cases, originally denoting a vowel shift from /ɔː/→/uː/
Ringed U (ů), if capitalizated, is written as a capitalized version "Ů"
Regular and rounded R
R r ꝛ
Although officially not used, some manuscripts still kept usage of the rounded R as a miniscule.
The rules on writing those are:
- Rounded R (ꝛ) is written, if it is behind letters O, B, D, H or P
- Regular R (r) is written, if it is behind any other letter or on the beginning of a word
Rounded R (ꝛ), if capitalizated, is written as a capitalized version "Ꝛ"
Rules on I/J and Y/Ý
Writing of I/J or Y/Ý is determined based on a letter prior to the symbol.
Letters | Name | Usage |
---|---|---|
C, D, H, Ch, K, N, R, S, T, Z | Tvrdé (hard) | I (short) / J (long) |
Č, Ď, G, Ň, Ř, Ss, Ť, Ž | Měkké (soft) | Y (short) / Ý (long) |
B, F, L, M, P, W | Obogetné (ambiguous) | Based on the Selected words (PAGE IN CZECH) |
Ǧ, Q, V, X | Negasné (unclear) | — |
Reform of Czech
A a /a ~ ɑ/ |
Á á /aː ~ ɑː/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /ts/ |
Č č /tʃ/ |
D d /d/ |
Ď ď /ɟ ~ dʲ/ |
E e /ɛ ~ e/ |
É é /ɛː ~ eː/ |
Ě ě /ʲe/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /ɡ/ |
H h /ɦ ~ h/ |
Ⱈ ⱈ /x/ |
I i /i/ |
Í í /iː/ |
J j /j/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
Ĺ ĺ /l̩/ |
M m /m/ |
Ḿ ḿ /m̩/ |
N n /n/ |
Ň ň /ɲ/ |
O o /o ~ ɔ/ |
Ó ó /oː ~ ɔː/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /kv/ |
R r /r/ |
Ŕ ŕ /r̩/ |
Ř ř /r̝/ |
S s /s/ |
Š š /ʃ/ |
T t /t/ |
Ť ť /c/ |
U u /u/ |
Ú ú /uː/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /w ~ v/ |
X x /ks/ |
Y y /ɪ/ |
Ý ý /ɪː/ |
Z z /z/ |
Ž ž /ʒ/ |
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | Á | B | C | Č | D | Ď | E | É | Ě | F | G | H | Ⱈ | I | Í | J | K | L | Ĺ | M | Ḿ | N | Ň | O | Ó | P | Q | R | Ŕ | Ř | S | Š | T | Ť | U | Ú | V | W | X | Y | Ý | Z | Ž |
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | á | b | c | č | d | ď | e | é | ě | f | g | h | ⱈ | i | í | j | k | l | ĺ | m | ḿ | n | ň | o | ó | p | q | r | ŕ | ř | s | š | t | ť | u | ú | v | w | x | y | ý | z | ž |
International Phonetic Alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | aː | b | t͡s | t͡ʃ | d | ɟ | ɛ | ɛː | ʲe | f | ɡ | ɦ | x | i | iː | j | k | l | l̩ | m | m̩ | n | ɲ | ɔ | ɔː | p | k͡v | r | r̩ | r̝ | s | ʃ | t | c | u | uː | v | k͡s | ɪ | ɪː | z | ʒ |
Ⱈ ⱈ
Ȟ ȟ h̕
Rules on ranking: points for:
- Historical relation to Czech/Slovak
- Historical/current relation to other Slavic languages
- Distinguishability
- Simplicity
- Sound uniquity
Symbol | Name | Explanation | Problems with the symbol | ExpandRanking |
---|
G̀ g̀ ɡ̀
Ġ ġ ɡ̇
Ǧ ǧ ɡ̌
Good to note, that it may be more do a orthography shift in G → G̀/Ġ/Ǧ; H → G; Ch → H, which would allign the sound to romanisation of Russian (1995), Ukrainian (1995), Rusyn (ISO) and Belarusian (1995) and Slovene, Croatian and Kashubian.
The possible new symbol for G may be:
- G̀ - Equivalent to the same sound, Romanisation of Ukrainian, ISO 1995
- Ġ - Equivalent to the same sound, Romanisation of Ukrainian, Prussian translateration and ISO 1954
- Ǧ - Equivalent to the same sound from the Brotherly orthography
Note: The two miniscules are not used based on any rule, but there is a single-storey ɡ and double-storey g as seperate characters in the Unicode sets (U+0067 g LATIN SMALL LETTER G; U+0261 ɡ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G).
Mirroring into Slovak
A a /a ~ ɑ/ |
Á á /aː ~ ɑː/ |
Ä ä /æ ~ ɛ/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /ts/ |
Č č /tʃ/ |
D d /d/ |
Ď ď /ɟ/ |
E e /ɛ/ |
É é /ɛː/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /ɡ/ |
H h /ɦ/ |
Ⱈ ⱈ /x/ |
I i /i/ |
Í í /iː/ |
J j /j/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
Ĺ ĺ /l̩ː/ |
Ľ ľ /ʎ/ |
M m /m/ |
Ḿ ḿ /m̩/ |
N n /n/ |
Ň ň /ɲ/ |
O o /ɔ/ |
Ó ó /ɔː/ |
Ô ô /ʊ̯ɔ/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /kv/ |
R r /r/ |
Ŕ ŕ /r̩/ |
S s /s/ |
Š š /ʃ/ |
T t /t/ |
Ť ť /c/ |
U u /u/ |
Ú ú /uː/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /v ~ w/ |
X x /ks/ |
Y y /ɪ/ |
Ý ý /ɪː/ |
Z z /z/ |
Ž ž /ʒ/ |
Ʒ ʒ /dz/ |
Ǯ ǯ /dʒ/ |
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | Á | Ä | B | C | Č | D | Ď | E | É | F | G | H | Ⱈ | I | Í | J | K | L | Ĺ | Ľ | M | Ḿ | N | Ň | O | Ó | Ô | P | Q | R | Ŕ | S | Š | T | Ť | U | Ú | V | W | X | Y | Ý | Z | Ž | Ʒ | Ǯ |
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | á | ä | b | c | č | d | ď | e | é | f | g | h | ⱈ | i | í | j | k | l | ĺ | ľ | m | ḿ | n | ň | o | ó | ô | p | q | r | ŕ | s | š | t | ť | u | ú | v | w | x | y | ý | z | ž | ʒ | ǯ |
International Phonetic Alphabet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | aː | æ | b | t͡s | t͡ʃ | d | ɟ | ɛ | ɛː | f | ɡ | h | x | i | iː | j | k | l | l̩ː | ʎ | m | m̩ | n | ɲ | ɔ | ɔː | ʊ̯͡ɔ | p | k͡v | r | r̩ | s | ʃ | t | c | u | uː | v | k͡s | ɪ | ɪː | z | ʒ | d͡z | d͡ʒ |
Example of the ortography
ExpandText ortography comparison: Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
---|
Orthography for Utochise (Velnotia)
A a /a ~ ɑ/ |
Á á /aː ~ ɑː/ |
Å å /ɔ ~ ɒ/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /ts/ |
Č č /tʃ/ |
D d /d/ |
Ď ď /ɟ ~ dʲ/ |
E e /ɛ ~ e/ |
É é /ɛː ~ eː/ |
Ě ě /ʲe/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /j/ |
Ǧ ǧ /ɡ/ |
H h /ɦ ~ h/ |
Ȟ ȟ /x/ |
I i /i/ |
J j /iː/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n/ |
Ň ň /ɲ/ |
O o /o ~ ɔ/ |
Ó ó /oː ~ ɔː/ |
Ŏ ŏ /uː/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /kv/ |
R r /r/ |
Ř ř /r̝/ |
S s ſ /s/ |
Š š ſ̌ /ʃ/ |
T t /t/ |
Ť ť /c/ |
U u /u/ |
Ú ú /uː/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /v/ |
X x /ks/ |
Ү ү /ɪ/ |
У у /ɪː/ |
Z z /z/ |
Ž ž /ʒ/ |
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | Á | Å | B | C | Č | D | Ď | E | É | Ě | F | G | Ǧ | H | Ȟ | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ň | O | Ó | Ŏ | P | Q | R | Ř | S | Š | T | Ť | U | Ú | V | W | X | Ү | У | Z | Ž | ||
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | á | å | b | c | č | d | ď | e | é | ě | f | g | ǧ | h | ȟ | i | j | k | l | m | n | ň | o | ó | ŏ | p | q | r | ř | s | ſ | š | ſ̌ | t | ť | u | ú | v | w | x | ү | у | z | ž |
International Phonetic Alphabet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | aː | ɔ | b | t͡s | t͡ʃ | d | ɟ | ɛ | ɛː | ʲe | f | j | ɡ | ɦ | x | i | iː | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ɔ | ɔː | uː | p | k͡v | r | r̝ | s | ʃ | t | c | u | uː | v | k͡s | ɪ | ɪː | z | ʒ |
Long and rounded S and Š
S s ſ
Š š ſ̌
The orthography uses both long and rounded S letters as a miniscule.
The rules on writing those are:
- Long S (ſ) (or ſ̌) is written, if it is on the beginning or in the middle of a syllable
- Rounded S (s) (or š) is written on the end of a syllable or if they act as a syllabic consonant
Both rounded S (s) & long S (ſ), if capitalizated, are written as a regular S
Example: NOM Koſt → GEN Kosti (Bone)
Accute U and breve O
Ú ú ; Ŏ ŏ
The orthography uses both accute and ringed U letters as a miniscule.
The rules on writing those are:
- Accute U (ú) is written in interjections and collocated words (if the ú would stand first before the Collocation)
- Breve O (ŏ) is written in all other cases, originally denoting a vowel shift from /ɔː/→/uː/
Breve O (ŏ), if capitalizated, is written as a capitalized version "Ŏ"
Example: Dŏl → Dolŏ (Mine → Below), Účel → Bezúčelný (Sense → Nonsensical)
Ringed A
Å å
The letter Å is a letter that denotes a vowel shift from /a/ to /ɔ/ in a diphthong /ɔ͡u/, donoted as -åu-.
However, if the letter o is on the end of one syllable and u is on the beginning of other, Å is not used.
Example: Poučit - Påučet (To enlighten - To lend)
Rules on I/J and Ү/У
I i ; J j
Ү ү ; У у
Writing of I/J or Ү/У is determined based on a letter prior to the symbol.
Letters | Name | Usage |
---|---|---|
D, H, Ȟ, K, N, R, T | Tvrdé (hard) | I (short) / J (long) |
C, Č, Ď, G, Ň, Ř, Š, Ť, Ž | Měkké (soft) | Ү (short) / У (long) |
B, F, L, M, P, S, W, Z | Obogetné (ambiguous) | Based on the Selected words (PAGE IN CZECH) |
Ǧ, Q, V, X | Negasné (unclear) | — |
Bit - Bjt - Bүt - Bуt (Computer bit - To beat - Flat - To be)
International auxiliary languages
Interslavic (unified table)
Although Interslavic is not my own project, I have made a table of all alphabetic sets for it.
Latin etymological:
A a /a ~ ɑ/ |
Å å /ɒ/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /ts/ |
Ć ć /tɕ/ |
Č č /tʃ/ |
D d /d/ |
D́ d́ /dʲ ~ ɟ/ |
Đ đ /dʑ/ |
Dž dž /dʒ/ |
E e /ɛ ~ e/ |
Ė ė /ə ~ ɛ̃/ |
Ę ę /æ/ |
Ě ě /ʲɛ ~ ʲe/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /ɡ/ |
H h /x/ |
I i /i ~ ɪ/ |
J j /j/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
Ĺ ĺ /ɫ/ |
Lj lj /ʎ/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n/ |
Ń ń /nʲ ~ ɲ/ |
Nj nj /ɲ/ |
O o /ɔ ~ o/ |
Ȯ ȯ /ə ~ ɔ̃/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /q ~ kv/ |
R r /r/ |
Ŕ ŕ /rʲ ~ r̝/ |
S s /s/ |
Ś ś /ɕ ~ sʲ/ |
Š š /ʃ/ |
T t /t/ |
T́ t́ /c ~ tʲ/ |
U u /u/ |
Ų ų /u ~ ow/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /w ~ v/ |
X x /ks ~ x/ |
Y y /ɪ ~ ɨ/ |
Z z /z/ |
Ź ź /zʲ ~ ʑ/ |
Ž ž /ʒ/ |
|||
Note: Diphthongs DŽ, LJ, NJ are used only in all-caps text. If in regular sentence, then Cap-Miniscule versions Dž, Lj, Nj are used |
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | Å | B | C | Ć | Č | D | D́ | Đ | Dž | E | Ė | Ę | Ě | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | Ĺ | Lj | M | N | Ń | Nj | O | Ȯ | P | Q | R | Ŕ | S | Ś | Š | T | T́ | U | Ų | V | W | X | Y | Z | Ź | Ž |
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | å | b | c | ć | č | d | d́ | đ | dž | e | ė | ę | ě | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | ĺ | lj | m | n | ń | nj | o | ȯ | p | q | r | ŕ | s | ś | š | t | t́ | u | ų | v | w | x | y | z | ź | ž |
International Phonetic Alphabet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | ɒ | b | t͡s | t͡ɕ | t͡ʃ | d | ɟ | d͡ʑ | d͡ʒ | ɛ | ɛ̃ | æ | ʲe | f | ɡ | x | i | j | k | l | ɫ | ʎ | m | n | ɲ | ɔ | ɔ̃ | p | k͡v | r | rʲ | s | ɕ | ʃ | t | c | u | o͡w | v | k͡s | ɨ | z | ʑ | ʒ |
Cyrillic etymological:
А а /a ~ ɑ/ |
Ӑ ӑ /ɒ/ |
Б б /b/ |
В в /v/ |
Г г /ɡ/ |
Д д /d/ |
Дь дь /dʲ ~ ɟ/ |
Ђ ђ /dʑ/ |
E e /ɛ ~ e/ |
Ё ё /jɔ ~ jo/ |
Ж ж /ʒ/ |
З з /z/ |
Зь зь /zʲ ~ ʑ/ |
И и /i ~ ɪ/ |
Ј ј /j/ |
К к /k/ |
Л л /l/ |
Ль ль /ɫ/ |
Љ љ /ʎ/ |
М м /m/ |
Н н /n/ |
Нь нь /nʲ ~ ɲ/ |
Њ њ /ɲ/ |
О о /ɔ ~ o/ |
П п /p/ |
Р р /r/ |
Рь рь /rʲ ~ r̝/ |
С с /s/ |
Сь сь /ɕ ~ sʲ/ |
Т т /t/ |
Ть ть /c ~ tʲ/ |
Ћ ћ /tɕ/ |
Y y /u/ |
Ф ф /f/ |
Х х /x/ |
Ц ц /ts/ |
Ч ч /tʃ/ |
Џ џ /dʒ/ |
Ш ш /ʃ/ |
Щ щ /ʃtʃ/ |
Ъ ъ /ə ~ ɔ̃/ |
Ы ы /ɪ ~ ɨ/ |
Ѣ ѣ /ʲɛ ~ ʲe/ |
Ꙗ ꙗ /ja ~ je/ |
Ю ю /ju/ |
Я я /ja/ |
Ѫ ѫ /u ~ ow/ |
Ѭ ѭ /jow/ |
Ѧ ѧ /æ/ |
Ѩ ѩ /jæ/ |
Note: Letters with softening can be written with a majuscule soft sign (ь): ДЬ, ЗЬ, ЛЬ, НЬ, РЬ, СЬ, ТЬ |
Another Cyrillic characters: Ґ ґ, Ѓ ѓ, Є є, Ѥ ѥ, З́ з́, С́ с́, Ќ ќ, Э э, Ꙛ ꙛ, Ꙙ ꙙ, Ꙝ ꙝ, Ꙋ ꙋ, Ѳ ѳ, Ѵ ѵ
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
А | Ӑ | Б | В | Г | Д | Дь | Ђ | E | Ё | Ж | З | Зь | И | Ј | К | Л | Ль | Љ | М | Н | Нь | Њ | О | П | Р | Рь | С | Сь | Т | Ть | Ћ | Y | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Џ | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ѣ | Ꙗ | Ю | Я | Ѫ | Ѭ | Ѧ | Ѩ |
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
а | ӑ | б | в | г | д | дь | ђ | e | ё | ж | з | зь | и | ј | к | л | ль | љ | м | н | нь | њ | о | п | р | рь | с | сь | т | ть | ћ | y | ф | х | ц | ч | џ | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ѣ | ꙗ | ю | я | ѫ | ѭ | ѧ | ѩ |
International Phonetic Alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
а | ɒ | b | c | g | d | ɟ | d͡ʑ | ɛ | jɔ | ʒ | z | ʑ | i | ј | k | l | ɫ | ʎ | m | n | ɲ | ɔ | p | r | rʲ | s | ɕ | t | c | t͡ɕ | u | f | x | t͡s | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | ʃ | ʃt͡ʃ | ɔ̃ | ɨ | ʲe | ja | ju | ja | o͡w | jo͡w | æ | jæ |
Glagolitic etymological:
Ⰰ ⰰ /a ~ ɑ/ |
Ⰱ ⰱ /b/ |
Ⰲ ⰲ /v/ |
Ⰳ ⰳ /ɡ/ |
Ⰴ ⰴ /d/ |
Ⰴⱐ ⰴⱐ /dʲ ~ ɟ/ |
Ⰴⰶ ⰴⰶ /dʒ/ |
Ⰵ ⰵ /ɛ ~ e/ |
Ⰶ ⰶ /ʒ/ |
Ⰷ ⰷ /dz/ |
Ⰸ ⰸ /z/ |
Ⰸⱐ ⰸⱐ /zʲ ~ ʑ/ |
Ⰹ ⰹ /j/ |
Ⰺ ⰺ /j/ |
Ⰻ ⰻ /i ~ ɪ/ |
Ⰼ ⰼ /dʑ/ |
Ⰽ ⰽ /k/ |
Ⰾ ⰾ /l/ |
Ⰾⱐ ⰾⱐ /ɫ/ |
ⰎⰬ ⰾⱜ /ʎ/ |
Ⰿ ⰿ /m/ |
Ⱀ ⱀ /n/ |
Ⱀⱐ ⱀⱐ /nʲ ~ ɲ/ |
ⰐⰬ ⱀⱜ /ɲ/ |
Ⱁ ⱁ /ɔ ~ o/ |
Ⱂ ⱂ /p/ |
Ⱃ ⱃ /r/ |
Ⱃⱐ ⱃⱐ /rʲ ~ r̝/ |
Ⱄ ⱄ /s/ |
Ⱄⱐ ⱄⱐ /ɕ ~ sʲ/ |
Ⱅ ⱅ /t/ |
Ⱅⱐ ⱅⱐ /c ~ tʲ/ |
Ⱆ ⱆ /u/ |
Ⱇ ⱇ /f/ |
Ⱈ ⱈ /x/ |
Ⱋ ⱋ /ʃtʃ/ |
Ⱌ ⱌ /ts/ |
Ⱌⱐ ⱌⱐ /tɕ/ |
Ⱍ ⱍ /tʃ/ |
Ⱎ ⱎ /ʃ/ |
Ⱏ ⱏ /ə ~ ɔ̃/ |
Ⱏⰺ ⱏⰺ /ɪ ~ ɨ/ |
Ⱑ ⱑ /ʲɛ ~ ja/ |
Ⱓ ⱓ /ju/ |
Ⱒ ⱒ /ɦ/ |
Ⱔ ⱔ /æ/ |
Ⱖ ⱖ /jɔ ~ jo/ |
Ⱗ ⱗ /jæ/ |
Ⱘ ⱘ /u ~ ow/ |
Ⱙ ⱙ /jow/ |
Note: Letter Izhe has two variants: Ⰺⰺ and Ⰹⰹ. Ⰺ is used as a initial letter in the word (or in combination ⰟⰊ), while Ⰹ is used for the rest of positions. Letters with softening can be written with a majuscule soft sign (ⱐ): ⰄⰠ, ⰈⰠ, ⰎⰠ, ⰐⰠ, ⰓⰠ, ⰔⰠ, ⰕⰠ and a majuscule versions of ⰟⰊ/ⰄⰆ can be written as Ⱏⰺ/Ⰴⰶ |
Another Glagolitic characters: Ⱉ ⱉ, Ⱊ ⱊ, Ⱕ ⱕ, Ⱚ ⱚ, Ⱛ ⱛ, Ⱝ ⱝ, Ⱞ ⱞ
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ⰰ | Ⰱ | Ⰲ | Ⰳ | Ⰴ | Ⰴⱐ | Ⰴⰶ | Ⰵ | Ⰶ | Ⰷ | Ⰸ | Ⰸⱐ | Ⰹ | Ⰺ | Ⰻ | Ⰼ | Ⰽ | Ⰾ | Ⰾⱐ | ⰎⰬ | Ⰿ | Ⱀ | Ⱀⱐ | ⰐⰬ | Ⱁ | Ⱂ | Ⱃ | Ⱃⱐ | Ⱄ | Ⱄⱐ | Ⱅ | Ⱅⱐ | Ⱆ | Ⱇ | Ⱈ | Ⱋ | Ⱌ | Ⱌⱐ | Ⱍ | Ⱎ | Ⱏ | Ⱏⰺ | Ⱑ | Ⱒ | Ⱓ | Ⱔ | Ⱖ | Ⱗ | Ⱘ | Ⱙ | |||||||||
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ⰰ | ⰱ | ⰲ | ⰳ | ⰴ | ⰴⱐ | ⰴⰶ | ⰵ | ⰶ | ⰷ | ⰸ | ⰸⱐ | ⰹ | ⰺ | ⰻ | ⰼ | ⰽ | ⰾ | ⰾⱐ | ⰾⱜ | ⰿ | ⱀ | ⱀⱐ | ⱀⱜ | ⱁ | ⱂ | ⱃ | ⱃⱐ | ⱄ | ⱄⱐ | ⱅ | ⱅⱐ | ⱆ | ⱇ | ⱈ | ⱋ | ⱌ | ⱌⱐ | ⱍ | ⱎ | ⱏ | ⱏⰺ | ⱑ | ⱒ | ⱓ | ⱔ | ⱖ | ⱗ | ⱘ | ⱙ | |||||||||
International Phonetic Alphabet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | v | ɡ | d | ɟ | d͡ʒ | ɛ | ʒ | d͡z | z | ʑ | j | i | d͡ʑ | k | l | ɫ | ʎ | m | n | ɲ | ɔ | p | r | rʲ | s | ɕ | t | c | o | f | x | ʃt͡ʃ | t͡s | t͡ɕ | t͡ʃ | ʃ | ɔ̃ | ɨ | ʲɛ ja |
h ɦ |
ju | æ | jɔ | jæ | o͡w | jo͡w |
Table for comparison of interslavic alphabets
ExpandComplex comparison Interslavic alphabet table |
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ExpandSimplified comparison Interslavic alphabet table |
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Original Volapük table
A a /a ~ ɑ/ |
Å å /ɒ/ |
Ꞛ ꞛ / Ä ä /ɛ ~ æ/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /tʃ ~ dʒ/ |
Ƈ ƈ /tʃ/ |
D d /d/ |
E e /e/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /g/ |
H h /h/ |
Ħ ħ /θ ~ ð/ |
I i /i/ |
J j /ʃ ~ ʒ/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
ȷ /j/ |
M m /m/ |
m̂ /◌̃/ |
N n /n/ |
n̂ /◌̃/ |
ᶇ /ŋ/ |
O o /o ~ ɔ/ |
Ꞝ ꞝ / Ö ö /ø/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /q/ |
R r /ʀ/ |
rr /r/ |
S s /z/ |
ʃ /ʒ/ |
ſ /s/ |
T t /t/ |
U u /u/ |
Ꞟ ꞟ / Ü ü /y/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /w/ |
X x /ks/ |
Y y /j/ |
Z z /ts ~ dz/ |
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | Å | Ꞛ | Ä | B | C | Ƈ | D | E | F | G | H | Ħ | I | J | K | L | M | N | — | O | Ꞝ | Ö | P | Q | R | S | T | U | Ꞟ | Ü | V | W | X | Y | Z | ||||||
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | å | ꞛ | ä | b | c | ƈ | d | e | f | g | h | ħ | i | j | k | l | ȷ | m | m̂ | n | n̂ | ᶇ | o | ꞝ | ö | p | q | r | rr | s | ʃ | ſ | t | u | ꞟ | ü | v | w | x | y | z |
International Phonetic Alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a ɑ |
ɒ | ɛ æ |
b | d͡ʒ | t͡ʃ | d | e | f | g | h | θ ð |
i | j | k | l | j | m | ◌̃ | n | ◌̃ | ŋ | o | ø | p | k͡v | ʀ | r | z | ʒ | s | t | u | y | v | w | k͡s | j | t͡s d͡z | |||
a ɑ |
ɛ æ |
b | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ |
d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | ø | p | k͡v | r | z ~ s | t | u | y | v | w | k͡s | j | t͡s d͡z |
Changes into Umlauts
Ꞛ ꞛ ; Ä ä
Ꞝ ꞝ ; Ö ö
Ꞟ ꞟ ; Ü ü
Letters Ꞛ, Ꞝ and Ꞟ were later changed and are written as Ä, Ö and Ü.
- Ꞛ was changed into Ä, phonetically /ɛ ~ æ/
- Ꞝ was changed into Ö, phonetically /ø/
- Ꞟ was changed into Ü, phonetically /y/
Esperanto table
A a /a/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /ts/ |
Ĉ ĉ /tʃ/ |
D d /d/ |
E e /e/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /g/ |
Ĝ ĝ /dʒ/ |
H h /h/ |
Ĥ ĥ /x/ |
I i /i/ |
J j /j/ |
Ĵ ĵ /ʒ/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n/ |
O o /o/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /q/ |
R r /r/ |
S s /s/ |
Ŝ ŝ /ʃ/ |
T t /t/ |
U u /u/ |
Ŭ ŭ /w/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /w/ |
X x /ks/ |
Y y /j/ |
Z z /z/ |
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
E | A | B | C | Ĉ | D | E | F | G | Ĝ | H | Ĥ | I | J | Ĵ | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | Ŝ | T | U | Ŭ | V | W | X | Y | Z |
2 | A | B | C | Ch | D | E | F | G | J | H | Kh | I | Y | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | Sh | T | U | W | V | — | X | — | Z |
A | A | B | Tz | Ch | D | E | Ph | G | Gh | H | Qh | I | Y | Zh | K | L | M | N | O | P | — | R | S | Sh | T | U | Ù | — | W | X | — | Z |
I | A | B | C | Ch | D | E | F | G | J | H | — | I | Y | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Qu | R | S | Sh | T | U | W | V | — | X | — | Z |
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
E | a | b | c | ĉ | d | e | f | g | ĝ | h | ĥ | i | j | ĵ | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | ŝ | t | u | ŭ | v | w | x | y | z |
2 | a | b | c | ch | d | e | f | g | j | h | kh | i | y | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | ŝ | t | u | w | v | — | x | — | z |
A | a | b | tz | ch | d | e | ph | g | gh | h | qh | i | y | zh | k | l | m | n | o | p | — | r | s | sh | t | u | ù | — | w | x | — | z |
I | a | b | c | ch | d | e | ph | g | j | h | — | i | y | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | qu | r | s | sh | t | u | w | v | — | x | — | z |
International Phonetic Alphabet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IPA | a | b | t͡s | t͡ʃ | d | e | f | g | d͡ʒ | h | x | i | j | ʒ | k | l | m | n | o | p | k͡v | r | s | ʃ | t | u | w | v | k͡s | j | z |
Lingua Franca Nova table
Latin version:
A a /a ~ ɑ/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /k/ |
D d /d/ |
E e /e ~ ɛ/ |
F f /f/ |
G g /g/ |
H h /h/ |
I i /i ~ j/ |
J j /ʒ/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n ~ ŋ/ |
O o /o ~ ɔ/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /kv/ |
R r /r/ |
S s /s/ |
T t /t/ |
U u /u ~ w/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /w/ |
X x /ʃ/ |
Y y /j/ |
Z z /z/ |
Cyrillic version:
А а /a ~ ɑ/ |
Б б /b/ |
В в /v/ |
Г г /g/ |
Д д /d/ |
Е е /e ~ ɛ/ |
Ж ж /ʒ/ |
З з /z/ |
И и /i/ |
Й й /j/ |
К к /k/ |
Л л /l/ |
М м /m/ |
Н н /n ~ ŋ/ |
О о /o ~ ɔ/ |
П п /p/ |
Р р /r/ |
С с /s/ |
Т т /t/ |
У у /u ~ w/ |
Ф ф /f/ |
Х х /h/ |
Ш ш /ʃ/ |
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | |
C | А | Б | К | Д | Е | Ф | Г | Х | И | Й | Ж | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Кв | Р | С | Т | У | В | — | Ш | Ы | З |
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | |
C | а | б | к | д | е | ф | г | х | и | й | ж | к | л | м | н | о | п | кв | р | с | т | у | в | — | ш | ы | з |
International Phonetic Alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IPA | a ɑ |
b | k | d | e ɛ |
f | g | h | i | j | ʒ | k | l | m | n ŋ |
o ɔ |
p | k͡v | r | s | t | u w |
v | w | ʃ | ɨ | z |
Classical Latin alphabet
Old Italic alphabet
𐌀 - A | 𐌁 - B | 𐌂 - C | 𐌃 - D | 𐌄 - E | 𐌅 - V | 𐌆 - Z | 𐌇 - H | 𐌈 - Θ |
𐌉 - I | 𐌊 - K | 𐌋 - L | 𐌌 - M | 𐌍 - N | 𐌎 - Ξ | 𐌏 - O | 𐌐 - P | 𐌑 - Ś |
𐌒 - Q | 𐌓 - R | 𐌔 - S | 𐌕 - T | 𐌖 - Y | 𐌗 - X | 𐌘 - Φ | 𐌙 - Ψ | 𐌚 - F |
Archaic Latin alphabet:
𐌀 - A | 𐌁 - B | 𐌂 - C | 𐌃 - D | 𐌄 - E | 𐌅 - F | 𐌆 - Z | 𐌇 - H | 𐌉 - I |
𐌊 - K | 𐌋 - L | 𐌌 - M | 𐌍 - N | 𐌏 - O | 𐌐 - P | 𐌒 - Q | 𐌓 - R | 𐌔 - S |
𐌕 - T | 𐌖 - V | 𐌗 - X |
Old Latin alphabet:
A a | Æ æ | B b | C c | D d | E e | F f | G g | H h |
I i | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | Œ œ | P p | Q q |
R r | S s | T t | V v | X x |
Old Latin alphabet with apexes:
A a | Á á | Æ æ | B b | C c | D d | E e | É é | F f | G g |
H h | I i | Í Í | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o | Ó ó | Œ œ |
P p | Q q | R r | S s | T t | V v | V́ v́ | X x | · |