Karaalani language: Difference between revisions

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| name            = Karaalani
| name            = Karaalani
| altname = Karaalan, Karaalanish
| altname = Karaalan, Karaalanish
| nativename =  
| nativename = Черноалански език<br>Къраалански език
| acceptance =  
| acceptance =  
| image            = [[File:Karaalan Ethnic flag.png|border|200px]]
| image            = [[File:Karaalan Ethnic flag.png|border|200px]]
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| imagealt        =  
| imagealt        =  
| imagecaption    = Ethnic Flag of the Karaalani people
| imagecaption    = Ethnic Flag of the Karaalani people
| pronunciation    = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet //] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=]]
| pronunciation    = /ˈt͡ʃɛɾnoaɫanski/<br>/kɤɾaˈaɫanski/
| states          = {{Tree list}}
| states          = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Monte Blanco}}
*{{flag|Mustelaria}}
**[[File:MSKaraalanFlag.png|link=|border|23px]] Karaalan Region{{Tree list/end}}
**{{flag|Monte Blanco}}
***[[File:MSKaraalanFlag.png|link=|border|23px]] Karaalan Region{{Tree list/end}}
| region          = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]]
| region          = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]]
| ethnicity        = Karaalani Slavs
| ethnicity        = Karaalani Slavs
Line 18: Line 19:
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 1,200,000-<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: 25,000
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 1,200,000-<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: 25,000
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam1            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Thuado-Thrismaran languages]
| fam1            = Indo-European
| fam2            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages Zarav-Slavic]
| fam1            = [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]]
| fam3            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic]
| fam2            = {{wp|Balto-Slavic languages|Zarav-Slavic}}
| fam3            = {{wp|Slavic languages Slavic}}
| fam4            = [[Kento-Polyash languages|Kento-Polyash]]
| fam4            = [[Kento-Polyash languages|Kento-Polyash]]
| fam5            = [[Mustelaria|Mustelarian]] subgroup
| fam5            = {{wp|Bulgarian language|Vranic}}
| protoname        =  
| protoname        =  
| ancestor        = Old Karaalani
| ancestor        =  
| ancestor2        =  
| ancestor2        =  
| ancestor3        =  
| ancestor3        =  
| standards        =  
| standards        =  
| stand1          = Eastern Karaalani
| stand1          =  
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| stand2          =  
| dialects        =  
| dialects        =  
| listclass        = plainlist
| listclass        = plainlist
| dia1            = Western
| dia1            =  
| dia2            = Eastern
| dia2            =  
| dia3            = Southern
| dia3            =  
| dia4            = Sofgorod
| dia4            =  
| script          = {{wp|cyrillic script|Govoric Script}} <br> {{wp|Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash script}}
| script          = {{wp|Cyrillic script}}<br>{{wp|Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash script}}<br>{{wp|Latin script}}
| sign            =  
| sign            =  
| posteriori      =  
| posteriori      =  
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|-
|-
|}
|}
A - vowel harmony
A - vowel harmony<br>
type 2 is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and others.
Type 2 harmony (A<sup>2</sup>) is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and others.


=Writing System=
=Writing System=
Karaalani officially uses the {{wp|cyrillic script|Govoric script}} but it also has adapdet co-official {{wp|Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash}} and {{wp|Latin script|Latin}} forms.
Karaalani officially uses the {{wp|Cyrillic script}} but it also has adapdet co-official {{wp|Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash}} and {{wp|Latin script|Latin}} forms.


{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse"
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse"
Line 240: Line 242:
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ѣ ѣ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |  
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |  
|-
|-
Line 252: Line 254:
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30 !!31
! rowspan="10" |  
! rowspan="10" |  
!31 !!32
!31 !!32
Line 259: Line 261:
|А ||Б ||В ||Г ||Д ||Е ||Ж ||З ||И ||Й ||К ||Л
|А ||Б ||В ||Г ||Д ||Е ||Ж ||З ||И ||Й ||К ||Л
|М ||Н ||О ||П ||Р ||С ||Т ||У ||Ф ||Х ||Ц ||Ч
|М ||Н ||О ||П ||Р ||С ||Т ||У ||Ф ||Х ||Ц ||Ч
|Ш ||Щ ||Ъ ||Ь ||Ю ||Я
|Ш ||Щ ||Ъ ||Ь ||Ѣ ||Ю ||Я
|Дж ||Дз
|Дж ||Дз
|-
|-
Line 265: Line 267:
|а ||б ||в ||г ||д ||е ||ж ||з ||и ||й ||к ||л
|а ||б ||в ||г ||д ||е ||ж ||з ||и ||й ||к ||л
|м ||н ||о ||п ||р ||с ||т ||у ||ф ||х ||ц ||ч
|м ||н ||о ||п ||р ||с ||т ||у ||ф ||х ||ц ||ч
|ш ||щ ||ъ ||ь ||ю ||я
|ш ||щ ||ъ ||ь ||ѣ ||ю ||я
|дж ||дз
|дж ||дз
|-
|-
Line 273: Line 275:
|Ⲁ ||Ⲃⲃ ||Ⲃ ||Ⲅ ||Ⲇ ||Ⲉ ||Ⲋ ||Ⲍ ||Ⲏ ||Ⲓ ||Ⲕ ||Ⲗ
|Ⲁ ||Ⲃⲃ ||Ⲃ ||Ⲅ ||Ⲇ ||Ⲉ ||Ⲋ ||Ⲍ ||Ⲏ ||Ⲓ ||Ⲕ ||Ⲗ
|Ⲙ ||Ⲛ ||Ⲟ ||Ⲡ ||Ⲣ ||Ⲥ ||Ⲧ ||Ⲩ ||Ⲫ ||Ⲭ ||Ⲯ ||Ϫ
|Ⲙ ||Ⲛ ||Ⲟ ||Ⲡ ||Ⲣ ||Ⲥ ||Ⲧ ||Ⲩ ||Ⲫ ||Ⲭ ||Ⲯ ||Ϫ
|Ϣ ||Ϣⲧ ||Ϩ ||Ⲓ ||Ⲓⲩ ||Ⲓⲁ
|Ϣ ||Ϣⲧ ||Ϩ ||Ⲓ ||- ||Ⲓⲩ ||Ⲓⲁ
|Ⲇⲋ ||Ⲇⲍ
|Ⲇⲋ ||Ⲇⲍ
|-
|-
Line 279: Line 281:
|ⲁ ||ⲃⲃ ||ⲃ ||ⲅ ||ⲇ ||ⲉ ||ⲋ ||ⲍ ||ⲏ ||ⲓ ||ⲕ ||ⲗ
|ⲁ ||ⲃⲃ ||ⲃ ||ⲅ ||ⲇ ||ⲉ ||ⲋ ||ⲍ ||ⲏ ||ⲓ ||ⲕ ||ⲗ
|ⲙ ||ⲛ ||ⲟ ||ⲡ ||ⲣ ||ⲥ ||ⲧ ||ⲩ ||ⲫ ||ⲭ ||ⲯ ||ϫ
|ⲙ ||ⲛ ||ⲟ ||ⲡ ||ⲣ ||ⲥ ||ⲧ ||ⲩ ||ⲫ ||ⲭ ||ⲯ ||ϫ
|ϣ ||ϣⲧ ||ϩ ||ⲓ ||ⲓⲩ ||ⲓⲁ
|ϣ ||ϣⲧ ||ϩ ||ⲓ ||- ||ⲓⲩ ||ⲓⲁ
|ⲇⲋ ||ⲇⲍ
|ⲇⲋ ||ⲇⲍ
|-
|-
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|A ||B ||V ||G ||D ||E ||Ž ||Z ||I ||J ||K ||L
|A ||B ||V ||G ||D ||E ||Ž ||Z ||I ||J ||K ||L
|M ||N ||O ||P ||R ||S ||T ||U ||F ||H ||C ||Č
|M ||N ||O ||P ||R ||S ||T ||U ||F ||H ||C ||Č
|Š ||Št ||Y ||J ||JU ||JA
|Š ||Št ||Y ||J ||- ||JU ||JA
|Dž ||Dz
|Dž ||Dz
|-
|-
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|a ||b ||v ||g ||d ||e ||ž ||z ||i ||j ||k ||l
|a ||b ||v ||g ||d ||e ||ž ||z ||i ||j ||k ||l
|m ||n ||o ||p ||r ||s ||t ||u ||f ||h ||c ||č
|m ||n ||o ||p ||r ||s ||t ||u ||f ||h ||c ||č
|š ||št ||y ||j ||ju ||ja
|š ||št ||y ||j ||- ||ju ||ja
|dž ||dz
|dž ||dz
|-
|-
Line 325: Line 327:
! {{IPAlink|ɤ}}
! {{IPAlink|ɤ}}
! {{IPAlink|◌ʲ}}
! {{IPAlink|◌ʲ}}
! ja/{{IPAlink|ɛ}}{{ref label|Beta|2}}
! ju
! ju
! ja
! ja
Line 331: Line 334:
|-
|-
|}
|}
<sup>{{note|Beta|2}}</sup> read as /ja/ when the vowel in the next syllable is of back or round harmony, or there is no other syllable, and as /ɛ/ when the vowel in the next syllable is of front harmony.


=Grammar=
=Grammar=
Line 336: Line 340:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Number and Person
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Number and Person
! rowspan="2" | Nominative
! rowspan="2" | Nominative
! colspan="2" | Dative
! colspan="3" | Dative / Locative 1/2
! colspan="3" | Genitive / Locative
! colspan="2" | Genitive
! colspan="2" | Accusitive
! colspan="2" | Accusitive
! rowspan="2" | Instrumental-<br>Commitative  
! rowspan="2" | Instrumental-<br>Commitative  
! rowspan="2" | Abessive
! rowspan="2" | Abessive
|-
|-
!stressed
!clitic dat.
!clitic loc.
!stressed
!stressed
!clitic
!clitic
!stressed
!clitic locative
!clitic genitive
!stressed
!stressed
!clitic
!clitic
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |Singular
! rowspan="4" |Singular
! First
! colspan="2" | First
|  
| Я
|  
| Мену
| -'
| -мА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| -мАн
| -'
| Мой / Моя / Мое
| -'
| -мА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| Мен(е)
| -'
| -мА
|  
| Менем
|  
| Менез
|-
! rowspan="2" | Second
! informal
| Ти
| Тебу
| -тА<sup>2</sup>
| -тАн
| Твой / Твоя / Твое
| -тА<sup>2</sup>
| Теб(е)
| -тА
| Тебем
| Тебез
|-
|-
! Second
! formal
|  
| Вие
|  
| Васу
| -'
| -вА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| -вАн
| -'
| Ваш / Ваша / Ваше
| -'
| -вА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| Вас
| -'
| -вА
|  
| Васам
|  
| Васаз
|-
|-
! Third
! colspan="2" | Third
|  
| Тон
|  
| Негу
| -'
| -гА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| -гАн
| -'
| Негов / Негова / Негово
| -'
| -мА
|  
| Него
| -'
| -гА
|  
| Негом
|  
| Негоз
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plural
! rowspan="3" | Plural
! First
! colspan="2" | First
|  
| Ние
|  
| Насу
| -'
| -нА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| -нАн
| -'
| Наш / Наша / Наше
| -'
| -нА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| Нас
| -'
| -нА
|  
| Насам
|  
| Насаз
|-
|-
! Second
! colspan="2" | Second
|  
| Вие
|  
| Васу
| -'
| -вА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| -вАн
| -'
| Ваш / Ваша / Ваше
| -'
| -вА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| Вас
| -'
| -вА
|  
| Васам
|  
| Васаз
|-
|-
! Third
! colspan="2" | Third
|  
| Тѣх
|  
| Тѣху
| -'
| -гА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| -тАн
| -'
| Тѣхен / Тѣхна / Тѣхно
| -'
| -(А<sup>2</sup>)м
|  
| Тѣх
| -'
| -гА
|  
| Тѣхем
|  
| Тѣхез
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Self
! colspan="3" | Self
|  
| Себеси
|  
| Себу
| -'
| -сА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| -сАн
| -'
| Свой / Своя / Свое
| -'
| -сА<sup>2</sup>
|  
| Себеси
| -'
| -сА
|  
| Себем
|  
| Себез
|-
|-
|}
|}
A - type1 vowel harmony
A - type1 vowel harmony<br>
А<sup>2</sup> - type 2 vowel harmony
А<sup>2</sup> - type 2 vowel harmony


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
===Gender===
===Gender===
Modern karaalani has lost it's gender system, and only groups nouns into ones ending in a vowel and ones ending in a consonant.
Modern Karaalani has kept it's gender system partually, it appears in few places, like the stressed forms of the genitive pronouns, and in plurality.
 
===Number===
Number in Karaalani varies depending on the word, mainly due to their gender.
 
Examples of plurality:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| мъж (man)
| мъж'''е''' (men)
|-
| жена (woman)
| жен'''и''' (women)
|-
| дете (child)
| де'''ца''' (children)
|-
|}
<br>
In old Karaalani there used to be a counting form of words' plurality, that appeared in most monosyllabic words, and has disapeared in modern Karaalani, but it was kept in the cloasy related languages like {{wp|Bulgarian langauge|Vranic}} and Zaltylani.  


===Case & Number===
Examples of couning plurality:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural general
! Plural counting
|-
! Old Karaalani
| rowspan="2" | бор (pine)
| бор'''ове''' (pines)
| бор'''а''' (pines)
|-
! Modern Karaalani
| colspan="2" | бор'''а''' (pines)
|-
! Old Karaalani
| rowspan="2" | хлѣб (bread)
| хлѣб'''ове''' (breads)
| хлѣб'''а''' (breads)
|-
! Modern Karaalani
| colspan="2" | хлѣб'''а''' (breads)
|-
|}
 
===Case===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! affix
! Example
|-
! Nominative/<br>Accusitive
| -∅
| мъж (man)<br>жена (woman)<br>дете (child)
|-
! Dative/<br>Genitive/<br>Locative 1
| -(А)на
| мъж'''ъна''' (to / on / at / of a man)<br>жена'''на''' (to / on / at / of a woman)<br>дете'''не''' (to / on / at / of a child)
|-
! Locative 2<br>(Innesive)
| -(A)в
| мъж'''ъв''' (in a man)<br>жена'''в''' (in a woman)<br>дете'''в''' (in a child)
|-
! Instrumental-<br>Commitative
| -(А)м
| мъж'''ъм''' (with man)<br>жена'''м''' (with woman)<br>дете'''м''' (with child)
|-
! Abessive
| -(А)з
| мъж'''ъз''' (without a man)<br>жена'''з''' (without a woman)<br>дете'''з''' (without a child)
|-
|}


==Adjectives & Adverbs==
==Adjectives & Adverbs==


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
===Copula===
===Copula===
 
===Verbs "Пър" & "Шур"-===
The "пър"and "шур" verbs came from the [Placeholder] language, which is the direct ancestor of modern Karaalani's agglutinative aspect, they are used in the context of "there is" and "there is not", these verbs also apear in the Zaltylani langauge, but not in the {{wp|Bulgarian language|Vranic language}} or Old-Karaalani, where the verb meaning "to have" in the third person singular is used.<br>


==Questions==
==Questions==
 
The question particle -'ли is used to form yes-no type questions.
==Numerals==
 
==Dialects==
Karaalanish has 4 recognized dialects, the (standart) Eastern, Western, Southern and Sofgorod dialects.
 
The Western and Southern dialects differ mainly from the Eastern and Sofgorod dialects by the fact they dont pronounce the /j/ in the letter Ѣ/Ⳉ/Ý, which in the standert Eastern dialect is pronounced as /jæ~jɜ/, and in Sofgorod as /jɛ/.
The Southern dialect dosent pronounce the stress in double characters, like in the word 'Karaalanski' ('Karaalanish'), insted of (standart Eastern) /kaɾaˈaɫan.ski/ it becomes /kɑɾɑlan.skɪ/. It also always pronounces Л/Ⲗ/L as an /l/.
The Western dialect has nasal vowels when followed after 'n', some epakers in the far west parts pronounce their r's like /ʁ/s, sum ppl consider it a seperate dialect, tho officially its recognized as an 'accent'.
The Sofgorod dialect conbines nasalization with the the /n/s and pornounces most i's as /ɨ/s and has a lot of 'unstressing'.
[[File:Karaalanish dialects.png|400px|none]]


=Language examples=
=Language examples=
 
{{wp|Lord's prayer}}
===[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer Lord's prayer]===
The following text shows the {{wp|Lord's prayer}} written in Karaalani:
Following text shows [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer Lord's prayer] written in Karaalani <br>
{| class="wikitable"
{| style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"
! {{wp|English language}}
! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common language]
! Karaalani (Cyrillic)
!
! Karaalani (Protopolyash)
! Karaalani ''(Iraklic)''
! Karaalani (Latin)
! Karaalani ''(Protopolyash)''
! Karaalani ''(Latin)''
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|Our Father in heaven,}}
| Our Father in heaven,
|
| Очени небесав,
| Оче наш, кѫто си нѥбо,
|  
| Ⲟϫⲉ ⲛⲁⲋ, ⲕⲓⲱⲧⲟ ⲥⲏ ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲃⲟ,
| Očeni nebesav,
| Oče naš, kyóto si nyebo,
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|hallowed be your name.}}
| hallowed be your name.
|
| да светисе имети.
| да се свѥти йимем ти,
|  
| ⲇⲁ ⲥⲉ ⲥⲃⲓⲉⲧⲏ ⲓⲏⲙⲉⲙ ⲧⲏ,
| da svetise imeti.
| da se svyeti yimem ti,
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|Your kingdom come.}}
| Your kingdom come.
|
| да дойде царствоту,
| да дойде царстѡ ти,
|  
| ⲇⲁ ⲇⲟⲓⲇⲉ ϯⲁⲣⲥⲧⲃⲟ ⲧⲏ,
| da dojde carstvotu,
| da doyde carstó ti,
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|Your will be done,}}
| Your will be done,
|
| да бъде волята,
| да буде вѡля ти,
|  
| ⲇⲁ ⲃⲃⲩⲇⲉ ⲃⲱⲗⲓⲁ ⲧⲏ,
| da byde voljata,
| da bude vólya ti,
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|on earth as it is in heaven.}}
| on earth as it is in heaven.
|
| както небене, така и земянъ.
| како нѥбо, тако и земѫ.
|  
| ⲕⲁⲕⲟ ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲃⲟ, ⲧⲁⲕⲟ ⲏ ⲍⲉⲙⲓⲱ.
| kakto nebene, taka i zemjany
| kako nyebo, tako i zemyo.
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|Give us this day our daily bread}}
| Give us this day our daily bread
|
| Днес дайна хлѣбна дневен
| Нѥвний ни хлѣб ним дай нес
|  
| Ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲏⲓ ⲛⲏ ⲭⲗⳉⲃⲃ ⲛⲏⲙ ⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲉⲥ
| Dnes najna hljabna dneven
| Nyewniy ni hlýb nim day nes
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|and forgive us our debts,}}
| and forgive us our debts,
|
| и простине дълговени,
| и ни прости наши дългове,
|  
| ⲏ ⲛⲏ ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲏ ⲛⲁⲋⲏ ⲇϩⲗⲅⲟⲃⲉ,
| i prostine dylgoveni,
| i ni prosti naši dălgove,
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|as we also have forgiven our debtors.}}
| as we also have forgiven our debtors.
|
| както ние прощаваме длъжницинине.
| како ние проставаме нашите длъжничеу.
|  
| ⲕⲁⲕⲟ ⲛⲏⲉ ⲡⲣⲟⲥⲧⲁⲃⲁⲙⲉ ⲛⲁⲋⲏⲧⲉ ⲇⲗϩϧⲛⲏϫⲉⲩ.
| kakto nie proštavame dlyžnicinine.
| kako nie prostawame našite dlăžničeu
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|And do not bring us into temptation,}}
| And do not bring us into temptation,
|
| И не въвеждайне изкушениев,
| И нѥ ним въвеждай ву изкушенѥ,
|  
| Ⲏ ⲛⲓⲉ ⲛⲏⲙ ⲃϩⲃⲉϧⲇⲁⲓ ⲃⲩ ⲏⲍⲕⲩⲋⲉⲛⲓⲉ,
| I ne vyveždajne izkušeniev,
| I nye nim văvežday vu izkušenye
|-
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|but rescue us from the evil one.}}
| but rescue us from the evil one.
|
| но избавине от Лъкави.
| но ним избави от Лъкави.
|  
| ⲛⲟ ⲛⲏⲙ ⲏⲍⲃⲃⲁⲃⲏ ⲟⲧ Ⲗϩⲕⲁⲃⲏ.
| no izbavine ot Lykavi.
| no nim izbavi ot Lăkavi.
|}
|}
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]]
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]]
[[Category:Mustelaria]]
[[Category:Mustelaria]]
[[Category:Kento-Polyash languages]]
[[Category:Kento-Polyash languages]]

Latest revision as of 15:47, 30 December 2021

Karaalani
Karaalan, Karaalanish
Черноалански език
Къраалански език
Karaalan Ethnic flag.png
Ethnic Flag of the Karaalani people
Pronunciation/ˈt͡ʃɛɾnoaɫanski/
/kɤɾaˈaɫanski/
Native to
RegionSlavic Belt in Thuadia
EthnicityKaraalani Slavs
Native speakers
L1: 17,980,000
L2: 1,200,000-
FL: 25,000
Cyrillic script
Protopolyash script
Latin script
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1KR
ISO 639-2KRA
ISO 639-3KRA
KaraalaniLangMap.png
Distribution of the language
  Absolute majority
  >30% of native speakers
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Karaalani language is a [placeholder]-Slavic Pidgin language, which arose from [placeholder] merchants and traveler going into whats modern day Monte Blanco, Mustelaria, and settling in the area. The language is co-official in the Karaalani region of Monte Blanco, Mustelaria, and the 4th most spoken langauge in Mustelaria.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t t͡s t͡ʃ k
voiced b d d͡z d͡ʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced z ʒ ɣ
Nasal m n
Approximant ʋ l~ɫ j
Rhotic ɾ

Vowels

Front Central back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ɤ o
Open a
Vowels Harmony
type 1 type 2
Front i, ɛ ɛ i
Back a, ɤ ɤ a
Round o, u u

A - vowel harmony
Type 2 harmony (A2) is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and others.

Writing System

Karaalani officially uses the Cyrillic script but it also has adapdet co-official Protopolyash and Latin forms.

А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ж ж З з
И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о П п
Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч
Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ь ь Ѣ ѣ Ю ю Я я
Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 32
Cyrillic upper case А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ь Ѣ Ю Я Дж Дз
Cyrillic lower case а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ь ѣ ю я дж дз
Protopolyash upper case Ⲁ Ⲃⲃ Ⲃ Ⲅ Ⲇ Ⲉ Ⲋ Ⲍ Ⲏ Ⲓ Ⲕ Ⲗ Ⲙ Ⲛ Ⲟ Ⲡ Ⲣ Ⲥ Ⲧ Ⲩ Ⲫ Ⲭ Ⲯ Ϫ Ϣ Ϣⲧ Ϩ Ⲓ - Ⲓⲩ Ⲓⲁ Ⲇⲋ Ⲇⲍ
Protopolyash lower case ⲁ ⲃⲃ ⲃ ⲅ ⲇ ⲉ ⲋ ⲍ ⲏ ⲓ ⲕ ⲗ ⲙ ⲛ ⲟ ⲡ ⲣ ⲥ ⲧ ⲩ ⲫ ⲭ ⲯ ϫ ϣ ϣⲧ ϩ ⲓ - ⲓⲩ ⲓⲁ ⲇⲋ ⲇⲍ
Latin upper case A B V G D E Ž Z I J K L M N O P R S T U F H C Č Š Št Y J - JU JA Dž Dz
Latin lower case a b v g d e ž z i j k l m n o p r s t u f h c č š št y j - ju ja dž dz
IPA sound a b ʋ ɣ d ɛ ʒ z i j k l m n o p ɾ s t u f h t͡s t͡ʃ ʃ ʃt ɤ ◌ʲ ja/ɛ[2] ju ja d͡ʒ d͡z

^2 read as /ja/ when the vowel in the next syllable is of back or round harmony, or there is no other syllable, and as /ɛ/ when the vowel in the next syllable is of front harmony.

Grammar

Pronouns

Number and Person Nominative Dative / Locative 1/2 Genitive Accusitive Instrumental-
Commitative 		Abessive
stressed clitic dat. clitic loc. stressed clitic stressed clitic
Singular First Я Мену -мА2 -мАн Мой / Моя / Мое -мА2 Мен(е) -мА Менем Менез
Second informal Ти Тебу -тА2 -тАн Твой / Твоя / Твое -тА2 Теб(е) -тА Тебем Тебез
formal Вие Васу -вА2 -вАн Ваш / Ваша / Ваше -вА2 Вас -вА Васам Васаз
Third Тон Негу -гА2 -гАн Негов / Негова / Негово -мА Него -гА Негом Негоз
Plural First Ние Насу -нА2 -нАн Наш / Наша / Наше -нА2 Нас -нА Насам Насаз
Second Вие Васу -вА2 -вАн Ваш / Ваша / Ваше -вА2 Вас -вА Васам Васаз
Third Тѣх Тѣху -гА2 -тАн Тѣхен / Тѣхна / Тѣхно -(А2)м Тѣх -гА Тѣхем Тѣхез
Self Себеси Себу -сА2 -сАн Свой / Своя / Свое -сА2 Себеси -сА Себем Себез

A - type1 vowel harmony
А2 - type 2 vowel harmony

Nouns

Gender

Modern Karaalani has kept it's gender system partually, it appears in few places, like the stressed forms of the genitive pronouns, and in plurality.

Number

Number in Karaalani varies depending on the word, mainly due to their gender.

Examples of plurality:

Singular Plural
мъж (man) мъже (men)
жена (woman) жени (women)
дете (child) деца (children)


In old Karaalani there used to be a counting form of words' plurality, that appeared in most monosyllabic words, and has disapeared in modern Karaalani, but it was kept in the cloasy related languages like Vranic and Zaltylani.

Examples of couning plurality:

Singular Plural general Plural counting
Old Karaalani бор (pine) борове (pines) бора (pines)
Modern Karaalani бора (pines)
Old Karaalani хлѣб (bread) хлѣбове (breads) хлѣба (breads)
Modern Karaalani хлѣба (breads)

Case

Case affix Example
Nominative/
Accusitive 		-∅ мъж (man)
жена (woman)
дете (child)
Dative/
Genitive/
Locative 1 		-(А)на мъжъна (to / on / at / of a man)
женана (to / on / at / of a woman)
детене (to / on / at / of a child)
Locative 2
(Innesive) 		-(A)в мъжъв (in a man)
женав (in a woman)
детев (in a child)
Instrumental-
Commitative 		-(А)м мъжъм (with man)
женам (with woman)
детем (with child)
Abessive -(А)з мъжъз (without a man)
женаз (without a woman)
детез (without a child)

Adjectives & Adverbs

Verbs

Copula

Verbs "Пър" & "Шур"-

The "пър"and "шур" verbs came from the [Placeholder] language, which is the direct ancestor of modern Karaalani's agglutinative aspect, they are used in the context of "there is" and "there is not", these verbs also apear in the Zaltylani langauge, but not in the Vranic language or Old-Karaalani, where the verb meaning "to have" in the third person singular is used.

Questions

The question particle -'ли is used to form yes-no type questions.

Language examples

Lord's prayer The following text shows the Lord's prayer written in Karaalani:

English language Karaalani (Cyrillic) Karaalani (Protopolyash) Karaalani (Latin)
Our Father in heaven, Очени небесав, Očeni nebesav,
hallowed be your name. да светисе имети. da svetise imeti.
Your kingdom come. да дойде царствоту, da dojde carstvotu,
Your will be done, да бъде волята, da byde voljata,
on earth as it is in heaven. както небене, така и земянъ. kakto nebene, taka i zemjany
Give us this day our daily bread Днес дайна хлѣбна дневен Dnes najna hljabna dneven
and forgive us our debts, и простине дълговени, i prostine dylgoveni,
as we also have forgiven our debtors. както ние прощаваме длъжницинине. kakto nie proštavame dlyžnicinine.
And do not bring us into temptation, И не въвеждайне изкушениев, I ne vyveždajne izkušeniev,
but rescue us from the evil one. но избавине от Лъкави. no izbavine ot Lykavi.
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