Dazhdin orthography
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The Dazhdin orthography (Dazhdin: Daẑinčincka ortografija / Даҗінчінцка ортография) is a set of rules, that guide the written form of the Dazhdin language.
Alphabets
The Dazhdin language uses two alphabets - Latin script alphabet (used mostly by Syraniks) and Cyrillic script alphabet (used mostly by Posąvrag).
Latin alphabet
| Dazhdin latin alphabet Daẑinčinska abeceda | |
|---|---|
 Printing manufacture in Gromųva in 1570's | |
| Type | Alphabet
|
| Languages |
|
| Created | ~1625 |
Parent systems | Latin script
|
| A a /a ~ ɑ/ |
Ą ą /ɔ̃ ~ ɔw̃/ |
B b /b/ |
C c /ts/ |
Č č /tʃ ~ tɕ/ |
D d /d/ |
Đ đ /ɟ/ |
E e /ɛ ~ e/ |
Ě ě /ʲɛ ~ ʲe/ |
Ę ę /ɛ̃ ~ ẽ/ |
| F f /f/ |
G g /ɡ/ |
H h /x/ |
Ĥ ĥ /h ~ ɦ/ |
I ı /i ~ ɪ/ |
İ i /ʲi/ |
J j /j/ |
Ь ь /ĭ/ |
K k /k/ |
L l /l/ |
| Ľ ľ /ʎ/ |
M m /m/ |
N n /n/ |
Ň ň /ɲ/ |
O o /ɔ ~ o/ |
P p /p/ |
Q q /kv/ |
R r /r/ |
S s /s/ |
Š š /ʃ ~ ɕ/ |
| Ŝ ŝ /ʃtʃ/ |
T t /t/ |
Ŧ ŧ /c/ |
U u /u/ |
Ų ų /ʊ̃ ~ ũ/ |
V v /v/ |
W w /ʋ/ |
X x /ks/ |
Y y /ɨ ~ y/ |
Ъ ъ /y̆ ~ ɯ̆/ |
| Z z /z/ |
Ž ž /ʒ ~ ʑ/ |
Ẑ ẑ /ʒdʒ/ |
Ʒ ʒ /dz/ |
Ǯ ǯ /dʒ/ |
First written forms
The latin alphabet was originally used concurrently with the cyrillic script, with the first mentions of the original script appearing in the late 10th century AD in the areas next to the coastline. Although being often originally written using digraphs (CZ for Č, IE for Ě, SS for Š, SCZ for Ŝ, ZS for Ž, ZDZ for Ẑ, DZ for Ʒ, DZS for Ǯ...) the language eventually introduced basic diacritic characters by 15th century (Ʒ was still written as DZ, Ǯ as DŽ and Ŝ and Ẑ were written as ŠČ and ŽDŽ, Ľ was written as L and L was written as Ł, while Đ and Ŧ were written with diacritics as Ď and Ť).
The scriptual rebirth
Sſs Šſſš Ȿᶘȿ
| A | Â | Ą | Ą̂ | B | C | Č | D | Đ | E | Ě | Ê | Ę | Ę̂ | F | G | H | I | Î | Ĭ | J | K | L | Ł | M | N | Ň | O | P | Q | R | S | Š | Ȿ | T | Ŧ | U | Û | Ŭ | Ų | Ų̂ | V | W | X | Y | Z | Ž | Ɀ | Ʒ | Ǯ |
| a | â | ą | ą̂ | b | c | č | d | đ | e | ě | ê | ę | ę̂ | f | g | h | i | î | ĭ | j | k | l | ł | m | n | ň | o | p | q | r | ſ | ſſ | ᶘ | t | ŧ | u | û | ŭ | ų | ų̂ | v | w | x | y | z | ž | ɀ | ʒ | ǯ |
| ja | ją | je | ję | ꝛ | s | š | ȿ | ju | jų |
The most notable change, however, happened in 1620's, where the letters Dzet (Ʒ) and Dzhet (Ǯ) were introduced and iotated vowels were started to be denoted by a circumflex as a counterpart to the cyrillic iotated characters (Â for Я, Ą̂ for Ꙝ, Ê for Ѥ, Ę̂ for Ѩ, Û for Ю & Ų̂ for Ѭ). At the same time, Ǫ was changed into Ų due to the happening phonetical shift /ɔ̃ ~ õ/ → /ʊ̃ ~ ũ/ and letters. At the same time, characters Shchet (Ȿ) and Zhdzhet (Ɀ) started appearing, which were used to denote the current characters Ŝ and Ẑ.
Early modern script
Later, in the mid 18th century, the letters Ȿ and Ɀ fell into disuse, as at the time most common Blackletter printing presses didn't usually include those characters, going back to digraphs of ŠČ and ŽǮ, without finally introducing the letters Ŝ and Ẑ, taking advantage of the circumflex diacritics that was commonly used both in iotated vowels Â, Ą̂, Ê, Ę̂, Û and Ų̂, which themselves fell into disuse less than 20 years later, being changed into combinations J͡A, J͡Ą, J͡E, J͡Ę, J͡U and J͡Ų, from which the connecting tie eventually faded. At the same time, letters Î and I were changed due to removal of the circumflex - (Îî changed into İi, while Ii (Іі) changed into Iı (Ии)).
Around the same time, the orthography was simplified by removing miniscule forms of multiple letters (such as the Long S (ſ) or R Rotunda (ꝛ)). That was, even the stroked ẝ was replaced with the Š and ᶘ was replaced with the Ŝ, unifying the orthographies of the sibilants.
Letter Ĥ is an introduced letter to denote the /h/ or /ɦ/ sound in loanwords (for example the word "ĥistorьja"), which started to appear in the manuscripts in the mid 18th century.
Cyrillic alphabet
| Dazhdin cyrillic alphabet Даҗінчінска азбука | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Alphabet
|
| Languages |
|
| Created | ~950 |
Parent systems | Cyrillic script
|
| А а /a ~ ɑ/ |
Б б /b/ |
В в /v/ |
Г г /ɡ/ |
Д д /d/ |
Ђ ђ /ɟ/ |
Е е /ɛ ~ e/ |
Є є /ʲɛ ~ ʲe/ |
Ж ж /ʒ ~ ʑ/ |
Җ җ /ʒdʒ/ |
| З з /z/ |
Ѕ ѕ /dz/ |
І і /ʲi/ |
И и /i ~ ɪ/ |
Ј ј /j/ |
К к /k/ |
Л л /l/ |
Љ љ /ʎ/ |
М м /m/ |
Н н /n/ |
| Њ њ /ɲ/ |
О о /ɔ ~ o/ |
П п /p/ |
Р р /r/ |
С с /s/ |
Т т /t/ |
Ћ ћ /c/ |
У у /u/ |
Ф ф /f/ |
Х х /x/ |
| Ц ц /ts/ |
Ч ч /tʃ ~ tɕ/ |
Џ џ /dʒ/ |
Ш ш /ʃ ~ ɕ/ |
Щ щ /ʃtʃ/ |
Ъ ъ /y̆ ~ ɯ̆/ |
Ы ы /ɨ ~ y/ |
Ь ь /ĭ/ |
Ѥ ѥ /jɛ ~ je/ |
Ю ю /ju/ |
| Я я /ja ~ jɑ/ |
Ѫ ѫ /ʊ̃ ~ ũ/ |
Ѭ ѭ /jʊ̃ ~ jũ/ |
Ѧ ѧ /ɛ̃ ~ ẽ/ |
Ѩ ѩ /jɛ̃ ~ jẽ/ |
Ꙙ ꙙ /ɔ̃ ~ ɔw̃/ |
Ꙝ ꙝ /jɔ̃ ~ jɔw̃/ |
Glagolitic predecessor
First ever recorded written form of Dazhdin was written using the Glagolitic script, and reads: "Ⰾⱁⰴⱜ ⱂⱘⱄⰰⰲⱃⰰⰶⱄⰽⰰⱑ ⱂⱁⱅⱁⱂⰻⰾⰰⱄⱔ ⰻⰲ ⰿⱁⱃⰺⰻ ⰻⰲ ⰱⰾⰻⰸⰽⱁⱋⰻⰹⰻ ⰳⱁⱃⱁⰴⰰ Ⰱⱃⰵⰳⰰⰲⱛ", meaning "[A] ship of Posąvragia was sunken close to the city of Brěgava" and comes from one of the records regarding the Posąvrag naval trade routes in southern Argis.
Early script
Ѳѳф
| А | Б | В | Г | Д | Ђ | Е | Ж | Ѕ | З | И | І | Ї | Ꙉ | К | Л | Љ | М | Н | Њ | Ѻ | П | Р | С | Т | Ћ | Ꙋ | Ѳ | Х | Ѡ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ꙑ | Ь | Ѣ | Ꙏ | Ꙗ | Ѥ | Ю | Ѫ | Ѭ | Ѧ | Ѩ | Ꙙ | Ꙝ | Ѵ |
| а | б | в | г | д | ђ | е | ж | ѕ | з | и | і | ї | ꙉ | к | л | љ | м | н | њ | о | п | р | с | т | ћ | ꙋ | ѳ | х | ѡ | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ꙑ | ь | ѣ | ꙏ | ꙗ | ѥ | ю | ѫ | ѭ | ѧ | ѩ | ꙙ | ꙝ | ѵ |
| ꙃ | ꙁ | ꙇ | ѻ | у | ф | ꙟ |
The cyrillic version of the Dazhdin script is a direct successor to the Early Cyrillic alphabet. Although many cases of the orthographical shift are recorded (Ꙉ/Ꙉ → Џ/Џ; Ꙋ/Ꙋ → У/У; Ꙗ/Ꙗ → Я/Я; Ѣ/Ѣ → Є/Є...), especially in the 1400's, to this day, the Dazhdin cyrillic alphabet is rather more conservative compared to other slavic cyrillic alphabets.
Special O's
| Ꙩ | Ꙫ | Ꙭ | Ꚙ | Ꚛ | ꙮ |
| ꙩ | ꙫ | ꙭ | ꚙ | ꚛ |
In old Dazhdin manuscripts, there are additional characters for the sound /ɔ/, which themselves are dependent on the meaning of the word they are in.
Abandoned letters
In the 10th century, multiple old cyrillic letters were abandoned, such as the:
- Letter Round O (О) absorbed its derivatives (Ѡ and Ѻ)
- Omega (Ѡ) is merged with the letter round O (О). Before the change, omega was used for the cases, where the /ɔ/ sound was alone in a syllable, such as: "ѡточіћ"/ѡточіћ ("to turn" in Anglish) × "доточіћ"/доточіћ ("to finish spinning" in Anglish)
- Broad On (Ѻ) is absorbed and merged with the miniscule round O (О). Before the change, broad On was used as the initial letter of a word (if the first syllable has multiple phonemes), and as a initial letter of each other syllable, while round O was used in other cases, such as: "ѻбточіћ"/ѻбточіћ ("to wrap around" in Anglish) × "доточіћ"/доточіћ ("to finish spinning" in Anglish)
- Back Yeru (Ꙑ) is changed into Frontal Yeru (Ы). This change is rather a manuscriptual change than a phonetical change
- Yn (Ꙟ) is absorbed into the new Frontal Yeru (Ы). Before the change, it represented the /ɨ/ sound in the digraph -ꙟꙇъ (/-ɨjɯ̆/), which is present in definite declension of adjectives
- Yat (Ѣ) is replaced by Ye (Є)
1895 Posąvrag Reform
Many notable things were changed in orthography in the 1885 Cyrillic Posąvrag Literary Reform, most notably the unification of orthographically identical characters:
- Intial Fita (Ѳ) was merged with the medial/finial Ef (Ф), using the letter Ef in all cases
- Merger of initial/medial Ze (З) with the finial Ze (Ꙁ), into exclusively Ze (З)
- Merger of initial/medial Dze (Ѕ) with the finial Dze (Ꙃ), into exclusively Dze (Ѕ)
- Indroduction of Je (Ј) to replace the Iota (Ꙇ) miniscule of Soft I (І)
Rules
Sibilants
| Voiced | Voiceless | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Example | IPA | Latin | Example | IPA | |||||||
| Cyrillic | Cyrillic | |||||||||||
| Serif | Sans | Serif | Sans | |||||||||
| S | s | S | s | Syrъ Сыръ (Cheese) |
s | Z | z | Z | z | Mezъ Мезъ (Border) |
z | |
| С | с | С | с | З | з | З | з | |||||
| Š | š | Š | š | Šıry Ширы (Wide) |
ʃ ~ ɕ | Ž | ž | Ž | ž | Možьne Можьне (Possible) |
ʒ ~ ʑ | |
| Ш | ш | Ш | ш | Ж | ж | Ж | ж | |||||
| Ŝ | ŝ | Ŝ | ŝ | Ŝirъ Щіръ (Scorpion) |
ʃt͡ʃ ~ ʃt͡ɕ | Ẑ | ẑ | Ẑ | ẑ | Meẑir Меҗір (Mortar) |
ʒd͡ʒ ~ ʒd͡ʑ | |
| Щ | щ | Щ | щ | Җ | җ | Җ | җ | |||||
| C | c | C | c | Cirkъ Цiркъ (Circus) |
t͡s | Ʒ | ʒ | Ʒ | ʒ | Meʒı Меѕи (Between) |
d͡z | |
| Ц | ц | Ц | ц | Ѕ | ѕ | Ѕ | ѕ | |||||
| Č | č | Č | č | Čiry Чіры (Pure) |
t͡ʃ ~ t͡ɕ | Ǯ | ǯ | Ǯ | ǯ | Maǯąn Маџꙙн (Manly) |
d͡ʒ ~ d͡ʑ | |
| Ч | ч | Ч | ч | Џ | џ | Џ | џ | |||||
Vowel compatibility
Not every vowel can follow every single consonant, due to pronunciation and spelling rules. For example, the letter Ľ denotes softening, and as such can not be followed by a vowel that is softening the word itself (such as İ, Ь, Ě, as well as regular counterparts to this letters, meaning E, I, Y, because it would be denoted either as Li rather than Ľı).
| B | C | Č | D | Đ | F | G | H | Ĥ | J | K | L | Ľ | M | N | Ň | P | Q | R | S | Š | Ŝ | T | Ŧ | V | W | X | Z | Ž | Ẑ | Ʒ | Ǯ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Iot | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ą | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Iot | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| E | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Iot | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ě | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Ę | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Iot | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| I | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| İ | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Ь | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| O | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| U | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Iot | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ų | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Iot | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Y | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Ъ | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Iot | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
I, İ and Y
-
- İ /ʲi/ - BCČDJLMNPRŠŜTŽẐǮ
- I /ɪ/ - BDFGHKNPSŠTVZƷǮ
- Y /ɨ/ - BDHKLMPRSTVZŽƷ
- Cyrillic version
Dazhdin uses all three of former proto-slavic "I"s:
- İi/Іі [ʲi] - only I that is softening the letter in front of it. Letter, that are softened, are D ([d]→[ɟ]), N ([n]→[ɲ]), R ([r]→[rʲ]) & T ([t]→[c])
- Iı/Ии [ɪ] - The more frontal of the two non-softening "I"s. Is equivalent to the most common i sound in Anglish
- Yy/Ыы [ɨ] - The more back-placed of the two non-softening "I"s. Is equivalent to the Ü letter in Dolch
Letters Đ, Ľ, Ň and Ŧ
Letters Đ, Ľ, Ň and Ŧ will never be placed in front of the letter i/ı/y, as they themselves show softening:
- Đı → Di (Đı is an incorrect version of spelling)
- Ľı → Li (Ľı is an incorrect version of spelling)
- Ňı → Ni (Ňı is an incorrect version of spelling)
- Ŧı → Ti (Ŧı is an incorrect version of spelling)
Iotation
| Non-iotated | Iotated | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Example | IPA | Latin | Example | IPA | |||||||
| Cyrillic | Cyrillic | |||||||||||
| Serif | Sans | Serif | Sans | |||||||||
| A | a | A | a | Ano Ано (Yes) |
a ~ ɑ | Ja | ja | Ja | ja | Jano Яно (Ean) |
ja ~ jɑ | |
| А | а | А | а | Я | я | Я | я | |||||
| Ą | ą | Ą | ą | Sąnarъ Сꙙнаръ (Wanderer) |
ɔ̃ ~ ɔw̃ | Ją | ją | Ją | ją | Jąndarъ Ꙝндаръ (Amber) |
jɔ̃ ~ jɔw̃ | |
| Ꙙ | ꙙ | Ꙙ | ꙙ | Ꙝ | ꙝ | Ꙝ | ꙝ | |||||
| E | e | E | e | Pera Пера (Feathers) |
ɛ ~ e | Ě | ě | Ě | ě | Pěra Пєра (Lips) |
ʲɛ ~ ʲe | |
| Е | е | Е | е | Є | є | Є | є | |||||
| Ě | ě | Ě | ě | Běsъ Бєсъ (Terror) |
ʲɛ ~ ʲe | Je | je | Je | je | Jezъ Ѥзъ (Weir) |
jɛ ~ je | |
| Є | є | Є | є | Ѥ | ѥ | Ѥ | ѥ | |||||
| Ę | ę | Ę | ę | Sętı Сѧти (To sew) |
ɛ̃ ~ ẽ | Ję | ję | Ję | ję | Sjętı Сѩти (To remove) |
jɛ̃ ~ jẽ | |
| Ѧ | ѧ | Ѧ | ѧ | Ѩ | ѩ | Ѩ | ѩ | |||||
| U | u | U | u | Ňuh Њух (Smell) |
u | Ju | ju | Ju | ju | Jug Юг (South) |
ju | |
| У | у | У | у | Ю | ю | Ю | ю | |||||
| Ų | ų | Ų | ų | Mųž Мѫж (Man) |
ʊ̃ ~ ũ | Jų | jų | Jų | jų | Jųž Ѭж (Whom) |
jʊ̃ ~ jũ | |
| Ѫ | ѫ | Ѫ | ѫ | Ѭ | ѭ | Ѭ | ѭ | |||||