User:Native Qazh/Sandbox5

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	d͡z̻		ɡ
	voiceless	p	t	t͡s̻		k
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡s̻ʼ		kʼ
Fricative	voiced		z̻			ʁ̟
	voiceless		s̻			x
Nasal		m	n
Approximant		ʋ~w			j
Rhotic			ɾ

Vowels

	Front	Central	back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Mid	ɛ		o
Open		a

Writing System

Order	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32
Latin upper case	A	B	C	C'	D	E	F	G	Gh	H	I	J	K	K'	L	M	N	O	P	P'	Q	R	S	T	T'	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	Zh
Latin lower case	a	b	c	c'	d	e	f	g	gh	h	i	j	k	k'	l	m	n	o	p	p'	q	r	s	t	t'	u	v	w	x	y	z	zh
Cyrillic upper case	А	Б	Ц	Ц'	Д	Е	Ф	Г	Г'	Х	И	Ж	К	К'	Л	М	Н	О	П	П'	К	Р	С	Т	Т'	У	В	Ў	Кс	Ы	Ж	З
Cyrillic lower case	а	б	ц	ц'	д	е	ф	г	г'	х	и	ж	к	к'	л	м	н	о	п	п'	к	р	с	т	т'	у	в	ў	кс	ы	ж	з
IPA sound	a	b	t͡s̻	t͡s̻ʼ	d	ɛ	f*	ɡ	ʁ̟	x	i	z̻	k	kʼ	l*	m	n	o	p	pʼ	k	ɾ	s̻	t	tʼ	u	ʋ~w		ks	ɨ	z̻	d͡z̻

Grammar

Syntax

Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.

Nouns

Case and Number

There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo. Tayamo has 6 noun cases:

Case	Signular
	Affix	Example	Question
Nominative		к'а (rock), зан (bear)	мо (what), мы (who)
Dative	-ў/у	к'аў (to a rock), зану (to a bear)	моў (to what), мыў (to who)
Genetive	-но	к'ано (of a rock), занно (of a bear)	моно (of what), мыно (whose)
Accusitive	-й/и	к'ай (rock), зани (bear)	мой (what), мый (who)
Instrumental	-г'а	к'аг'а (with a rock), занг'а (with a bear)	мог'а (with what), мыг'а (with who)
Locative	-да	к'ада (on a rock), занда (on a bear)	мода (where), мыда (at who)

Case	Plural
	Affix	Example	Question
Nominative	-(а)цы	к'ацы (rocks), занцы (bears)	моцы (what), мыцы (who)
Dative	-(а)цу	к'ацу (to rocks), занцу (to bears)	моцу (to what), мыцу (whose)
Genetive	-(а)цын	к'ацын (оf rocks), занцын (оf bears)	моцын (оf what), мыцын (оf who)
Accusitive	-(а)ци	к'аци (rocks), занци (bears)	моци (what), мыци (who)
Instrumental	-(а)цыг'а	к'ацыг'а (with rocks), занцыг'а (with bears)	моцыг'а (with what), мыцыг'а (with who)
Locative	-(a)цыда	к'ацыда (on rocks), занцыда (on bears)	моцыда (where), мыцыда (at who)

The definite article

Due to Thuado-Thrismaran influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the та(н) particle, which is placed infront of a word (та мак'о, тан итары). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.

In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:

syllable type	suffix	example
open /a, ɨ̞/ closed* /j, w/	-'та	кана'та (the song) мары'та (the horse)
open /ɛ, i, o, u/	-'то	хоне'то (the friend) токо'то (the town)
closed	-'а	там'а (the fish) ўен'а (the bell)

• Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.

Prnouns

One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the Aschari language is the polite/formal pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to Aschari, only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite/formal and impolite/informal.

Number and Person			Nominative	Accusitive (Direct object)		Dative (Indirect object)		Genitive	Instrumental	Locative
				stressed	clitic	stressed	clitic
Singular	First		Коны	Кони	-ки	Кону	-ку	Коно	Ког'а	Кода
	Second	Formal	Уда	Уди	-ди	Уду	-ду	Удано	Удаг'а	Удада
		Imformal	Да	Ди		Ду		Дано	Даг'а	Дада
	Third		То	Той	-ти	Тоў	-ту	Тоно	Тог'а	Тода
Plural	First		Коныцы	Коци	-кыци	Коцу	-кыцу	Коцыно	Коцыг'а	Коцыда
	Second	Formal	Удацы	Удаци	-дыци	Удацу	-дыцу	Удацыно	Удацыг'а	Удацыда
		Imformal	Дацы	Даци		Дацу		Дацыно	Дацыг'а	Дацыда
	Third		Тоцы	Тоци	-тыци	Тоцу	-тыцу	Тоцыно	Тоцыг'а	Тоцыда

The clitic suffixes are used to form Polypersonal verbs.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

• Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - ян
• Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-ян
• Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - п'а-ян
• Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-ян

Verbs

Tense, Aspect, Mood

The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.

Number & Person		Indicative					Imperative
		Past imperfect	Past/Present perfect	Present	Future	Past Future
Singular	First	катат'а дамт'а	катаюно дамюно	катано дамын	я катано я дамно	ят'а катано ят'а дамно
	Second	катак'а дамк'а	катаюўа дамюўа	катаўа дамўа	я катаўа я дамўа	яц'а катаўа яц'а дамўа	катай дами
	Third		катаю дамю	ката дам	я ката я дам	яц'а ката яц'а дам
Plural	First	катат'ахы дамт'ахы	катаюнохы дамюнохы	катанохы дамынохы	я катанохы я дамнохы	ят'а катанохы ят'а дамнохы
	Second	катак'ахы дамк'ахы	катаюўхы дамюўхы	катаўхы дамўхы	я катаўхы я дамўхы	яц'а катаўхы яц'а дамўхы	катацый дамхый
	Third		катаюхы дамюхы	катахы дамхы	я катахы я дамхы	яц'а катахы яц'а дамхы

ката - say, tell

дам - drink

Imperfective verb	Perfective verb	Meaning
арино	юарино	i read
аесено	юйаесено	i nuy
сайно	юсайно	i write

Verbs can be negated with the ре- suffix:

тоўа (you give)

→

ретоўа (you don't give).

Copula

The word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is SOV, due to the language being pro drop, if the pronoun isn's stressed it can be dropped, it acts as a suffix to the object, if the copua is stressed it's put infront of the word. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.

Number & Person			Past	Resultative participle	Present	Future	Aorist	Imperative
Singular	First		-дет'а	-деюно	-дено	-ядено	-деруно
	Second		-дец'а	-деюўа	-деўа	-ядеўа	-деруўа	-дей
	Third			-дею	-де	-яде	-деру
Plural	First		-дет'ахы	-деюнохы	-денохы	-яденохы	-дерунохы
	Second		-дец'ахы	-деюўахы	-деўахы	-ядеўахы	-деруўахы	-дехый
	Third			-деюхы	-дехы	-ядехы	-дерухы

I'm (a) tayamo	Т'аямодено
I am (a) tayamo	Коны т'аямодено
I am (a) tayamo	Коны дено т'аямо

Questions

particle: йо

Derivation

Affix	Used to create:	Example(s)
-жы	agents from verbs/nouns	сай (to write) → сайжы (writer)
-е	verbs from nouns	п'ана (fire) → п'анае (to burn)
-ма	nouns from verbs	ма (see) → мама (vision)
-сыте	collective nouns	еякы (boat) → еякысыте (fleet)
-сы	adjectives	жана (forgive) → жанасы (forgiving)
-ки	adverbs	бежы (fast) → бежыки (fastly)
-сырег'а	adjectives indicating the lack of something	т'аў (home) → т'аўсырег'а (homeless)
-ма	nouns from adjectives	пой (cute) → пойма (cute thing)
-ной	diminutives of nouns	маке (dog) → макеной (doggie)
-дай	augmentatives of nouns	еякы (boat) → еякыдай (ship)
-ра	locations	ахе (to fly) → ахера (airport)
-мо	inhabitants	токо (town) → токомо (citizen, resident)
-пе	decendents (names and nicknames)	руян (rain) → руянпе (of (the) rain*)
-то	relative	саймо (why) → саймото (becouse) мы (who) → мыто (whoever)

Numerals

Tayamo is a Decimal (Base-10) language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second, New way, which came from the Thuado-Thrismaran ways, it exists due to their influence on the language. In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, and in literary scenarios, while the New way is used with large numbers like the hunderds, thousands and millions and in colloquial situations.

In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on. While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн га (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.

Cardinal numbers

All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix -цы, this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.

List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:

№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way
0	нулыцы					21	тиминедацы	мине-га-тицы	600	тикадапайцы
1	тицы		11	тинедацы		26	тикадаминедацы	мине-га-тикадацы	1 000	цанцы
2	мицы		12	минедацы		30	ренецы		1 001	тицандацы	цан-га-тицы
3	рецы		13	ренедацы		40	юнецы		2 000	мицанцы
4	юцы		14	юнедацы		50	канецы		6 000	тикадацанцы
5	кацы		15	канедацы		60	тикаданецы		10 000	ўанцы
6	тикадацы		16	тикаданедацы		100	пайцы		10 001	тиўандацы	ўан-га-тицы
7	микадацы		17	микаданедацы		101	типайдацы	пай-га-тицы	20 000	миўанцы
8	рекадацы		18	рекаданедацы		110	непайдацы	пай-га-нецы	60 000	тикадаўанцы
9	юкадацы		19	юкаданедацы		111	тинедапайдацы	пай-га-тинедацы	1 000 000 (100x10 000)	пайўанцы
10	(не)нецы		20	минецы		200	нипайцы

Ordinal numbers

In Tayamo the circumfix г'а-...-и/й produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:

№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way
1st	г'атий		11th	г'атинедай		21st	г'атиминедай	г'амине-га-тий	1 001st	г'атицандай	г'ацан-га-тий
2nd	г'амий		12th	г'аминедай		26th	г'атикадаминедай	г'амине-га-тикадай	2 000th	г'амицани
3d	г'арей		13th	г'аренедай		60th	г'атикаданей		6 000th	г'атикадацани
4th	г'аюй		14th	г'аюнедай		100th	г'апайи		10 000th	г'аўани
5th	г'акай		15th	г'аканедай		101st	г'атипайдай	г'апай-га-тий	10 0001st	г'атиўандай	г'аўан-га-тий
6th	г'атикадай		16th	г'атикаданедай		110th	г'анепайдай	г'апай-га-ней	20 000th	г'амиўани
7th	г'амикадай		17th	г'амикаданедай		111th	г'атинедапайдай	г'апай-га-тинедай	60 000th	г'атикадаўани
8th	г'арекадай		18th	г'арекаданедай		200th	г'амипайи		1 000 000th (100x10 000th)	г'апайўани
9th	г'аюкадай		19th	г'аюкаданедай		600th	г'атикадапайи
10th	г'аней		20th	г'аминей		1 000th	г'ацани

Fractional numbers

In Tayamo the prefix ра- produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:

№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way	№	Old way	New way
Whole	тира		1/11	ратинеда		1/21	ратиминеда	рамине-га-ти	1/1 001	ратицанда	рацан-га-ти
Half	апо		1/12	раминеда		1/26	ратикадаминеда	рамине-га-тикада	1/2 000	рамицан
1/3	раре		1/13	раренеда		1/60	ратикадане		1/6 000	ратикадацан
1/4	раю		1/14	раюнеда		1/100	рапай		1/10 000	раўан
1/5	рака		1/15	раканеда		1/101	ратипайда	рапай-га-ти	1/10 0001	ратиўанда	раўан-га-ти
1/6	ратикада		1/16	ратикаданеда		1/110	ранепайда	рапай-га-не	1/20 000	рамиўан
1/7	рамикада		1/17	рамикаданеда		1/111	ратинедапайда	рапай-га-тинеда	1/60 000	ратикадаўан
1/8	рарекада		1/18	рарекаданеда		1/200	рамипай		1/1 000 000 (100x10 000)	рапайўан
1/9	раюкада		1/19	раюкаданеда		1/600	ратикадапай
1/10	ране		1/20	рамине		1/1 000	рацан

Alpha-syllabary wip

	onset-nucleus						coda
	a	y	o	u	e	i
Ø
p
p'
b
t
t'
d
k
k'
g
c
c'
zh
s
z
kh
gh
m
n
l
j
w
r

Example

Lord's prayer:

English	Tayamo (Cyrillic)	Tayamo (Latin)	Tayamo (Tayamese)
Our Father in heaven,	Ба коныцыно ўахацыда'та,	Ba konycyno wahacyda'ta,
hallowed be your name.	ая ры данасы катама'та удано.	aya ry danasy katama'ta udano.
Your kingdom come.	Ая то одора'та удано.	Aya to odora'ta udano.
Your will be done,	Тала'та удацы я ры жакесы,	Tala'ta udacy ya ty zakesy,
on earth as it is in heaven.	гидада'та ларе ры ўахацыда'та.	gidada'ta lare ry wahacyda'ta.
Give us today our daily bread	Хонсы'та коныцыно п'ита сыйкыцу дахонда	Hansy'ta konycyno p'ita syikycu dahonda
and forgive us our debts,	га жанай даг'а коныцыно,	ga zanai dagha konycyno,
as we forgive our debtors.	ларе коныцы зананхы даг'ажыцы коныцыно.	lare konycy zananhy daghaxycy konycyno.
And do not bring us into temptation,	Га реталкыци сыкусымада,	Ga retalkyci sykusymada,
but rescue us from the evil one.	а к'аўайкыци кара татарысы'та.	a k'awaikyci kara tatarysy'ta.