Chatten and Leucen
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Kingdom of Chatten and Leucen Fasbaronik Chatten der Leucen (Leucish) | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
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| Motto: "Dyvin ed Frier" [a] "Divine and Free" | |
| Anthem: "Marsza oft Mersenadia" 'The Mercenary's March' | |
 Location of Chatten and Leucen (dark green) -- In Callys (green and dark grey) -- In the Callysian Union (green) | |
| Capital and largest city | Lomercoyne 4°1'W 53°26'N |
| Official languages | |
| Regional and minority languages | |
| National sign language | Chalcish Sign Language |
| Ethnic groups (2020) | List
|
| Religion (2020) | List
|
| Demonym(s) | Chalcish, Chalcs (colloquial) |
| Government | Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Crowberwynn VII |
| Saiah Dunwille | |
| Cearl Margowys | |
| Symon Parshyla | |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| House of Baronies | |
| Assembly of Commons | |
| Formation | |
| c. 115 | |
| 512 | |
| 1 January 809 | |
| c. 1015 - 1195 | |
| 8 June 1213 | |
| 25 November 1487 | |
| 12 September 1935 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 512,455 km2 (197,860 sq mi) (69th) |
• Water (%) | 1.3 |
| Population | |
• 2024 estimate | 115,634,195 (13th) |
• 2022/24 census | 115,112,734 |
• Density | 312/km2 (808.1/sq mi) (12th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  ₽4.881 trillion (26th) |
• Per capita | ₽64,556 (5th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | ₽4.233 trillion (7th) |
• Per capita | ₽59,412 (21st) |
| Gini (2023) |  21.6low (8th) |
| HDI (2023) | 0.891 very high (11th) |
| Currency | Leucenian Piese (PIS) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 ( NWT) |
• Summer (DST) | observed |
| Date format | dd--mm--yyyy (Common Era) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +115 |
| ISO 3166 code | NK |
| Internet TLD | .chl [b] |
| |
Kingdom of Chatten and Leucen, commonly known as the Northern Kingdom, (NK) or Chalcain, is an island country located on Northwestern Callys just off the mainland coast. It comprises two main nations, namely Chatten and Leucen, hence the name. The Northern Kingdom also includes surrounding islands such as the Lannascern islands, Amarincen islands, Isle of Terk, and the Porgynth islands. Collectively, the domains of the Northern Kingdom are known as the Chalcer Isles. The Northern Kingdom is surrounded by the Eastern Sea, Lacendynn Sea, Leucish Sea, Elvenmann Strait, Chatten Strait, and Septentriones Ocean while bordering the Norpolar Ocean in the north. Meanwhile, the Crowergynn Sea separates the island of Chatten and Leucen, with the isle of Rustav located conveniently between the two islands. The Northern Kingdom shares maritime borders with Finnon and Sonnederlands to the east, Helswig to the south, Tictland and Coradis to the south-east, and Markland to the north-west. The total area of the Northern Kingdom is 512,455 km2 (197,860 square miles) with an approximated population of 115 million people as of 2023. The capital and largest city is Lomercoyne, and its surrounding urban area is the largest in Callys. Other major cities with large surrounding urban areas include Mowycen, Pownys, Cumbershyre, City of Lech, Sark, Varnyconne, Shalcyr, Courcamyron, and Malwenydd.
Prehistoric human activity on the islands dates back to the last Ice Age, with continuous habitation since the end of the last glacial maximum. The Chalcerean people emerged as the dominant human culture on the islands which comprises of the tribal societies, namely, Jotavs, Porgynth, Corks, Rwycorrts, Terkish, Leucish, and Chattenish, all were the precursors and founder of the later Thirteen Kingdoms. The anarchic Thirteen Kingdoms period saw the gradual unification of all kingdoms into the domain of the first High King Sycor I of Leucen. The Moravs conquered the islands of Leucen and made it into their province, known as Moravian Leucenia, until their departure from the islands in 800. The Sami-Finnons arrived on the Chalcish Isles, known as the Deluge, beginning in 809 and lasted until 825. Meyrism religion arrived in the islands when High King Sycor IX's exiled younger brothers and recent Meyrian converts, Nymeth and Fwynth arrived on the Islands. The ascension of Prince Nymeth to the throne after the exile of his father led to the founding of the House of Horessen in 844, considered the beginning of the Middle Ages.
Incursions of raiders and pirates, the formation of the Horseshoe Alliance, and a regicide convinced the first Flemmian King Ardewyth to launch several invasions into the northern lands, culminating into the Wars of the Daggers resulting in Leucish victory. The lands of the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes were occupied while Rwycorr, land of the Rwycorrts, were annexed directly into Leucen through the signing of the Acts of Unification between Leucen and Rwycorr 1213, creating the Kingdom of Great Chalcain. The Acts of Unification between Great Chalcain and Chatten 1487 was signed by Crowberwynn I in the wake of the Anarchy. By the start of the Age of Discovery, the Northern Kingdom held only island colonies in the Sakadoan Archipelago of which all colonies achieved self-governing dominion status by the end of the 19th century. The Northern Kingdom became the first country to outlaw slavery in all of its colonies by 1685 The Northern Kingdom remained relatively unscathed during the Century of Revolutions despite the occurrence of the July Revolution, which saw the rise of liberal socialism in the government, the formal transformation of the Kingdom into a constitutional monarchy, and the implementation of a more labor-friendly economy while retaining the monarchy. By 1901, they remain the only monarchy in Callys. During this time, universal suffrage was granted, homosexuality was legalized, and labour movements gained traction, a series of events that dubbed the Northern Kingdom as the home of Liberalism. The NK adopted a policy of neutrality since 1895, though ideology-wise, the Northern Kingdom lean on the side of the Allied Powers.
The Northern Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and a federal parliamentary democracy. It is a developed and advanced country with the seventh-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). Since 1988, the Northern Kingdom is a nuclear powered state, but does not possesses any nuclear weapons. The Northern Kingdom maintains the Callyssian welfare model that provides universal health care system, a comprehensive social security system, and tertiary education to all its citizens. As a welfare state, it ranks high in income equality, quality of life, gender equality, and prosperity. It is a founding member of the Assembly of Nations, Callyssian Union, Organization for Trade and Economic Development (OTED), International Bank, the G5, and the GNTO.
Etymology and terminology
The Acts of Unification between Leucen and Rwycorr 1213 declared that the Kingdom of Leucen should be named "The Kingdom of Great Chalcain". The term "Great Chalcain" refers to the islands of Leucen, its constituent regions, and its surrounding islands. When Chatten was incorporated into Great Chalcain by the signing of the Acts of unification between Great Chalcain and Chatten 1487, the Council of Elders held an executive referendum that resulted in name change from Kingdom of Great Chalcain into the "Kingdom of Chatten and Leucen" by 1501.
"Northern Kingdom" as a term didn't come into vocabulary use until 1935 when a Tictish journalist Hymera Vera Phon of the Strait Times wrote an article about the prevalence of monarchies in Callys. In the article, Hymera referred to the time where four great monarchies ruled over Callys, with the Kingdom of Chatten and Leucen being the northern one amongst the four. Even after the Century of Revolutions which saw a massive upheaval of monarchies around Callys; the people, scholars, military leaders, and politicans still use the term "Northern Kingdom" as an alias to the Kingdom of Chatten and Leucen to refer to it as the last surviving monarchy among the Four Monarchies and on the continent as a whole. The
The term "Leucen" has become synonymous with the Great Chalcain and in general is the most common mistake people outside the Northern Kingdom always make. Leucen is also the academic and professional term scholars use during the 18th and 19th centuries when referring to the Northern Kingdom, though it later went obsolete.The Committee of Geographical Names defines "Leucen" as the name of the island that constitutes Great Chalcain, the "Kingdom of Leucen" as a historical region covering almost all of Leucen except for the regions of Rwycorr, Jotav, Lech, Ostria, and Porgynth, "Great Chalcain" as the name describing the totality of Leucen and its surrounding islands with Chatten and its jurisdiction removed, while the Kingdom of Chatten and Leucen describes the Kingdom with both Chatten and Leucen included.
The adjective "Chalcish" is commonly used to refer to the matters relating to the Northern Kingdom and is also used by law to refer to the nationality and citizenship of the people of the Northern Kingdom. Aside from this, however, people might use other ethnic adjectives such as Leucish, Rwycorrts, Chattenish, Terkish, Porgynthish, Jotavish, or Corkish to describe their ethnic heritage.
History
Prehistory
The Proto-chalcerean people first arrived on Chalcain Isles 41,000 years ago, settling the island in waves from Helswig. They continuously inhabited the island until 9,900 years when glacier ice retreated to the poles. By the end of the 2nd millenium BCE, another wave of human migration occurred. Vauns, a tictish tribe, migrated into south-eastern Leucen and southern Terk from the present-day states of Vaunhein and Inner Tictland. The Vauns would remain a distinct ethnicity within the islands. The Chalcerean people would ultimately be separated into two following the appearance of the Crowergynn Sea that will divide the Chalcain Isles into the island of Chatten and Leucen. Before the Tridetarchy, the middle Chalcerean tribes of Gon, Urles, and Poctannan, headed by Lamacil, a High King, fled west into Two River Valley where they allied with Rwycorr by 12 BCE, forming the kingdom of Cydacyll. By the turn of the millenium, however, Leucen, once a minor kingdom, soon emerged as the most powerful Chalcerean Kingdom in the island. The Terks, the main rivals of the later Sami-Finnons, settled on the south-east island of the same name, mingling with the already present Vauns, creating a hybrid of Vaun-Finnon culture in the island. They would ultimately be included as one of the Thirteen Kingdoms as the Kingdom of Terk. By 10 CE, Leucish King Weferstann's son, Maverstann, married the daughter of Terk's King Campugne, Samerwen, aiming to ally a powerful maritime kingdom to his side. In year 45, Incursions of the Lechian tribes into the northern kingdoms of Jotavs, Rwycorr, and Corks persuaded the Jotavian King Komaus to form a confederation, called the Confederation of the North, a decision deemed unpopular yet necessary amongst the Jotavian nobility. When the Rwycorrian King Marcyn ascends to the throne in year 54, he started a series of reforms which establishes the position of a High King and a small noble council known as the Sert. Initially unpopular, this new government system proves itself to be effective and soon becomes popular among the nobility.
The state of Leyds seceded from Cydacyll due to failed land reforms. In 98, continued Terk migrations saw the establishment of the Kingdom of Tamugnonia and Ostrian city states. Meanwhile, northern Chattish seafarers originating from the Isle of Rustav migrated south and landed on south-western Leucen, establishing the Chattish Chalcerean kingdoms of Doyre and Timmes. Rising tensions between Vauns and Terkish settlers in southern Tamugnonia resulted in a civil war, ending in Vaunish victory. The Grant Treaty of 100 saw Morctos of Timmes establishing East Timmes as a Timmian vassal.
These tribes soon developed into Thirteen Kingdoms by 115, historically known as the Tridetarchy. By the turn of the 2nd century AD, the Thirteen kingdom's domain covered almost all of the island of Leucen, with the Midlands, Lech, and Ester remaining nomadic by the start of the 2nd Century.
The Orchard Affairs culminated in the conquest of Timmes, which led to the abdication of the Timmish King Tictos the Frail and the dissolution of the Kingdom. East Timmes, now an independent kingdom, was not spared by conquest. The conquest of East Timmes by Tamugnonia forced Vaunish settlers to migrate into the only remaining Vaunish Kingdom which was Doyre. In 231, Namarstann of Leucen forged an alliance with the Porgynths in exchange for the bounty of the Ostrian City States. The Ostrian Partition of 256 divided Ostrian into two, effectively surrounding Tamugnonia from all sides by Leucen allies. Ultimately, Leucen would conquer Tamugnonia in 299, and Jaharann of Leucen marries the Doyrish Queen Mifareth, uniting both kingdoms under a single monarchy. A sizeable number of Vaunish inhabitants, finding themselves under the rule of their conquerors, fled to the Kingdom of Terk, which despite their alliance with Leucen, is accepting of the Vauns. By 312, Leucen's domains extends all through-out the southern lands of the island. Leucen adopted the Cydacyllian model of government, with High King Sycor I, once the incumbent King, ruling as the first High King of Leucen.
Moravian Conquests and rule
In 344, the Moravian Conquest begins in the conquest of Helswig. High King Mrathmann of Leucen, seeing the ruthlessness of their new neighbors, allied with the Confederation of the North to protect against potential invasions from the Moravians. By 398, an assembled army led by the future Moravian Emperor Sicador Morastus landed on Doyre. The Moravs invaded and sacked Terk, before moving on to the city of Malwenydd, where they executed Punthywyn, the last Terkish King. Following the massacre at Ostria on 423, High King Fryenwyn of Leucen and High King Therycor II of the Confederacy of the North hastily mustered an army and fought in the Battle of Murandi in 431, resulting in both deaths and Moravian victory. From 435 to 456, the Moravs would conquer Leucen and Porgynth before subjugating the tribal peoples of Ester and southern Midlands. In 466, Cydacyll and Leyds capitulated, giving Moravians a foothold against the Confederacy. It is said that High King Mycor IV grew paranoid after receiving the news, going so far as to enact forced conscription, including his councillors. In order to break the Confederacy, the Moravians, with the help of the tribalistic Lechs, invaded the city of Lech. Cutting the confederacy into two, the Moravians quickly occupied the capital Shalcyr, dissolved the Confederacy, and executed Mycor IV and his family, ending his line.
The Moravians established Moravian Leucenia as an Imperial province by 512. Nobles who pledge their loyalty to the Empire retained their status, wealth, and authority, while those who resist were utterly destroyed, their lands redistributed to other loyal lords. This system had a profound effect on Leucenian politics for centuries to come. Incursions of the Moravians into the island of Chatten proves to be unsuccessful due to the machinations of the maritime warlords around Crowergynn Sea. In 634, Chattenian maritime kingdoms, such as those in Rustav Confederation, flourished during this time period as settlements sprouted along the Chattenian coast. Indeed, the presence of a powerful maritime confederation in Crowergynn Sea discourages the Moravians to pursue further imperial efforts towards the island of Chatten. By the turn of the 8th century CE, coinciding with the decline of the Moravian Empire, Moravian emigration into the mainland increased. The imperial province would soon plunge into anarchy on 801 when Governor Campane Calagaunt, the last Moravian ruler, was assassinated by four unknown assailants. With the absence of a ruler, Kingdom of Leucen became an independent state under the rule of High King Sycos VII, the Kingdom of the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes seceded, while Rwycorr revolted against the remaining nobility.
The Deluge and the War of the Daggers
By 805, another wave of migrations arrived on the Chalcish Isles. The militaristic Finnonian Sami-Finnons arrived on south-western Leucen. By 812, the Sami-Finnons had conquered the former lands of Ostria, Tamugnonia, and Porgynth. Faced by a larger threat in its early years of independence, High King Sycos VII of Leucen and High King Yari of the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes decided to elect a single High King while maintaining their independence and establishing a single Royal Army, creating the Southern and Northern Electorates. The Midland Wars was fought in November 814 in the expanse of the Midlands, with the Battle of Varnyconne and the Battle of Tower Bridge, where both High Kings were slain, being the most significant. By 825, the Sami-Finnons were pushed back into Ester, where they largely remained until their expulsion during the War of the Daggers.
On 826 , following the deaths of both High Kings, the ascend of High King Sycor IX, the first High King to be elected by both the Southern and Northern Electorates, was followed by authoritative practices. When Sycos IX passes the Pagan Ordinance of 831 which orders for the return to Chalcerean Paganism, two of his younger brothers, Nymeth and Fwynth, resisted and were exiled. They were sent to Morav years ago as emissaries to the King. unbeknowngst to Sycor IX, they converted to Moravian Meyrism in 839. Their conversion to Meyrism resulted in the execution of Fwynth in 840 and later, the Master of the Coin Fylor in 841. Their executions later paved the way for a coup d'etat of Sycor IX's oldest son Nymeth, whom with the consent and vote of both the Northern and Southern Electorates, then becomes the first ruler of the renamed House of Horessen by 844, a naming tradition he inherited from feudal lords from Helswig.
By 910, Corweth of Leucen adopted Tictish tradition and culture such as feudalism, heraldry, Meyrism, and the ruling concept of the divine right of kings. In 978, the King's council decided to formally inaugurate the first university in Leucen. Since then, four more colleges were established around Leucen up until 1312. By year 1000, construction of the Horessen Palace was completed, which become the new royal seat of the Crown. Their former home, the Orbeaun Estate, was designated as the official estate of the Crown's heir apparent.
By the turn of the first millenium, the Kingdom of Leucen was being troubled by the constant raids of pirates and raiders in the east and north. When the Northern Electorate was dissolved by the usurper King Asach, the Southern Electorate broke their alliance with the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes. This effectively disbanded the position of High King of both Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Electorates completely, restoring royal independence. In 1012, King Hirweth and his family was murdered by unknown assailants, committing regicide and causing the extinction of the male line of House of Horessen. The Red Dagger Conspiracy exposed the role of Cumberwon, currently the Hand of the King of the King Urach of the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes, as the mastermind of the massacre. A network of anti-Leucish fleets and mercenary groups was created against Leucish dominance, known as the Horseshoe Alliance. By 1014, the King's council welcomed the Helswigan King Ardewyth and declared his kingship to the Leucish throne, founding the House of Flemmes. Ardewyth secretly made an alliance with the Lechians and the powerful Chattish Kingdom of Duran. On the eve of 12 August 1015, Ardewyth declares war on the Horseshoe Alliance, starting the first phase of the War of the Daggers.
In 1100, King Calwyth enacted the Act of Modification to Taxation and Finance 1100, giving absolute military and financial control to the Monarch, disregarding the plea of the King's Council to not enact such divisive reform. The ensuing conflict resulted in the War of the Barons, in which the loyalists were soundly defeated at the Battle of Sewburg. The Barons submitted the The Ten Points, which advocates for the limitation of the Crown's power, the signing of the Frier Marta, the reorganization of the King's Council into the House of Baronies, and the return of land management control over to the barons. The creation of the House of Baronies led to the inauguration of the Parliament.
In 1145, the last ruler of the House of Flemmes, Bunderwyth the Cruel, legitimized all of his sons and daughters before his death in his will, leading to a succession crisis. Prince Yawyth drowned in a ship accident while Nywor was exiled. His remaining children, Princess Voseryth and Princess Daweryth, persuaded Ser Barristan, Head of the Parliament, to call for a Parliament meeting in order to sort out the line of succession. In 1152, The signing of the Act of the Determination of Royal Succession 1152 led to The Parliament choosing the line of Bunderwyth's younger brother, Hammawyth, Duke of Dwerigg as the starting point of the royal succession line. Hammawyth, after marrying Lauret, Princess of Vaunhein, became the first ruler of House of Orgenballet.
In 1163, Bunderwyth and Hammawyth's younger brother, Forwyth, defected to the Kingdom of the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes, and married Princess Dasterly, daughter of Ermonty IV. The line of Forwyth was then excluded from the royal succession line. By 1182, Cumberwon's descendant, Galamach the Mad, caused a series of persecutions against Meyrist Vaunish peoples after Rwycorrt King Fried I's Vaunish wife, Lormachann, fled into Duran with their son and only heir, Prince Horayes. In 1185, Fried I declared war on Duran, starting the second phase of the War of Daggers, lasting until 1212. This phase of the war ended with a Duran-Leucish victory, in which Leucen occupied the Kingdoms of Rwycorr and the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes. In November 1212, the Parliament, with the consent of the King, decided to annex Rwycorr and occupy the lands of the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes, stripping them of independence. With the infamous Agreement on Solebys Hill, the victors, Klauberwythh I of Leucen and Vachea of Duran declared an eternal alliance between the two. In June 8 1213, Klauberwyth II and the Parliament signed the Act of Unification between Leucen and Rwycorr 1213, annexing Rwycorr into Leucen.
Kingdom of Great Chalcain
After consolidating power over the Corks, Jotavs, and the Hundes, Powargenet Orgenballet annexed their lands, dissolving them completely. By 1215, Their last King, Ostrogana of the House of Orgabel committed suicide on the balcony of the King's Hall.
Under the rule of Klauberwyth III, the conquests against the remaining territories within the island of Leucen begins. Between 1220 and 1267, wars were waged to conquer the remaining pagan lands still adhering to Chalcerean Paganism. From the fortress city of Sark in former Ostria, the Leucish secured Ester, once the homeland of the Sami-Finnons since 825 CE. The territory was held for governance to Gumforl, Duke of Porgynth. The oldest pagan city of Varnyconne, dubbed the "City of Eternal Stars", was conquered by Leucish forces stationed in the northern border of Porgynth. By 1270, Leucish forces conquered the entirety of Midlands.
In 1299, The Kingdom of Chatten was formed after the unification of Kingdom of Duran and the merchant Heretorn League in Chatten. Its first ruler, Vonhout the Blessed, Klauberwyth III's nephew, consolidates power for the House of Orgenballet-Nossoine, a cadet branch of the House of Orgenballet. When King Klauberwyth V died with no male heirs and living relatives, the Parliament congregates in Horessen Palace to discuss the possibility of modifying the primogeniture laws. In 1300, the Parliament decided to allow women to inherit the throne so that the current royal house continues, thus establishing the new royal line of succession to Klauberwyth IV's oldest daughter Emily I. Known as Emily the Liberator, she abolished serfdom in 1310 in the wake of the Worker's Revolt led by a Cunn chief Suwroskert Marti. In 1319, Hammawyth II initiated the Piester Conquests and the Amarincen Campaigns, which delivered the island of Cunnari and the Amarincen Islands to the domain of Great Chalcain.
In 1341, Klauberwyth VI ascends to the throne, known popularly for his eight wives. His only successful marriage was with Sherbenne of Garont of the Helswigan House of Garont. Klauberwyth VI's only descendant to his beheaded second wife, Saiah Corlus, Emily II, ascended to the throne on 1378. With their marriage, Klauberwyth VI became King of Helswig and marked the start of the Dual Monarchy.
With the alliance of the Kingdom of Chatten and Great Chalcain honored by both kingdoms, unification of Chatten and Leucen was increasingly becoming plausible, and even seriously considered by both aristocracies. Powargenet II aided Sarral of Chatten during the tumultuous Durbonwille's Rebellion. When House Orgenballet-Nossoine came out victorious in 1431, Sarral offered his son and heir apparent, Marral, Prince of Humboldt, to marry Powargenet II's only daughter Lisa the Fair. Powargenet rejected the marriage proposal due to her daughter's current engagement with Prince Norron, heir apparent to the throne of Helswig.
In 1440, The Meyrian Schism occurred through-out Callys in the wake of the Liturgical Reformation. The Church, governing through the See of Lomercoyne, asserted the Council of Morav, which upholds the Mathunic Church as the true church, and Moravian Meyrism as the true denomination. Differences in Liturgical texts, doctrines regarding religious tolerance, and the rising tensions between Helswig and the Northern Kingdom resulted in the rise of the Reformists, predecessors of the early followers of Chattish Meyrism.
A series of invasions from the Umbrians desolated the nearby Kingdom of Chatten. In 1444, the royal family was massacred in the Marcuari except for the young prince Reiro. The complete breakdown of royal authority and law suceeding the desolation was known as the Anarchy. By 1450, Powargenet III, honoring an alliance to the former Kingdom, launches a series of conquests into Chatten. Reiro was rescued by Borwon, heir apparent to the throne of Leucen. Reiro established the Royal Navy by reorganizing the existing fleets. Borwon would personally lead a contingent of artillery and infantry forces along the Crowergynn Sea, together with the carracks manned by the contingency of Reiro. By 1456, Humboldt was retaken. Following the Chattenian Conquests, Reiro restores the Kingdom of Chatten.
Between 1460 and 1485, peasant uprisings, treason, and the threat of the remaining Umbrians defined Reiro's rule as the last King of Chatten. Finally, in 1896, he gave consent to the unification of Chatten and Leucen. The two houses were re-united when Reiro married Pissa, daughter of Crowberwynn I. On 1487, the Act of Unification between Great Chalcain and Chatten 1487 was signed by Crowberwynn I, reuniting the two kingdoms.
Kingdom of Chatten and Leucen
With the defeat of Tictland against the Pontifar League in 1493, Chatten and Leucen emerged as the principal naval power on the continent. With the ascension of Powargenet IV, a series of expeditions commenced to explore the origin of spice trade from Lakofor Islands in Sakadonaysia. King Forweth I was killed at the Battle of White Springs, thereby resulting in the loss of all holdings of the Northern Kingdom in Helswig, ending the Dual Monarchy.
The Northern Kingdom also partake in early colonialism. In the early 16th century, the Northern Kingdom has received the cities of Sanfar, Foradel, and Khorqabal, known as the Sister Cities, from Tictland, historically referred to as the Donation of Savony. In 1512, expeditions to the Sakadoan Archipelago opened new trade routes to the south. The Trans-Anglone Route, passing through the Anglone Sea, gave Northern Kingdom wealth and cartographies from distant lands. Sanfar and Foradel serves as trade port cities, while Khorqabal was developed into a military base.The first reformist church called Laer Gnomel was formed in Lomercoyne by the Reformists. In 1550, Crowberwynn II, a known Anti-Parliamentarian and autocrat, attempted to dissolve the Parliament for the fourth time during budget and finance talks with the House of Baronies. Croberwynn II also announced that his younger son Hammawyth II, a practicing Reformist, would inherit the throne. The reaction caused a swift divide between the Moravian Meyrists, which is pro-Mathunic, and the Reformists, which adhered to the teachings of Lufaria Montserrat, the instigator of the Liturgical Reformation. Tensions rise as the majority-Reformist Chatten and Mathunic Leucen threw their support to either Hammawyth II or Samarthyn, the oldest son. The Holy Revolution of 1555 resulted in the establishment of the Church of Great Chalcain, a Reformist Church. This religious development didn't warrant an expulsion of the Moravian Meyrists however, but despite it, a total of 3 million Meyrists fled to either Sonnederland or Helswig.
The Northern Kingdom became much more active in foreign politics beginning in 16th and 17th century. Between 1545 and 1578, the Northern Kingdom has established colonial presence in the Sakadoan Archipelago. These colonies, namely Chalcish Sakadoa, New Chalcain, New Rwycorr, and Chalcish Saka-Zhuya became the Crown's most profitable colonies due to their proximity. In 1603, the Northern Kingdom adopted Laissez-faire and free trade policies. Intervening in the Pontifar Revolutionary Wars (1623-1630) and the Anglonian Wars (1667-1675) as the diplomat gave Chatten and Leucen influence and prestige. The expedition of the Corkian Volcon Umbriag to the North Pole revealed a new ice-free passage through the Norpolar Ocean, starting the Polar Race (1680-1699). By 1685, A royal decree formally outlawed slavery in all of its colonies, the first among colonial powers in Callys. Beginning in 1701, a fur trade commenced between the confederation of tribes in Markland and several whale port cities in the islands of Cunnari, Amarincen, Markland Islands, and Porgynth, and trade settlements in northern Leucen, most specifically the lands of Corkees, Hundes, Jotavs, North of Leucen, and Lech.
The construction of new coal mines, invention of the steam engine, and scientific discoveries led to the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. By 1756, the first railway was built, linking Lomercoyne and the coal mines of Sark. By the mid-17th century, the Northern Kingdom is dubbed the "factory of the world". Almost a quarter of all textiles, steel, steam engines, frigates and ship-of-the-lines was mass-produced in the NK. The rule of Turembel marked the start of the Turembelian Era. Standards of living rose profoundly during this era, which attracted immigrants from all over the world. Turembel is well known for giving royal assent to the ratification of the 1799 Bill of Rights, serving as the framework for a future liberal constitution. Turembel's successor, Klauberwyth VI, was trialed for abuse of royal power and was executed by the revolutionaries during the Constitutional Revolution. This period, known as the Interregnum, was defined by the tyrannical rule of Protector Camnos Sach, the first and last President of the Commonwealth until his death in 1811. Hammawyth III, the heir apparent, and his family, were killed in 1812 while crossing Elvenmann Strait in an attempt to retake the throne from the Commonwealth, ending the ruling line of the House of Orgenballet after 660 years of continued rule. A power vacuum after the death of Camnos and the extinction of the previous royal family led to the invasion of Chalcain by Nethany III of Sonneder, in which she was proclaimed Queen Nethany I of the Northern Kingdom and the founder of the House of Largeyn. Her invasion is considered the last successful invasion of Leucen.
Nethanian Era
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Through out the Nethanian Era (1812-1896), the Parliament and the Monarchy implemented liberal reforms reminiscent of the fundamental principles of the Tictish Revolution. The Parliament Representation Act 1815 establishes the Assembly of Commons. Beginning with the Reform Act of 1824, the voting franchise was widened to include everyone, with the 1824 Grant of Erinborge giving enfranchisement to all citizens of the Northern Kingdom for the first time. Progress in medical technology and medicine led to a dramatic increase in population, accompanied by rapid urbanization and automobile use. Women's rights was improved under the tenure of the first Prime Minister Donyth Carwenydd, whose position, initially called the Head of the Parliament, was formally established to represent the Upper and Lower Houses of the Parliament. Rapid industrialisation and modernization of the Kingdom placed massive stresses and created new societal and economic issues that accompanied an industrial society.
The Northern Kingdom was spared from the events of the Century of Revolutions (1802-1905), and many of the freemasons, proponents of liberal democracy, communists, socialists, and political dissidents who were instrumental during the First Springtime of the Peoples (1801-1843) fled to the Northern Kingdom in the eve of its failure. Meanwhile, the same people would participate in the successful Second Springtime of the Peoples (1867-1898), which saw the upheaval of many of the Callysian monarchies. The Four Monarchies that refers to the Northern Kingdom, Empire of the Tictan Nation, Kingdom of Octavania, and the Alsbergish Sonne, failed, with the Northern Kingdom retaining their monarchy by the year 1890.
By the mid-19th century, trade union and worker's congregation sprouted out on each and every city in the Kingdom as a result of huge influx of factory workers. The most influential among them is the National Association of Trade Unions (NATU), established by Marl Webb and Unserrin Vorn in 1845, which accompanied almost all trade unions and associations in all major cities around the Northern Kingdom. In 1895, Prime Minister Fwynth Sagissette declared an ultimate policy of non-interference from further attempts in neocolonialism, a move inspired by leftist policies at that time. By 1896, Sakadonaysia, Sakaos, Zhuya, and New Rwycorr were granted self-governing dominion status. By the turn of the century, NK's industrial dominance became challenged by Federal States and Tictland.
In 1845, the first rapid transit system in Callys, initially named Lomercoyne Metropolitan, was constructed in the old borough of Lomerynum in Lomercoyne that runs parallel to the River Cymon. Most of the underground rail lines were laid comprehensively north of the river until 1889, when advances in rail and engineering technology allows the Yellow Line to become the first rail line to traverse the River Cymon. By 1896, the railway system was renamed to Lomercoyne Railways, coinciding with the construction of Lomercoyne's first standard gauge elevated rail lines.
At the end of the 19th century, the Social Democratic Party of Chalcain (SDPC) emerged from the union of several trade unions, socialist groups, and suffragettes who campaigned for the legalization of divorce, while the Nationalist Party was formed from the union of the Federalist Party and the Char Funnein (Party of Chatten), two largest political parties in their respective islands. The Crowberwynnian Era under Crowberwynn II saw major social reforms enacted in favor of the working classes, labourers, and poor people. Institutions such as the Chalcish Health and Insurance Service, Chalcish State Housing Bank, and the Chalcish Labour and Welfare Administration (CLWA) were also established as the institutional foundation of the later Callyssian Welfare Model.
July Revolution and the First World War
In 1903, a rally coordinated by the Ard Fein, a Jotavian leftist political party was obstructed by a gas bomb attack by the members of the ultranationalist National Front Party, although at that time, the assailants were not revealed by the Supreme Court of Leucen until 1953. The attack was part of a series of mounting and coordinated attacks on major leftist organizations by the members of the National Front Party and its allies. The general elections of 1905 saw the coalition of several centre-right and far-right political parties into The Coalition, of which they won the elections with a landslide victory. This reactionary political phenomenon was the result of overwhelmingly leftist activities in the past century, partially as a result of the Century of the Revolutions. Between 1907 and 1915, the Coalition dominates the Assembly of Commons, with X seats occupied at the height of their power in 1923. A democratic backsliding is noticeable during their administration. Human rights were curtailed, and progresses in women and early gay rights slowed down. In 1925, the Great Manifesto was published by the Coalition's official newspaper The Vanguard which aims to regress the progress made during the Nethanian and Crowberwynnian Eras.
During the First World War, the Northern Kingdom maintains a policy of neutrality under the tenure of the Conservative Prime Minister Umbrecht Carvill, but a compulsory military draft was enacted to expand the reservist pool. The draft was deeply unpopular, however, and only made the current political instability worse. His successor, Saiah Dwyshyre, abolishes conscription at the behest of Minister Luderich of the Ministry of Arms and Defense. Advances in telecommunications engineering due to war tech development led to the founding of CBC. By 1922, approximately 250,000 witnessed the airing of its first broadcast. By 1927, the number of viewers jumps to 10 million. Approximately 35 million gained access to a telephone by 1928 as electricity consumption increased. A royal charter establishes the National Grid and the Central Electricity Commission by December 1928.
Political instability worsened during the years between 1926 and 1932. With Prime Minister Homnach Cumnach barely winning the 1930 general election, the SDPC arranged a coalition proposal with the Ard Fein and other centrists and leftist organizations. The 1935 general election was regarded as the catalyst for the July Revolution. Immediately after the exit poll count was released, several technicians stormed out of the Committee of Elections in protest for alleged electoral fraud. This act of protest became the catalyst for the First Storm, which led to a series of civilian protests and massive demonstrations all around the country's major cities. The revelation of the Hammasbiringen in 1936 led to the exposure of The Alternative Way, a treasonous plot to overthrow the current liberal administration, starting a new series of demonstrations and protests known as the Second Storm. The scandal in Rennes, considered the start of the Revolution, was when the conservative Corweth II and several members of the Royal Family were revealed as part of the Hammasbiringen collaborators. Exposed, Corweth II dissolves the Parliament and uses his natural powers to instate the members of the Coalition in the Assembly of Commons. The Royal Army imposed martial law a year later.
When Prime Minister Sart Powydd abdicated his position in May 1937, the Monarchy assumed temporary absolute rule over the Northern Kingdom with the passing of the Act of the Emergency Implementation for National Security of which the Parliament ratified on 2 June 1937. In response, the remaining members of the Assembly of Commons and half of the MP's of the House of Baronies simultaneously walked out of Horessen Palace, with most of them joining the growing Opposition Left. The first shots were heard in September 1939, where soldiers of the Palace Guard shot two individuals and injured twenty one on a civilian protest attended by approximately three-hundred people. In October 1939, student and teacher protestors blockaded the only entrance to the University with concrete road barriers. Similar events unfolded in Lech University, University of Strasheidd, and University of Malwenydd. The Church of Great Chalcain, initially refusing to involve themselves, were forced to participate by the orders of the Humble Superior Irscyre Namaiah, siding with the Loyalists. By 1940, the political landscape were effectively divided into two; the Loyalists, which were outnumbered yet composed of the Kingdom's most powerful and influential members, and the Left, which was composed by most of the citizenry, the SDPC, Ard Fein, several student council and organizations, the People's Faith, a radical liberal offshoot of the Church; and the heir apparent Hammawyth IV, son of Corweth II. An imminent civil war was avoided, however, when documents and plans revealing the abolishment of veteran aid, pension, and a possible reconstitution of conscription led many generals to join the growing opposition. The July Revolution ended when the Supreme Court, the last bastion of a freely-elected institution declared the current Parliament roster as void, and a general election was called to elect the new Parliament. Croweth II was sentenced to life imprisonment with Hammawyth IV replacing him as the new Monarch, a great demonstration of the Parliament's sovereignty.
Hammawyth IV opens a session in 1941 with the newly elected Parliament. In a majority vote, a constitution was compiled and drafted by the Committee of Elections, asserting Parliament Sovereignty over the Monarchy and specifying the powers that would be inherently present for the Monarchy. Though the Northern Kingdom has not been under absolute rule since the War of the Barons, except for the Interregnum, the ratification of the Constitution effectively turned the Northern Kingdom into a constitutional monarchy.
Second World War and post-war 20th century
Between 1942 and 1945, Prime Minister Gerald Veryddan receives the mantle of responsibilty of ruling the Northern Kingdom during the Second World War. Under his administration, the Parliament abolishes conscription and increased funding for the modernization of the air force. Strictly enforcing neutrality means bargaining with both sides, though secretly the Government in general leans with the Allied forces.
After the war, the Northern Kingdom and the Sonnederlands was left relatively unscathed. In 1945, the Northern Kingdom became one of the founding nations of the Assembly of Nations (X), and together with Sonnederlands, Pontifar, and the Federal States, drafted the Bonne Plan as the first ever unanimous proposal to date. Under the tenure of Prime Minister Daynedd Calwyn, the Parliament revoked the privileges of the Church of Great Chalcain and abolished the position of the Humble Superior in the House of Baronies, a devastating blow for the Church. In 1953, a series of investigations into the participants of the July Revolution led to the removal of royal names and honoraries for the involved nobility, exclusion of several political parties, and the incarceration of the assailants responsible for the bombing attack on Parliament Square five decades ago. The Vanguard and other right-wing newspapers continue to operated normally, though their sales significantly declined as a result of the investigations. The Ministry of Education was reinstated in 1954. The results of the Cumbershyre Trial warrants the construction of a maximum security prison named Calraxter Prison, located in Lotharyn Island within the outlet of the River Cymon.
In 1958, 78% of the Chalcish citizens expressed support for Callyssian integration. This ultimately guided the Northern Kingdom to its path as one of the founders of the Callyssian Union, together with Sonne, Helswig, Sonnederlands, Tictland, Octavania, and Pontifar. Together with the Federal States, they jointly founded the International Bank, Organization for Trade and Economic Development, and the G5, an exclusive organization for high-income and militarily powerful states. The Northern Kingdom became the second democratic country to lower the voting age to 18 behind Helswig and the first country in the world to establish the first institute dedicated for mental health research and care. In September 1963, Sakadonesia and the Northern Kingdom signed an bilateral agreement encouraging immigration between the two nations, guiding the Northern Kingdom into a more multicultural society. Favouring further Callyssian integration, the Northern Kingdom joined the Callyssian Free Trade Association (CFTA) and the Norpolar Trade Union in 1965. In 1967, the Northern Kingdom became the first country in the world to outlaw female genital mutilation and mandatory circumcision in an attempt to enshrine personal rights in the constitution.
Decolonization of the Crown colonies in the Sakadoan Archipelago between 1960 and 1965 led to the independence of two new states; Zhuye and Sakoruinea. The Dominions of New Rwycorr and New Chalcain merged to form the state of Sakadonaysia. In 1966, The Parliament enacted several reforms that led to the Big Bang, a period of economic prosperity and stability that almost tripled the wealth of the middle and lower class. Favourable economic and political conditions led the Ministry of Arms and Defense to begin nuclear weapon research in a testing facility in Cunnari. By 1969, the Northern Kingdom has developed its first atomic bomb, called TK-13, just behind the Federal States. After the Corbaraq Incident, the Assembly of Nations ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1973 which classifies Callys as a nuclear-free zone.
In 1970, the Northern Kingdom's colonial history as the insitigator ended when Parliament ratified the Act of the Pontifarian Sister Cities. Sanfar, Foradel, and Khorqabal was given to Pontifar in exchange for an alliance, ensuring access to the Anglone Sea. In 1972, The universities of Malwenydd and Strasheidd became the base operation for the highly-anticipated Interlink Project, the predecessor to the Internet. By 1990, political reforms were made to ensure efficient rule of law such as the merging of the Supreme Court of Chatten and Leucen into a single Supreme Court and adopting a proportional single transferable voting system.
The Northern Kingdom became the first Callyssian country and CU member to legalize same-sex marriage in 2 May 1998, following a plebiscite result revealing overwhelming support, approximately 71%. Pride marches for the following decades would come to commemorate the day as the start of the annual Pride month.
21st century
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In the early 21st century, internet users jumped to 12% relative to the Northern Kingdom's population coinciding with the rise of existing tech firms. The ratification of the Act of Agreement and Support for the War on Terror by the Parliament caused divisive discourse both domestic and abroad. When the Federal States begins their campaign for War on Terror, widespread protests and rallies broke out all around Leucen, oppossing the involvement of the Northern Kingdom. The act became so deeply unpopular that by the 2004 general elections, the Nationalist Party overtook the SDPC and won the most seats in the Parliament with Beryll Monach becoming Prime Minister the same year.
The 2012 Callyssian financial crisis has dramatic effect on the wider Chalcish economy. In 13 June 2012, almost fifty-thousand civilians and workers lined up outside of banks to withdraw their savings. Banking firms such as Coleyr & Dome, National Bank, and Bank of the Chalcish Islands (BCI) imposed higher requirements for taking out loans. The Central Bank of Varnyconne announced a historic 1% interest rate for all banking institutions across Chatten and Leucen. The Durynn - Clesse coalition proposes austerity measures that tackles numerous public budget deficits. During the outbreak of the Plague, the Northern Kingdom became the first country in the world to develop a SAVRAS vaccine for affected places in Sakadonesia and through-out Axria. The Northern Kingdom is also among the first set of countries that voted for the enshrinement of basic right to food in the International Convention for Human Rights and Dignity.
In 2015, the Parliament allowed the development of nuclear power plants in a bid to implement sustainable energy production policies. Dubbed as the Green Energy Act 2015, the policy established the Nuclear Energy Institute and the Board of Nuclear Energy Management which aims to oversee all nuclear power plant facilites; and the Department of Energy Security which operates as an attached department of the Ministry of Energy. In 2017, a comprehensive bill that aims to develop a system of transport networks was ratified by Parliament. The Gwyndaen Corridor, a continuous high-speed railway line serving the island of Leucen that connects Malwenydd to Lech was completed in 2020, and another high-speed railway corridor that serves the island of Chatten, known as the Carr Sein, was completed in 2022. A connector starts construction in March 2021 which aims to build an expansive transport network that will be known as the Chalcish Rail Network, hoping to decrease car dependency. In 2023, The Northern Kingdom ratifies a parliament act which aims to promote net neutrality in the Kingdom's digital cyberspace.
Geography
Climate
Topography
Politics
The Northern Kingdom is a federal, constitutional monarchy, and a parliamentary democracy. The Parliament of Chatten and Leucen is the Sovereign, made up of the elected Assembly of Commons and the appointed House of Baronies. The Monarchy is referred to as The Crown within the public, and also within the Parliament. The legislative process takes place within the two houses of the Parliament, but royal assent is required for a bill to become an act of parliament in a form of a statute law. Because of the order of legislative process, the Crown is subordinate to the Parliament in a way that their only primary responsibility is to pass bills into law, and the promulgation of new laws is left to the discretion of the Parliament itself. The Parliament is considered the sole legislative body of the Northern Kingdom.
Megysmund XI is the current monarch and head of state of NK. They are automatically vested with all executive authority as the personification of The Crown. As the monarch, they are fundamental in the operation of the Government and to the Law. The set of powers vested in the monarch also comes up with royal prerogatives, and its use is usually counseled with a set of ministers loyal to The Crown. During the performance of their duties, the monarch has the right to be counseled, advised, to encourage, and to warn. Additionally, the monarch held natural powers in their disposal. These powers are rarely used, and is often used on resolving constitutional crises and upholding responsible government.
During general elections to the Assembly of Commons, the Northern Kingdom is divided into X regions, with X counties and X districts in total. Each region is represented by one member of parliament (MP) in the Assembly of Commons using first-past-the-post voting system. A term of an MP lasts for 5 years and must face a re-election if they wish to continue. Both the Social Democratic Party of Chalcain, referred to as the "Benchers" and the Nationalist Party, referred to as the "Counters", dominate the political landscape since 1910, which resembles that of a two party system. However, several minor political parties secure enough seats in the Assembly of Commons to be significantly influential, albeit either leaning into one of the dominant parties or standing alone as a non-aligned party. None of the minor parties came close to the size of both parties however.
Administrative divisions
Devolved government institutions
Chatten
Leucen
Foreign relations
Law and Justice
The Northern Kingdom follows the legal system implemented through-out the Moravian Empire, known as the Moravii Code of Laws which has existed in the islands since the Moravian conquests. Before the ratification of the Act of Unification between Great Chalcain and Chatten 1487, the various kingdoms of Chatten such as Kingdom of Duran and the Confederation of Vowatan follows a series of legal code known as the Acarus. The Moravii Code of Laws, the current legal system adopted by most of the Callyssian countries, has been influenced primarily by indigenous and Helswigan Law. Before the political reforms of 1990, Chatten and Leucen has its own Supreme Court with limited jurisdiction. The severity of the trials that resulted from the investigations regarding the events of the 1935 July Revolution necessitates a new judicial institution with an absolute jurisdiction over the entire nation. The two Supreme Courts were merged in 1990 to form the Supreme Court of Chalcain with 12 posts for associate judges and the thirteenth post for the Chief Justice. The Dominion Judicial Committee serves the judicial needs of their dominions, most notably, the Federal Republic of Sakadonaysia.
Economy
Science and technology
Transport
Energy
Water supply and sanitation
Demographics
Ethnicity
Languages
Religion
Religion in Chatten and Leucen (2020 census)
Before the Meyrian Schism, the most dominant form of Meyrism in the Kingdom is Moravian Meyrism, which was first brought to the islands by High King Sycor IX's younger brothers, Nymeth and Fwynth. Dominating the islands until 1435, during which litugical and economic conflicts between the See of Maverra and the See of Morve resulted in the division of Meyrism all through out Callys. The schism results in the split of Moravian Meyrism in Chatten and Leucen into two; the Helswigic-influenced Leucish Meyrism and the Finnonian-influenced Chattish Meyrism. Currently, 27% of the population adheres to Leucish Meyrism, while only 10% adheres to Chattish Meyrism. Almost half of the population are non-religious, approximately 53% of the population, but the way they practice non-adherence depends on the individual. According to a survey conducted by Buzzwire, only one out of ten Chalcish citizen attend church monthly. Immigration, secularization, demographic change, and socialism drastically affects religious composition of the country. In a report written by the Chalcish Statistics Authority, 79% of the population adheres to some form of religion before the July Revolution, which dropped to a mere 39% post-revolution by 1945. Because of these developments, the current Chalcish society can be considered a Post-Meyrist, diverse, multicultural, and secularized one.
In the 2020 census, 53% of all respondents indicated that they are non religious or non-adherents to any organized religion, with the largest religion being Meyrism (37 per cent), followed by Dastrity (1.1 per cent), Neo-Dastrity (1.0 per cent), and Chalcerean Paganism (2.1 per cent). 5% of the respondents did not stated their religion while 0.9 per cent adhered to some other religion. Between 2000 and 2010, Meyrism saw a mere 4% rise on adherents while irreligiosity doubles in size. By 2014, non-religion became the largest group, surpassing 50% of the population. By 2016, a huge increase of pagans were also noted, partially due to social media awareness about paganism. Chalcerean Paganism overtook Dastrity and Neo-Dastrity as the third largest religious group in 2017, an event seen by commentators as the great return of pre-Meyrian ways. By 2020, except for Chalcerean Paganism, religiosity all through out the kingdom has been noted by statisticians to be declining for the past 5 years. Religiosity is strong within rural areas, senior citizens, conservative districts, and historical places, though the number of these places (except for historical places) is declining as well.
Before the July Revolution, the Church of Great Chalcain is represented by a seat in the House of Baronies, known as the Humble Superior. The Humble Superior represents the interests of the Church within the House of Baronies. It was established somewhere around 11th century as the spiritual adviser to the King's Council, even after the formation of the Parliament. The Church of Great Chalcain is the foremost church of the Northern Kingdom, responsible for overseeing spiritual needs of the nobility and the peasantry. After the Cumbershyre Trial revealed the role of the Church as siding with the far-right Loyalists, the Parliament revoked their privileges and abolished the position of Humble Superior in House of Baronies. Since then, several attempts to bring back the position in the House of Baronies results in failure, partially due to constitutional requirements not being met and the stigma related to the Revolution. Currently, the Church of Great Chalcain frequently participates in donation drives, feeding programs, charity works, digital animation programs, rallies and advertisement to engage with the current generation and to counteract the decreasing number of adherency to the Church.
It is estimated that by 2030, the number of irreligious individuals with respect to the total population would increase by 6%, and Chalcerean Paganism by 1.3%. If current trends were to continue, then Paganism would eventually overtake Meyrism by 2054, the first time in history where Meyrism is not the dominant religion since its introduction in 840.