Lozhai language: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Language spoken in Qazhshava}}
{{short description|Language spoken in Qazhshava}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Qazhshavan
| name            = Lozhai
| nativename      = Маръа Гел, Маръашла<br>Mar̈a Gel, Mar̈aşla
| nativename      = Ложа Гԙл<br>Loja Gyel
| pronunciation    = [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet| [ˈma.r̠̊a ɣɛl] ]]<br>[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet| [ˈma.r̠̊a.ʃla̽] ]]
| pronunciation    = [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet| [ˈlɔ.ʒa ɣjæ̝l] ]]
| states          = [[Qazhshava]]
| states          = [[Qazhshava]]
| region          = [[Thuadia|Southern Thuadia]]
| region          = [[Thuadia|Southern Thuadia]]
| speakers        = 85 million
| speakers        =  
| date            = 2018
| date            = 2018
| ref              =  
| ref              =  
| familycolor      = Paleosiberian
| familycolor      = paleo-sekidean
| fam1            = Mokhaic
| fam1            = Hewehetan
| fam2            =  
| fam2            = Norhtern
| ancestor        = Middle Qazhshavan
| ancestor        = Old-Lozhai
| dia1            = Mezhian (Meadow)
| dia1            = Coastal
| dia2            = Rishic
| dia2            = Lake
| dia3            = Zalic
| stand1          = Lake
| dia4            = Lhakian (Mountain)
| dia5            = Laurentine
| dia6            = Kental
| stand1          = Mezhian ([[Qazhshava]])
| stand2          = Kental ([[Kentalis]])
| script          =
| script          =
* Traditional Qazhshavan<br>(in [[Qazhshava]])
* [[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
* [[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br>(in [[Qazhshava]] & [[Kentalis]])
* [[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]]
* [[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]]<br>(in [[Qazhshava]] and abroad)
| nation          = {{flag|Qazhshava}}
* [[wikipedia:Coptic script|Protopolyash]]<br>(abroad)
* Qazhshavan Braile
| nation          = {{flag|Qazhshava}}<br>{{flag|Kentalis}}
| agency          = Qazhshavan Council of Languages
| agency          = Qazhshavan Council of Languages
| iso1            = qz
| iso1            = lz
| iso2            = qzs
| iso2            = lzh
| iso3            = qzs
| iso3            = lzh
| map              = [[File:Qazhshavan-dia-map.png|300px]]
| map              =  
| mapalt          =  
| mapalt          =  
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{color box|#007FFE}} Absolute majority<br>{{color box|#87C3FE}} >35% native speakers
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{color box|#007FFE}} Absolute majority<br>{{color box|#87C3FE}} >35% native speakers
| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
| glotto          = qazh1331
| glotto          = lozha1331
| glottorefname    = Qazhshavan
| glottorefname    = Lozhai
}}
}}


'''Qazhshavan''' (Qazhshavan: Маръа Гел, Mar̈a Gel [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet| [ˈma.r̠̊a ɣɛl] ]]; Маръашла, Mar̈aşla [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet| [ˈma.r̠̊a.ʃla̽] ]]) is a unique langauge spoken in [[Thuadia|Southern Thuadia]], primarily in the [[Qazhshava|Qazhshavan Federation]] and adjacent areas. It is the only major language in the Mokhaic language family, and the most spoken.
'''Lozhai''' (Lozhai: Ложа Гԙл, Loja Gyel [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet| [ˈlɔ.ʒa ɣjæ̝l] ]]) is an indidenous langauge spoken in [[Thuadia|Southern Thuadia]]. It is one of the few surviving paleo-qazhshavan tounges.
 


=Basic information=
=Basic information=
Qazhshavan is an SVO language with a moderately complex syllable structure, it puts adjectives before nouns and has postpositions.
Lozhai is a Pro-Drop agglutinative SVO/SOV language with a moderately complex syllable structure, it puts adjectives before nouns and has postpositions.
It has a high number of cases (16) compared to its neighbors and shares some grammatical features with them, mainly trough influnence. The language is neutorious with having long verbs, which isnt always true.


=Writing system=
=Writing system=
Qazhshavan has 3 official writing systems, of which the [[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric]] one dominates, it also has an unnoficial verion of it's [[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]] alphabet which is used mainly by people outside of qazhshava or ones who aren't able to type the special characters. The Traditional Qazhshavan script is used mainly in official documents, not so much in the daily life, but it is kept allive. There is also a [[wikipedia:Coptic script|Protopolyash]] version used by people living in areas such as parts of [[Mustelaria]] in which the langauges use it.
Lozhai has 3 official writing systems, of which the [[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric]] one dominates, it also has an unnoficial verion of it's [[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]] alphabet which is used mainly by people outside of qazhshava or ones who aren't able to type the special characters.
 
[[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric alphabet]]:
[[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric alphabet]]:
{| style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
{| style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӑ ӑ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
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| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӗ ӗ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Къ къ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Лъ лъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ҥ ҥ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ръ ръ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
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| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X̆ x̆
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Хъ хъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Дз дз
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Дз дз
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| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꙑ ꙑ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ы ы}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ы ы}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ԙ ԙ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ԙ ԙ
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| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |  
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |  
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |  
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |  
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|}
|}
Line 105: Line 98:
{| style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
{| style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ḑ ḑ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dz dz
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ë ë
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Hh hh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Hh hh
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| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ľ ľ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N̈ n̈
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Q q}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R̈ r̈
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ț ț
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ts ts
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
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| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|X x}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|X x}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ý ý}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ÿ ÿ}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ÿ ÿ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӡ ӡ
|-
|-
|}
|}


 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric]] version
!rowspan="2" | - version
!colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]] version
!rowspan="2" |[[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric]]<br>version
! Names
! colspan="2" |[[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]]<br>version
!rowspan="2"| [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet chart|IPA Symbol]]
!rowspan="2" |{{H:title|Used by Minorities in Protopolyash using regions|[[wikipedia:Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash]]<br>version}}
!rowspan="2"| Notes
!rowspan="2" | {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet chart|IPA<br>Symbol}}
!rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
|-
!Offical
!Offical
!{{H:title|Used mainly by minorities outside of Qazhshava and poeple who dont have the special characters on their keyboards|Unofficial}}
!{{H:title|Used mainly by minorities outside of Qazhshava and poeple who dont have the special characters on their keyboards|Unofficial}}
|-
|-
|
| А а
| А а
| colspan="2" | A a
| colspan="2" | A a
| Ⲁ ⲁ
| <br>
| /a~ɑ/
| /a~ɑ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|  
| Ӑ ӑ
| colspan="2" | Ä ä
| <br>
| /ɤ~ɯ/
|style="text-align: left;"| In unstressed syllables it can be reduced to a soft /ɐ~a/ soundɵ
|-
| Б б
| Б б
| colspan="2" | B b
| colspan="2" | B b
| ⲂⲂ ⲃⲃ
| <br>
| /b/
| /b/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| В в
| В в
| colspan="2" | V v
| colspan="2" | V v
| Ⲃ ⲃ
| <br>
| /v/
| /v/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Г г
| Г г
| colspan="2" | G g
| colspan="2" | G g
| Ⲅ ⲅ
| <br>
| /ɣ/
| /ɣ/
| style="text-align: left;"| It can get pronounced as /g/<br>in foreing word and/or when<br>its doubled or in a stressed<br>syllable
| style="text-align: left;"| It can get pronounced as /g/ in foreing word and/or when its doubled or in a stressed syllable
|-
|-
|
| Д д
| Д д
| colspan="2" | D d
| colspan="2" | D d
| Ⲇ ⲇ
| <br>
| /d/
| /d/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Е е
| Е е
| colspan="2" | E e
| colspan="2" | E e
| Ⲉ ⲉ
| <br>
| /ɛ/
| /ɛ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|  
| Ӗ ӗ
| Ë ë
| Oe oe
| <br>
| /ø̞/
|style="text-align: left;"| In unstressed syllables it can be reduced to a soft /ɵ/ sound
|-
| Ж ж
| Ж ж
| colspan="2" | J j
| Ӡ ӡ
| Ϧ ϧ
| Zh zh
| <br>
| /ʒ/
| /ʒ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| З з
| З з
| colspan="2" | Z z
| colspan="2" | Z z
| Ⲍ ⲍ
| <br>
| /z/
| /z/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| И и
| И и
| colspan="2" | I i
| colspan="2" | I i
| Ⲏ ⲏ
| <br>
| /i/
| /i/
| style="text-align: left;" | When its before a vowel<br>it gets pronounced as /ij/
| style="text-align: left;" | Before a vowel it gets pronounced as /ij/ and after a vowel as /ji/.
|-
|-
|
| Й й
| Й й
| colspan="2" | Y y
| colspan="2" | Y y
| Ⲓ ⲓ
| <br>
| /j/
| /j/
|style="text-align: left;"| Used after vowels and as<br>first letter
|style="text-align: left;"| Used after vowels and as first letter. J j is used as /j/ in forein words.
|-
|-
|
| К к
| К к
| colspan="2" | K k
| colspan="2" | K k
| Ⲕ ⲕ
| <br>
| /k/
| /k/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Къ къ
| colspan="2" | Q q
| Ⲕⲋ ⲕⲋ
| /q/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|
| Л л
| Л л
| colspan="2" | L l
| colspan="2" | L l
| Ⲗ ⲗ
| <br>
| /l/
| /l/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Лъ лъ
| Ľ ľ
| Lh lh
| Ⲗⲋ ⲗⲋ
| /l̥~ɬ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|
| М м
| М м
| colspan="2" | M m
| colspan="2" | M m
| Ⲙ ⲙ
| <br>
| /m/
| /m/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Н н
| Н н
| colspan="2" | N n
| colspan="2" | N n
| Ⲛ ⲛ
| <br>
| /n/
| /n/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|  
| Ҥ ҥ
| N̈ n̈
| Ng ng
| <br>
| /ŋ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
| О о
| О о
| colspan="2" | O o
| colspan="2" | O o
| Ⲟ ⲟ
| <br>
| /ɔ/
| /ɔ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Ө ө
| Ö ö
| Oe oe
| Ⲱ ⲱ
| /ø̞/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|
| П п
| П п
| colspan="2" | P p
| colspan="2" | P p
| Ⲡ ⲡ
| <br>
| /p/
| /p/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|  
| Кв кв
| colspan="2" | Q q
| <br>
| /k͡f/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
| Р р
| Р р
| colspan="2" | R r
| colspan="2" | R r
| Ⲣ ⲣ
| <br>
| /ɾ/
| /ɾ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Ръ ръ
| R̈ r̈
| Rh rh
| Ⳁ ⳁ
| /r̠̊/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|
| С с
| С с
| colspan="2" | S s
| colspan="2" | S s
| Ⲥ ⲥ
| <br>
| /s/
| /s/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Т т
| Т т
| colspan="2" | T t
| colspan="2" | T t
| Ⲧ ⲧ
| <br>
| /t/
| /t/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| У у
| У у
| colspan="2" | U u
| colspan="2" | U u
| Ⲩ ⲩ
| <br>
| /u~ʊ/
| /u~ʊ/
| style="text-align: left;"| It gets pronounsed as<br>/wu~wʊ/ after a vowel
| style="text-align: left;"| It gets pronounsed as /w/ when a final vowel.
|-
|-
|
| Ў ў
| Ў ў
| colspan="2" | W w
| colspan="2" | W w
| Ⲯ ⲯ
| <br>
| /w/
| /w/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Ф ф
| Ф ф
| colspan="2" | F f
| colspan="2" | F f
| Ⲫ ⲫ
| <br>
| /f/
| /f/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Х х
| Х х
| colspan="2" | H h
| colspan="2" | H h
| Ⲭ ⲭ
| <br>
| /x/
| /x/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|  
| X̆ x̆
| Хъ хъ
| colspan="2" | Hh hh
| colspan="2" | Hh hh
| Ϥ ϥ
| <br>
| /ħ/
| /ħ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Ц ц
| Ц ц
| Ț ț
| colspan="2"| Ts ts
| Ts ts
| <br>
| Ϯ ϯ
| /t͡s/
| /t͡s/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Дз дз
| Дз дз
| Ḑ ḑ
| colspan="2"| Dz dz
| Dz dz
| <br>
| ϮϮ ϯϯ
| /d͡z/
| /d͡z/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Ч ч
| Ч ч
| Ç ç
| Ç ç
| Ch ch
| Ch ch
| Ϭ ϭ
| <br>
| /t͡ʃ/
| /t͡ʃ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Дж дж
| Дж дж
| colspan="2" | C c
| colspan="2" | C c
| Ϫ ϫ
| <br>
| /d͡ʒ/
| /d͡ʒ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|  
| Дж дж
| colspan="2"| J j
| <br>
| /d͡ʒ/
| style="text-align: left;"| Used in ''some'' foreing words
|-
| Ш ш
| Ш ш
| Ş ş
| Ş ş
| Sh sh
| Sh sh
| Ϣ ϣ
| <br>
| /ʃ/
| /ʃ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Щ щ
| Щ щ
| Şt şt
| Şt şt
| Sht sht
| Sht sht
| Ϣⲧ ϣⲧ
| <br>
| //
| /ʃt/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Ъ ъ
| colspan="2" | -
| Ⲋ ⲋ
| -
| style="text-align: left;"| Used as an add on character<br>in digraphs
|-
|
| Ь ь
| Ь ь
| colspan="2" | Y y
| colspan="2" | Y y
| Ⲓ ⲓ
| <br>
| /◌ʲ/
| /◌ʲ/
| style="text-align: left;"| Used only after consonants
| style="text-align: left;"| Used only after consonants.
|-
|-
|  
| Ы ы
| Ꙑ ꙑ
| colspan="2" | Ÿ ÿ
| Ÿ ÿ
| <br>
| Yh yh
| Ⳉ ⳉ
| /ɤ~ɯ/
| /ɤ~ɯ/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="text-align: left;"| Used in foreign names and words.
|-
|
| Ы ы
| colspan="2" | Ý ý
| Ϩ ϩ
| /i~ɨ/
| style="text-align: left;"| Used only in foreign words
|-
|-
|
| Ю ю
| Ю ю
| Yu yu
| colspan="2'| Yu yu
| Ü ü *
| <br>
| ⲒⲨ ⲓⲩ
| /ju/
| /ju/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Я я
| Я я
| Ya ya
| colspan="2'| Ya ya
| Ä ä *
| <br>
| ⲒⲀ ⲓⲁ
| /ja/
| /ja/
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
|
| Ԙ ԙ
| Ԙ ԙ
| Ye ye
| colspan="2'| Ye ye
| Ë ë *
| <br>
| ⲒⲈ ⲓⲉ
| /jɛ~jæ̝/
| /jɛ~jæ̝̆ɛ/
| style="text-align: left;" |Pronounciation varies thourghout dialects
| style="text-align: left;" |Pronounciation varies<br>thourghout dialects
|-
|-
|
| Кс кс
| Кс кс
| colspan="2"| X x<br>Ks ks
| colspan="2"| X x<br>Ks ks
| Ⲝ ⲝ
| <br>
| /ju/
| /k͡s/
| style="text-align: left;"| The latin 'X x' is used only in<br>foreign words
| style="text-align: left;"| The latin 'X x' is used only in foreign words
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Orthography==
wip


=Phonology=
=Phonology=
Line 480: Line 414:
! Palatal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
! Uvelar
! Epiglottal
! Epiglottal
|-
|-
Line 489: Line 422:
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ŋ
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
Line 501: Line 433:
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| k
| k
| q
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
Line 511: Line 442:
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| (ɡ)
| (ɡ)
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-  
|-  
Line 520: Line 450:
| t͡s  
| t͡s  
| t͡ʃ
| t͡ʃ
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
Line 530: Line 459:
| d͡z
| d͡z
| d͡ʒ
| d͡ʒ
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
Line 543: Line 471:
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| x
| x
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ħ
| ħ
|-
|-
Line 552: Line 479:
| ʒ
| ʒ
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ɣ
| colspan="2"|ɣ ~ ʕ
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Aproximant
! Aproximant
! <small>voiceless</small>
! rowspan="2"| <small>voiced</small>  
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| l̥~ɬ
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! <small>voiced</small>  
| w
| w
|  style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|  style="background:#E6E6E6" |
Line 573: Line 488:
|  style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|  style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| j
| j
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! rowspan=2| Tap & Trill
! <small>voiceless</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| r̠̊
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-  
|-  
! <small>voiced</small>
! Tap & Trill
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ɾ
| ɾ
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
Line 608: Line 510:
|-
|-
! cosplan=1| Close
! cosplan=1| Close
| colspan="2"|i~ɨ
| i
| style="background:#E6E6E6|  
| rowspan="2"|u~ʊ<br>ɤ~ɯ
| rowspan="2"|u~ʊ<br>ɤ~ɯ
|-
|-
! cosplan=1| Mid
! cosplan=1| Mid
| ø̞
| ø̞
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" rowspan="2"|
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
! cosplan=1| Open-Mid
! cosplan=1| Open-Mid
| ɛ
| ɛ<br>(æ̝)
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| ɔ
| ɔ
|-
|-
Line 624: Line 528:
|}
|}


=Nouns=
=Pronouns=
==Gender and Vowel harmony==
Lozhai has basic pronouns that one would find in [[wikipedia:English Language|Common]], but has 2 forms of "we" (inclusive and exclusive) as well as the 12 cases:
3 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender grammatical genders]: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter
The gender system in Qazhshavan resepmbles the one found in the {{wp|Bulgarian language|Varnolan}}.
*Maculine are all words ending in: Consonants (including semivowels ⟨ў/w⟩⟨й/y⟩ )  
*Feminine are all words ending in: ⟨a⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ ⟨o⟩ (⟨я/ya⟩)
*Neuter are all words ending in:  ⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩ (⟨ю/yu⟩)
<small>(note: Masculine words still can follow feminine vowel harmony depending on the last vowel)</small>


simple harmony:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-family:Calibri;"
Used in most suffixes
! Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
! colspan="2"|Person and number
words with the last vowel being part of the Feminine vowels (⟨a⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ ⟨o⟩ ⟨я/ya⟩) get the vowel '''-a-'''
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
words with the last vowel being part of the Neuter vowels (⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩ ⟨ю/yu⟩) get the vowel '''-e-'''
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
 
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
complex harmony:
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitative_case Com.]
Used in possessive, question and negation affixes
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_case Comp.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
words with the last vowel being: ⟨а⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ (⟨я/ya⟩); get the vowel '''-ꙑ-'''
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessive_case Ine.]
words with the last vowel being: ⟨и/i⟩ ⟨е⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩; get the vowel '''-и-'''
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adessive_case Ade.]
words with the last vowel being: ⟨о⟩ ⟨у/u⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ (⟨ю/yu⟩); get the vowel '''-у-'''
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superessive_case Supe.]
 
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subessive_case Sube.]
==Grammatical Cases==
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illative_case Ill.]
Qazhshavan has 12[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case grammatical cases].
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case Ela.]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative]: Subject
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefactive_case Ben.]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative]: Interract with the ''Subject'' <small>(hear, hit, harm...)</small>
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Voc.]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dative]: to the ''Subject''
|-
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Genitive]: Possesed by the ''Subject''
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| I, Me
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessive_case Inessive]: In/Inside the ''Subject''
| First
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adessive_case Adessive]: Neer by the ''Subject''
|rowspan="10"|Singular
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superessive_case Superessive]: On top of the ''Subject''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ԙм'''<br><small>'''Yem'''</small>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subessive_case Subessive]: Under the ''Subject''
| Ԙми<br><small>Yemi</small>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illative_case Illative]: Moving into the ''Subject''
| Ԙти<br><small>Yeti</small>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case Elative]: Moving out of / from the ''Subject''
| Ԙмех<br><small>Yemeh</small>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefactive_case Benefactial]: for the ''Subject''
| Мег<br><small>Meg</small>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Vocative]: calling the ''Subject''
| Мей<br><small>Mey</small>
 
| Ԙмне<br><small>Yemne</small>
It also has the suffixes for making nouns into [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] adn [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]].
| Мӑԙ<br><small>Mäye</small>
 
| Ԙмеми<br><small>Yememi</small>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| Ԙмемөш<br><small>Yememöş</small>
!rowspan="3"|Case
| Ԙмдже<br><small>Yemce</small>
!colspan="3"|Masculine
| Ԙмеж<br><small>Yemeӡ</small>
!colspan="3"|Feminine
| Ԙмек<br><small>Yemek</small>
!colspan="3"|Neuter
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| You, Your
| Second
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Шин'''<br><small>'''Şin'''</small>
| Шини<br><small>Şini</small>
| Шити<br><small>Şiti</small>
| Шемех<br><small>Şemeh</small>
| Шег<br><small>Şeg</small>
| Ший<br><small>Şiy</small>
| Шинне<br><small>Şinne</small>
| Шӑԙ<br><small>Şäye</small>
| Шинеми<br><small>Şinemi</small>
| Шинемөш<br><small>Şinemöş</small>
| Шиндже<br><small>Şince</small>
| Шинеж<br><small>Şineӡ</small>
| Шинек<br><small>Şinek</small>
| Ши'!<br><small>Şi'!</small>
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; background: #F8F9FB;" colspan="3"|Куч/Kuç - <small>Dog</small>  
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| He, him
! style="text-align: center; background: #F8F9FB;" colspan="3"|Калъа/Кaľa - <small>Young Woman</small>
|rowspan="3" |Third
! style="text-align: center; background: #F8F9FB;" colspan="3"|Жате/Jate - <small>Hat</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ой'''<br><small>'''Oy'''</small>
| Ойӑ<br><small>Oyä</small>
| Оти<br><small>Oti</small>
| Оймeх<br><small>Oymeh</small>
| Оймуг<br><small>Oymug</small>
| Ойин<br><small>Oyin</small>
| Ойни<br><small>Oyni</small>
| Ойо<br><small>Oyo</small>
| Ойеми<br><small>Oyemi</small>
| Ойемөш<br><small>Oyemöş</small>
| Ойдже<br><small>Oyce</small>
| Ойеж<br><small>Oyeӡ</small>
| Ойек<br><small>Oyek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
!Singular
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| She, her
!Paucal
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ай'''<br><small>'''Ay'''</small>
!Plural
| Айӑ<br><small>Ayä</small>
!Singular
| Ати<br><small>Ati</small>
!Paucal
| Аймех<br><small>Aymeh</small>
!Plural
| Аймӑг<br><small>Aymäg</small>
!Singular
| Айин<br><small>Ayin</small>
!Paucal
| Айни<br><small>Ayni</small>
!Plural
| Ая<br><small>Aya</small>
| Аями<br><small>Ayami</small>
| Аямөш<br><small>Ayamöş</small>
| Айджа<br><small>Ayca</small>
| Аяж<br><small>Ayaӡ</small>
| Аяк<br><small>Ayak</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="10" |'''Indefinite
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| It
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Лӑ'''<br><small>'''Lä'''</small>
| Ойӑ<br><small>Oyä</small>
| Оти<br><small>Oti</small>
| Оймех<br><small>Oymeh</small>
| Оймуг<br><small>Oymug</small>
| Ойин<br><small>Oyin</small>
| Ойни<br><small>Oyni</small>
| Ойо<br><small>Oyo</small>
| Ойеми<br><small>Oyemi</small>
| Ойемөш<br><small>Oyemöş</small>
| Ойдже<br><small>Oyce</small>
| Ойеж<br><small>Oyeӡ</small>
| Ойек<br><small>Oyek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Myself
|Куч<br><small>Kuç</small>
| First
|Куч'''ел'''<br><small>Kuç'''el</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ԙмлӑ'''<br><small>'''Yemlä'''</small>
|Куч'''еде'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede</small>
| Ԙмлӑи<br><small>Yemläi</small>
|Калъа<br><small>Кaľa</small>
| Ԙлити<br><small>Yeliti</small>
|Калъа'''л'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l</small>
| Ԙмех<br><small>Yemeh</small>
|Калъа'''да'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da</small>
| Меԙг<br><small>Meyeg</small>
|Жате<br><small>Jate</small>
| Мейлӑ<br><small>Meylä</small>
|Жате'''л'''<br><small>Jate'''l</small>
| Ԙмлӑне<br><small>Yemläne</small>
|Жате'''де'''<br><small>Jate'''de</small>
| Мӑлӑԙ<br><small>Mäläye</small>
| Ԙмлӑеми<br><small>Yemläemi</small>
| Ԙмлӑемӗш<br><small>Yemläemëş</small>
| Ԙмлӑдже<br><small>Yemläce</small>
| Ԙмлӑлеж<br><small>Yemläleӡ</small>
| Ԙмлӑек<br><small>Yemläek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Yourselves
|Куч'''е'''<br><small>Kuç'''e</small>
| Second
|Куч'''еле'''<br><small>Kuç'''ele</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Шинлӑ'''<br><small>'''Şinlä'''</small>
|Куч'''еди'''<br><small>Kuç'''eli</small>
| Шинлӑи<br><small>Şinläi</small>
|Калъа'''т'''<br><small>Кaľa'''t</small>
| Шилӑти<br><small>Şiläti</small>
|Калъа'''ла'''<br><small>Кaľa'''la</small>
| Шинлех<br><small>Şinleh</small>
|Калъа'''дя'''<br><small>Кaľa'''dya</small>
| Шиԙг<br><small>Şiyeg</small>
|Жате'''т'''<br><small>Jate'''t</small>
| Шийлӑ<br><small>Şiylä</small>
|Жате'''ле'''<br><small>Jate'''le</small>
| Шинлӑне<br><small>Şinläne</small>
|Жате'''ди'''<br><small>Jate'''di</small>
| Шӑлӑԙ<br><small>Şäläye</small>
| Шинлӑеми<br><small>Şinläemi</small>
| Шинлӑемөш<br><small>Şinläemëş</small>
| Шинлӑдже<br><small>Şinläce</small>
| Шинлӑлеж<br><small>Şinläleӡ</small>
| Шинлӑек<br><small>Şinläek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Himself
|Куч'''ети'''<br><small>Kuç'''eti</small>
| Thirds
|Куч'''лети'''<br><small>Kuç'''leti</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ойлӑ'''<br><small>'''Oylä'''</small>
|Куч'''едети'''<br><small>Kuç'''edeti</small>
| Ойлӑлӑ<br><small>Oylälä</small>
|Калъа'''ти'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ti</small>
| Олӑлти<br><small>Olälti</small>
|Калъа'''лати'''<br><small>Кaľa'''lati</small>
| Оймех<br><small>Oymeh</small>
|Калъа'''дати'''<br><small>Кaľa'''дati</small>
| Ойлиг<br><small>Oylig</small>
|Жате'''ти'''<br><small>Jate'''ti</small>
| Ойлӑин<br><small>Oyläin</small>
|Жате'''лети'''<br><small>Jate'''leti</small>
| Ойлӑни<br><small>Oyläni</small>
|Жате'''дети'''<br><small>Jate'''deti</small>
| Ойлӑо<br><small>Oyläo</small>
| Ойлӑеми<br><small>Oyläemi</small>
| Ойлӑемөш<br><small>Oyläemëş</small>
| Ойлӑдже<br><small>Oyläce</small>
| Ойлӑлеж<br><small>Oyläleӡ</small>
| Ойлӑек<br><small>Oyläek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Herself
|Куч'''ес'''<br><small>Kuç'''es</small>
| Thirds
|Куч'''елъ'''<br><small>Kuç'''eľ</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Айлӑ'''<br><small>'''Aylä'''</small>
|Куч'''езде'''<br><small>Kuç'''ezde</small>
| Айлӑлӑ<br><small>Aylälä</small>
|Калъа'''с'''<br><small>Кaľa'''s</small>
| Алӑлти<br><small>Alälti</small>
|Калъа'''лъ'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ľ</small>
| Алмех<br><small>Almeh</small>
|Калъа'''зда'''<br><small>Кaľa'''zda</small>
| Айлӑг<br><small>Ayläg</small>
|Жате'''с'''<br><small>Jate'''s</small>
| Айлӑин<br><small>Ayläin</small>
|Жате'''лъ'''<br><small>Jate'''ľ</small>
| Айлӑни<br><small>Ayläni</small>
|Жате'''зде'''<br><small>Jate'''zde</small>
| Айлӑа<br><small>Ayläa</small>
| Айлӑами<br><small>Ayläami</small>
| Айлӑамөш<br><small>Ayläamëş</small>
| Айлӑджа<br><small>Ayläca</small>
| Айлӑлаж<br><small>Aylälaӡ</small>
| Айлӑак<br><small>Ayläak</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Inessive case|Inessive]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Itself
|Куч'''ене'''<br><small>Kuç'''ene</small>
| Thirds
|Куч'''ел'''·'''не'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ne'''</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Лылыл'''<br><small>'''Läläl'''</small>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''не'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''ne'''</small>
| Ойлӑлы<br><small>Oylälä</small>
|Калъа'''на'''<br><small>Кaľa'''na</small>
| Олӑлти<br><small>Olälti</small>
|Калъа'''л'''·'''нa'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''nа'''</small>
| Oлмех<br><small>Olmeh</small>
|Калъа'''дa'''·'''нa'''<br><small>Кaľa'''dа'''·'''nа'''</small>
| Ойлмег<br><small>Oylmeg</small>
|Жате'''не'''<br><small>Jate'''ne</small>
| Ойлӑин<br><small>Oyläin</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''не'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ne'''</small>
| Ойлӑни<br><small>Oyläni</small>
|Жате'''де'''·'''не'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''ne'''</small>
| Ойлӑо<br><small>Oyläo</small>
| Ойлӑеми<br><small>Oyläemi</small>
| Ойлӑемӗш<br><small>Oyläemëş</small>
| Ойлӑдже<br><small>Oyläce</small>
| Ойлӑлеж<br><small>Oyläleӡ</small>
| Ойлӑек<br><small>Oyläek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Adessive case|Adessive]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| We, us<br>(Exclusive)
|Куч'''ей'''<br><small>Kuç'''ey</small>
| rowspan="2"| First
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ԙ'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ye'''</small>
|Rowspan="8"|Plural<br><small>(Formal)</small>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''й'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''y'''</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Меԙ'''<br><small>'''Meye'''</small>
|Калъа'''й'''<br><small>Кaľa'''y</small>
| Мейи<br><small>Meyi</small>
|Калъа'''л'''·'''я'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ya'''</small>
| Мити<br><small>Miti</small>
|Калъа'''д'''·'''aя'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''ya'''</small>
| Митих<br><small>Mitih</small>
|Жате'''й'''<br><small>Jate'''y</small>
| Мершег<br><small>Merşeg</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ԙԙ'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ye'''</small>
| Мерши<br><small>Merşi</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''й'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''y'''</small>
| Мейне<br><small>Meyne</small>
| Най<br><small>Nay</small>
| Меԙми<br><small>Meyemi</small>
| Меԙмӗш<br><small>Meyemëş</small>
| Мейдже<br><small>Meyce</small>
| Меԙж<br><small>Meyeӡ</small>
| Меԙк<br><small>Meyek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Superessive case|Superessive]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| We, us<br>(Inclusive)
|Куч'''еми'''<br><small>Kuç'''emi</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Мейше'''<br><small>'''Meyşe'''</small>
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''mi'''</small>
| Мейши<br><small>Meyşi</small>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''mi'''</small>
| Мшити<br><small>Mşiti</small>
|Калъа'''ми'''<br><small>Кaľa'''mi</small>
| Мшитих<br><small>Miştih</small>
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''mi'''</small>
| Мешег<br><small>Meşeg</small>
|Калъа'''да'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''mi'''</small>
| Мешерши<br><small>Meşerşi</small>
|Жате'''ми'''<br><small>Jate'''mi</small>
| Мейшне<br><small>Meyşne</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''mi'''</small>
| Найш<br><small>Nayş</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''mi'''</small>
| Мейшеми<br><small>Meyşemi</small>
| Мейшемӗш<br><small>Meyşemëş</small>
| Мейшдже<br><small>Meyşce</small>
| Мейшеж<br><small>Meyşeӡ</small>
| Мейшек<br><small>Meyşek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Subessive case|Subessive]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| You <small>(plr.)</small>
|Куч'''емөш'''<br><small>Kuç'''emöş</small>
| Second
|Куч'''ел'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''möş'''</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Шеԙ'''<br><small>'''Şeye'''</small>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''möş'''</small>
| Шейи<br><small>Şeyi</small>
|Калъа'''мөш'''<br><small>Кaľa'''möş</small>
| Шйити<br><small>Şyiti</small>
|Калъа'''л'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''möş'''</small>
| Шйитих<br><small>Şyitih</small>
|Калъа'''да'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''möş'''</small>
| Шершиг<br><small>Şerşig</small>
|Жате'''мөш'''<br><small>Jate'''möş</small>
| Шерши<br><small>Şerşi</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''möş'''</small>
| Шейне<br><small>Şeyne</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''möş'''</small>
| Шай<br><small>Şay</small>
| Шеԙми<br><small>Şeyemi</small>
| Шеԙмӗш<br><small>Şeyemëş</small>
| Шейдже<br><small>Şeyce</small>
| Шеԙж<br><small>Şeyeӡ</small>
| Шеԙк<br><small>Şeyek</small>
| Шеԙ!<br><small>Şeye!</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Illative case|Illative]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| They, them
|Куч'''едже'''<br><small>Kuç'''ece</small>
| Third
|Куч'''ел'''·'''дже'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ce'''</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Але'''<br><small>'''Ale'''</small>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''дже'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''ce'''</small>
| Али<br><small>Ali</small>
|Калъа'''джа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ca</small>
| Алти<br><small>Alti</small>
|Калъа'''л'''·'''джа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ca'''</small>
| Алмӑх<br><small>Almäh</small>
|Калъа'''да'''·'''джа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''ca'''</small>
| Алершег<br><small>Alerşeg</small>
|Жате'''дже'''<br><small>Jate'''</small>
| Алерше<br><small>Alerşe</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''дже'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ce'''</small>
| Алени<br><small>Aleni</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''дже'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''ce'''</small>
| Алай<br><small>Alay</small>
| Алеми<br><small>Alemi</small>
| Алемӗш<br><small>Alemëş</small>
| Алдже<br><small>Alce</small>
| Алеж<br><small>Aleӡ</small>
| Алек<br><small>Alek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Elative case|Elative]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Ourselves<br>(exclusive)
|Куч'''еж'''<br><small>Kuç'''ej</small>
| First
|Куч'''ел'''·'''еж'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ej'''</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Меԙлӑ'''<br><small>'''Meyelä'''</small>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''ж'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''j'''</small>
| Мейлӑи<br><small>Meyläi</small>
|Калъа'''ж'''<br><small>Кaľa'''j</small>
| Млӑити<br><small>Mläiti</small>
|Калъа'''л'''·'''аж'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''aj'''</small>
| Меԙх<br><small>Meyeh</small>
|Калъа'''да'''·'''ж'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''j'''</small>
| Мелӑршӑг<br><small>Melärşäg</small>
|Жате'''ж'''<br><small>Jate'''j</small>
| Мелӑрши<br><small>Melärşi</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''еж'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''j'''</small>
| Мейлӑне<br><small>Meyläne</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''ж'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''j'''</small>
| Найлӑ<br><small>Naylä</small>
| Мейлӑеми<br><small>Meyläemi</small>
| Мейлӑемӗш<br><small>Meyläemëş</small>
| Мейлӑдже<br><small>Meyläce</small>
| Мейлӑлеж<br><small>Meyläleӡ</small>
| Мейлӑек<br><small>Meyläek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Benefactive case|Benefactive]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Ourselves<br>(inclusive)
|Куч'''ек'''<br><small>Kuç'''ek</small>
| First
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ек'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ek'''</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Мейшелӑ'''<br><small>'''Meyşelä'''</small>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''к'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''k'''</small>
| Мейшлӑи<br><small>Meyşläi</small>
|Калъа'''к'''<br><small>Кaľa'''k</small>
| Мшӑлӑити<br><small>Mşäläiti</small>
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ак'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ak'''</small>
| Мейшех<br><small>Meyşeh</small>
|Калъа'''да'''·'''к'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''k'''</small>
| Мешлӑершег<br><small>Meşläerşeg</small>
|Жате'''к'''<br><small>Jate'''k</small>
| Мешлӑерши<br><small>Meşläerşi</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ек'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''k'''</small>
| Мейшлӑне<br><small>Meyşläne</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''к'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''k'''</small>
| Найшлӑ<br><small>Nayşlä</small>
| Мейшлӑеми<br><small>Meyşläemi</small>
| Мейшлӑемӗш<br><small>Meyşläemëş</small>
| Мейшлӑдже<br><small>Meyşläce</small>
| Мейшлӑлеж<br><small>Meyşläleӡ</small>
| Мейшлӑек<br><small>Meyşläek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Yourselves
|Куч'''е!'''<br><small>Kuç'''e!</small>
| Second
|Куч'''ел!'''<br><small>Kuç'''el!</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Шеԙлӑ'''<br><small>'''Şeyelä'''</small>
|Куч'''еде!'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede!</small>
| Шейлӑи<br><small>Şeyläi</small>
|Калъ'''о!'''<br><small>Каľa'''o!</small>
| Шлӑити<br><small>Şläiti</small>
|Калъа'''л!'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l!</small>
| Шейлех<br><small>Şeyleh</small>
|Калъа'''да!'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da!</small>
| Шелӑршӑх<br><small>Şelärşäh</small>
|Жат'''е!'''<br><small>Jat'''e!</small>
| Шелӑрши<br><small>Şelärşi</small>
|Жате'''л!'''<br><small>Jate'''l!</small>
| Шейлӑне<br><small>Şeyläne</small>
|Жате'''де!'''<br><small>Jate'''de!</small>
| Шайлӑ<br><small>Şaylä</small>
| Шейлӑеми<br><small>Şeyläemi</small>
| Шейлӑемӗш<br><small>Şeyläemëş</small>
| Шейлӑдже<br><small>Şeyläce</small>
| Шейлӑлеж<br><small>Şeyläleӡ</small>
| Шейлӑек<br><small>Şeyläek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="10" |
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| Themselves
| Thirds
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Алелӑ'''<br><small>'''Alelä'''</small>
| Аллӑи<br><small>Alläi</small>
| Аллӑити<br><small>Alläiti</small>
| Аллӑх<br><small>Alläh</small>
| Алелӑршӑh<br><small>Alelärşäh</small>
| Алелӑрше<br><small>Alelärşe</small>
| Алелӑни<br><small>Aleläni</small>
| Алалӑй<br><small>Alaläy</small>
| Алелӑми<br><small>Alelämi</small>
| Алелӑмӗш<br><small>Alelämëş</small>
| Аллӑдже<br><small>Alläce</small>
| Аллӑлеж<br><small>Alläleӡ</small>
| Аллӑек<br><small>Alläek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjective]]
|}
|Куч'''ев'''<br><small>Kuç'''ev'''</small>
 
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ев'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ev'''</small>
=Nouns=
|Куч'''еде'''·'''в'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''v'''</small>
==Vowel harmony==
|Калъа'''в'''<br><small>Кaľa'''v'''</small>
Words with the last vowel being part of the 'thin' vowels (⟨a⟩ ⟨ӑ/ä⟩ {{color|#808080|⟨ы/ÿ⟩}} ⟨я/ya⟩) get the vowel '''-a-'''
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ав'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''av'''</small>
Words with the last vowel being part of the 'medial' vowels (⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ԙ/ye⟩) get the vowel '''-e-'''
|Калъа'''да'''·'''в'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''v'''</small>
Words with the last vowel being part of the 'thick' vowels (⟨o⟩ ⟨ӗ/ë⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ю/yu⟩) get the vowel '''-у-'''
|Жате'''в'''<br><small>Jate'''v'''</small>
 
|Жате'''л'''·'''ев'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ev'''</small>
==Grammatical Number==
|Жате'''де'''·'''в'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''v'''</small>
Lozhai has 3 grammatical numbers:
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number#Singular_versus_plural Singular]: used for when there is exaclty 1 of the object
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural Plural]: used for 2 or more of the object
 
==Defenite article==
Lozhai has two types of definite articles (singular and plural) and no indefinite.
Both definite articles are prefixes:
Definite singular: ан’- / an’-
Definite plural: x̆е’- / hhe’-
 
==Grammatical Cases==
Lozhai has 16 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case grammatical cases].
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative]: Subject
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative]: Interract with the ''Subject'' <small>(hear, hit, harm...)</small>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Genitive]: Possesed by the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dative]: to the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitative_case Comitative]: With ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_case Comparative]: As ''Subject'' (Cold as ice)
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessive_case Inessive]: In/Inside the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adessive_case Adessive]: Neer by the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superessive_case Superessive]: On top of the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subessive_case Subessive]: Under the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illative_case Illative]: Moving into the ''Subject'' or an action towards it
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case Elative]: Moving out of / from the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefactive_case Benefactial]: for the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Vocative]: calling the ''Subject''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective Adjective]: turns ''subject'' into adjective
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_case Adverbial]: turns ''subject'' into adverb
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-family:Calibri;"
!rowspan="2"|Case
!rowspan="2"; colspan="2"|Suffix
!rowspan="2"; colspan="2"|Quastion<br>words
!colspan="2"| Example
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverb]]
!Thick Harmony
|Куч'''ех'''<br><small>Kuç'''eh'''</small>
!Thin Harmony
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ех'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''eh'''</small>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''х'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''h'''</small>
|Калъа'''х'''<br><small>Кaľa'''h'''</small>
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ах'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ah'''</small>
|Калъа'''да'''·'''х'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''h'''</small>
|Жате'''х'''<br><small>Jate'''h'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ех'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''eh'''</small>
|Жате'''де'''·'''х'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''h'''</small>
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="10" |'''Definite
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative]
| -
| -(v)л<br>-(v)l
| кьем, тьем<br>kyem, tyem<br>(who, what)
| кьел, тьел<br>kyel, tyel<br>(who, what - plr)
| Тафa<br>Tafa<br>(Bow; subject)
| Куч<br>Kuç<br>(Dog; subject)
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative]
|Куч’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç’'''ÿ</small>
| -(v)ч<br>-(v)ç
|Куч'''ел'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)л(v)ч<br>-(v)l(v)ç
|Куч'''еде'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьемeч, тьемeч<br>kyemeç, tyemeç<br>(who/m, what)
|Калъа'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''’'''ga'''</small>
| кьелeч, тьелeч<br>kyeleç, tyeleç<br>(who/m, what - plr)
|Калъа'''л'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Тафач<br>Tafaç<br>(Bow; Object)
|Калъа'''да'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучуч<br>Kuçuç<br>(Dog; Object)
|Жате'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''де'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de '''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Genitive]
|Куч’'''ө'''<br><small>Kuç’'''ö</small>
| -(v)н<br>-(v)л(v)н
|Куч'''еле'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ele'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)n<br>-(v)l(v)n
|Куч'''еди'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''eli'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьен, тьен<br>kyen, tyen<br>(whose, what's)
|Калъа'''та'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ta</small>
| кьелен, тьелен<br>kyelen, tyelen<br>(whose, whay's - plr)
|Калъа'''ла'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''la'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Тафан<br>Tafan<br>(a bow's)
|Калъа'''дя'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''dya'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучен<br>Kuçen<br>(a dog's)
|Жате'''’'''т'''<br><small>Jate'''’'''t</small>
|Жате'''ле'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''le'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''ди'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''di'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dative]
|Куч'''ети'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''eti'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v)ти<br>-(v)ti
|Куч'''елти'''’'''ехъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''elti'''’'''ehhe'''</small>
| -(v)лти<br>-(v)lti
|Куч'''едети'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''edeti'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьемти, тьемти<br>kyemti, tyemti<br>(to whom, to what)
|Калъа'''ти'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ti'''·'''ga'''</small>
| кьелти, тьелти<br>kyelti, tyelti<br>(to whom, to what - plr)
|Kалъа'''лати'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''lati'''’'''ahha'''</small>
| Тафaти<br>Tafati<br>(to a bow)
|Калъа'''дати'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''dati'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучти<br>Kuçti<br>(to a dog)
|Жате'''ти'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''ti'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''лети'''’'''ехъе'''<br><small>Jate'''leti'''’'''ehhe'''</small>
|Жате'''дети'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''deti'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitative_case Comitative]
|Куч'''ес'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''es'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v<sub>2</sub>)м(v)х<br>-(v<sub>2</sub>)m(v)h
|Куч'''елъ'''’'''ехъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''eľ'''’'''ehhe'''</small>
| -(v)лм(v)<br>-(v)lm(v)h
|Куч'''езде'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ezde'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьемех, тьемех<br>kyemeh, tyemeh<br>(with whom, with what)
|Калъа'''с'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''s'''·'''ga'''</small>
| кьелмех, тьелмех<br>kyelmeh, tyelmeh<br>(with whom, with what - plr)
|Kалъа'''лъ'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ľ'''’'''ahha'''</small>
| Тафaти<br>Tafati<br>(to a bow)
|Калъа'''зда'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''zda'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучти<br>Kuçti<br>(to a dog)
|Жате'''с'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''s'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''лъ'''’'''ехъе'''<br><small>Jate'''ľ'''’'''ehhe'''</small>
|Жате'''зде'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''zde'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Inessive case|Inessive]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_case Comparative]
|Куч'''ен'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''en'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v)г<br>-(v)g
|Куч'''ел'''·'''не'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ne'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)г(v)л<br>-(v)g(v)l
|Куч'''еде'''·'''не'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''ne'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьемег, тьемег<br>kyemeg, tyemeg<br>(than whom, than what)
|Калъа'''на'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''na'''’'''ga'''</small>
| кьелмег, тьелмег<br>kyelmeg, tyelmeg<br>(than whom, than what - plr)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''на'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''nа'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Тафaти<br>Tafati<br>(to a bow)
|Kалъа'''да'''·'''на'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''nа'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучти<br>Kuçti<br>(to a dog)
|Жате'''не'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''ne'''’'''g'''</small>’
|Жате'''л'''·'''не'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ne'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''де'''·'''не'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''ne'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Adessive case|Adessive]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessive_case Inessive]
|Куч'''ей'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''ey'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -д(v)<br>-d(v)
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ԙ'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ye'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -д(v)л<br>-d(v)l
|Куч'''еде'''·'''й'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''y'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"|кьеде, кьедел, тьеде<br>kyede, kyedel, tyede<br>(''on'' who(sin/plr), where)
|Калъа'''я'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ya'''’'''ga'''</small>
| Тафащ<br>Tafaşt<br>(in/inside a bow)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''я'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ya'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучещ<br>Kuçeşt<br>(in/inside a dog)
|Калъа'''д'''·'''aя'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''ya''''''hha'''</small>
|Жате'''ԙ'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''ye'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ԙ'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ye'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''й'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''y'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Superessive case|Superessive]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adessive_case Adessive]
|Куч'''еми'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''emi'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v)щ<br>-(v)şt
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ми'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''emi'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)щ(v)л<br>-(v)şt(v)l
|Куч'''еде'''·'''ми'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''mi'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьей, тьей<br>kyey, tyey<br>(next to who,/what)
|Калъа'''ми'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''mi'''’'''ga'''</small>
| кьей, тьей<br>kyey, tyey<br>(next to who,/what - plr)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ми'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''mi'''’'''ahha'''</small>
| Тафай<br>Tafay<br>(neer a bow)
|Калъа'''да'''·'''ми'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''mi'''’'''ahha'''</small>
| Кучей<br>Kuçey<br>(neer a dog)
|Жате'''ми'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''mi'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ми'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''mi'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''ми'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''mi'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Subessive case|Subessive]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superessive_case Superessive]
|Куч'''емөш'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''emöş'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v<sub>2</sub>)ми<br>-(v<sub>2</sub>)mi
|Куч'''ел'''·'''мөш'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''emöş'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)лми<br>-(v)lmi
|Куч'''еде'''·'''мөш'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''möş'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьеми, тьеми<br>kyemi, tyemi<br>(on top of who,/what)
|Калъа'''мөш'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''möş'''’'''ga'''</small>
| кьеми, тьеми<br>kyemi, tyemi<br>(on top of who,/what -plr)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''мөш'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''möş'''’'''ahha'''</small>
| Тафaми<br>Tafami<br>(on top of/above a bow)
|Калъа'''да'''·'''мөш'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''möş'''’'''ahha'''</small>
| Кучми<br>Kuçmi<br>(on top of/above a dog)
|Жате'''мөш'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''möş'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''мөш'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''möş'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''мөш'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''möş'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Illative case|Illative]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subessive_case Subessive]
|Куч'''едже'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''ece'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v<sub>2</sub>)мӗ<br>-(v<sub>2</sub>)më
|Куч'''ел'''·'''дже'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ce'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)лмӗ<br>-(v)lmë
|Куч'''еде'''·'''дже'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''ce'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьемӗ, тьемӗ<br>kyemë, tyemë<br>(under who,/what)
|Калъа'''джа'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ca'''’'''ga'''</small>
| кьемӗ, тьемӗ<br>kyemë, tyemë<br>(under who,/what -plr)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''джа'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ca'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Тафaмӗ<br>Tafamë<br>(under a bow)
|Калъа'''д'''·'''аджа'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''ca'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучмӗ<br>Kuçmë<br>(under a dog)
|Жате'''дже'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''ce'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''дже'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ce'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''дже'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''ce'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Elative case|Elative]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illative_case Illative]
|Куч'''еж'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''ej'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v)ж<br>-(v)ӡ
|Куч'''ел'''·'''еж'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ej'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)ж(v)л<br>-(v)ӡ(v)l
|Куч'''еде'''·'''ж'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''j'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьеж, тьеж<br>kyeӡ, tyeӡ<br>(towards who,/what)
|Калъа'''ж'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''j'''’'''ga'''</small>
| кьележ, тьележ<br>kyeleӡ, tyeleӡ<br>(towards who, what - plr)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''аж'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''aj'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Тафаж<br>Tafaӡ<br>(towards/going into a bow)
|Калъа'''да'''·'''ж'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''j'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучеж<br>Kuçeӡ<br>(towards/going into a dog)
|Жате'''ж'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''j'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''еж'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ej'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''ж'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''j'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Benefactive case|Benefactive]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case Elative]
|Куч'''ек'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''ek'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v)ш(v)<br>-(v)ş(v)
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ек'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ek'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)ш(v)л<br>-(v)ş(v)l
|Куч'''еде'''·'''к'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''k'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| кьеджe, тьеджe<br>kyece, tyece<br>(out of/away from who,/what)
|Калъа'''к'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''k'''’'''ga'''</small>
| кьелджe, тьелджe<br>kyelce, tyelce<br>(out of/away from who,/what - plr)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ак'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ak'''’'''ahha'''</small>
| Тафаджа<br>Tafaca<br>(away from/going out of a bow)
|Калъа'''да'''·'''к'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''k'''’'''ahha'''</small>
| Кучедже<br>Kuçece<br>(away from/going out of a dog)
|Жате'''к'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''k'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ек'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ek'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''дe'''·'''к'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''k'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefactive_case Benefactial]
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| -(v)к<br>-(v)k
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| -(v)к(v)л<br>-(v)k(v)l
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| кьем, тьем<br>kyem, tyem<br>(for who,/what)
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| кьел, тьел<br>kyel, tyel<br>(for who,/what - plr)
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Тафак<br>Tafak<br>(for a bow)
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Кучек<br>Kuçek<br>(for a dog)
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="10" |
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Vocative]
| -(c)e
| -(any voweol)/o<br>-(и/i)/е
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" colspan="2"|  
| Тафo<br>Tafo<br>(calling a bow)
| Куче<br>Kuçe<br>(calling a dog)
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjective]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective Adjective]
|Куч'''в'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''v'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v)в<br>-(v)v
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ев'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ev'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)в(v)л<br>-(v)v(v)l
|Куч'''еде'''·'''в'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''v'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" colspan="2"|
|Калъа'''в'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''v'''’'''ga'''</small>
| Тафaв<br>Tafav<br>(bow; adjective)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ав'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''av'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучeв<br>Kuçev<br>(dog; adjective)
|Калъа'''да'''·'''в'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''v'''’'''hha'''</small>
|Жате'''в'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''v'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ев'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ev'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''де'''·'''в'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''v'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverb]]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_case Adverbial]
|Куч'''х'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''h'''’'''ÿ'''</small>
| -(v)т(v)й<br>-(v)t(v)y<br>
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ех'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''eh'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| -(v)т(v)йл<br>-(v)t(v)yl<br>
|Куч'''еде'''·'''х'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''h'''’'''hhe'''</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" colspan="2"|  
|Калъа'''х'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''h'''’'''ga'''</small>
| Тафaд<br>Tafad<br>(bow; adverb)
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ах'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ah'''’'''hha'''</small>
| Кучeд<br>Kuçed<br>(dog; adverb)
|Калъа'''да'''·'''х'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''h'''’'''hha'''</small>
|Жате'''х'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''h'''’'''g'''</small>
|Жате'''л'''·'''ех'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''eh'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|Жате'''де'''·'''х'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''h'''’'''hhe'''</small>
|-
|-
|}
|}


(V) - vowel depending on the vowel harmony<br>
(V<sub>2</sub>) - Vowel only after nasal sounds


Qazhshavan uses {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} forms of [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]:
<br>
Lozhai uses {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} forms of [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]:


* '''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word- ''happy'' - {{color|#1034A6|''шасив / şasiv''}}
* '''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word- ''happy'' - {{color|#1034A6|''шасив / şasiv''}}
* '''Negative''' - Negation of the word - '''''un'''happy'' -  {{color|#1034A6|'''''нө'''шасив'' / ''''''''şasiv''}}
* '''Negative''' - Negation of the word - '''''un'''happy'' -  {{color|#1034A6|'''''нӗ'''шасив'' / ''''''''şasiv''}}
* '''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something - ''happ'''ier''''' -  {{color|#1034A6|'''''ю-'''шасив'' / '''''yu-'''şasiv''}}
* '''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something - ''happ'''ier''''' -  {{color|#1034A6|'''''ю-'''шасив'' / '''''yu-'''şasiv''}}
* '''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group - ''happ'''iest''''' -  {{color|#1034A6|'''''я-'''шасив'' / '''''ya-'''şasiv''}}
* '''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group - ''happ'''iest''''' -  {{color|#1034A6|'''''я-'''шасив'' / '''''ya-'''şasiv''}}
* '''Augmentative''' - Form showing absolute position without a relative - '''''ultimately''' happy'' - {{color|#1034A6|'''''я-я-'''шасив'' / '''''ya-ya-'''şasiv''}}
* '''Augmentative''' - Form showing absolute position without a relative - '''''ultimately''' happy'' - {{color|#1034A6|'''''я-я-'''шасив'' / '''''ya-ya-'''şasiv''}}


==Possesive suffixes==
===Possesive suffixes===
Qazhshavan has a number of Possessive suffixes that show to whom an object belongs too, though one can use the [[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive]] form of a pronoun instead, and by doing so bringing more emphesis on the owner.
Lozhai has a number of Possessive suffixes that show to whom an object belongs too, though one can use the [[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive]] form of a pronoun instead, and by doing so bringing more emphesis on the owner.
 
The Possesive suffixes can be pared with the other grammatical cases, while doing so, the case suffix comes after the possessive suffix.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family:Calibri;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"; colspan="2" | Person & number
! rowspan="3"; colspan="2" | Person & number
Line 1,021: Line 1,052:
| '''Пал/Pal''' - oven
| '''Пал/Pal''' - oven
| '''Енеш/Eneş''' - Shirt
| '''Енеш/Eneş''' - Shirt
| '''Корт/Kort''' - Comb
| '''X̆оx̆/Hhohh''' - throat
|-
|-
!-ꙑ/ÿ- harmony
! Thin harmony
!-и/i- harmony
! Medial harmony
!-у/u- harmony
! Thick harmony
|-
|-
! 1st
! 1st
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! rowspan="5" | Singular
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)м/m
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)м/m
| Пал'''ꙑм'''<br><small>Pal'''ÿm'''</small>
| Пал'''ӑм'''<br><small>Pal'''äm'''</small>
| Енеш'''им'''<br><small>Eneş'''im'''</small>
| Енеш'''им'''<br><small>Eneş'''im'''</small>
| Корт'''ум'''<br><small>Kort'''um'''</small>
| X̆оx̆'''ум'''<br><small>Hhohh'''um'''</small>
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)ш/ş
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)ш/ş
| Пал'''ꙑш'''<br><small>Pal'''ÿş'''</small>
| Пал'''ӑш'''<br><small>Pal'''äş'''</small>
| Енеш'''иш'''<br><small>Eneş'''iş'''</small>
| Енеш'''иш'''<br><small>Eneş'''iş'''</small>
| Корт'''уш'''<br><small>Kort'''uş'''</small>
| X̆оx̆'''уш'''<br><small>Hhohh'''uş'''</small>
|-
|-
! 3d M
! 3d M
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)йо/yo
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)йо/yo
| Пал'''ꙑйо'''<br><small>Pal'''ÿyo'''</small>
| Пал'''ӑйо'''<br><small>Pal'''äyo'''</small>
| Енеш'''ийо'''<br><small>Eneş'''iyo'''</small>
| Енеш'''ийо'''<br><small>Eneş'''iyo'''</small>
| Корт'''уйо'''<br><small>Kort'''uyo'''</small>
| X̆оx̆'''уйо'''<br><small>Hhohh'''uyo'''</small>
|-
|-
! 3d F
! 3d F
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)йо/yo
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)йо/yo
| Пал'''ꙑйa'''<br><small>Pal'''ÿya'''</small>
| Пал'''ӑя'''<br><small>Pal'''äya'''</small>
| Енеш'''ийa'''<br><small>Eneş'''iya'''</small>
| Енеш'''ия'''<br><small>Eneş'''iya'''</small>
| Корт'''уйa'''<br><small>Kort'''uya'''</small>
| X̆оx̆'''уя'''<br><small>Hhohh'''uya'''</small>
|-
|-
! 3d N
! 3d N
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)йо/yo
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)йо/yo
| Пал'''ꙑйо'''<br><small>Pal'''ÿyo'''</small>
| Пал'''ӑйо'''<br><small>Pal'''äyo'''</small>
| Енеш'''ийо'''<br><small>Eneş'''iyo'''</small>
| Енеш'''ийо'''<br><small>Eneş'''iyo'''</small>
| Корт'''уйо'''<br><small>Kort'''uyo'''</small>
| X̆оx̆'''уйо'''<br><small>Hhohh'''uyo'''</small>
|-
|-
! 1st
! 1st
! rowspan="3" | Plural
! rowspan="3" | Plural
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)меԙ/meye
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)меԙ/meye
| Пал'''ꙑмеръ'''<br><small>Pal'''ÿmer̈'''</small>
| Пал'''ӑмар'''<br><small>Pal'''ämar'''</small>
| Енеш'''имеръ'''<br><small>Eneş'''imer̈'''</small>
| Енеш'''имер'''<br><small>Eneş'''imer'''</small>
| Корт'''умеръ'''<br><small>Kort'''umer̈'''</small>
| X̆оx̆'''умер'''<br><small>Hhohh'''umer'''</small>
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)шеԙ/şeye
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)шеԙ/şeye
| Пал'''ꙑшеръ'''<br><small>Pal'''ÿşer̈'''</small>
| Пал'''ӑшар'''<br><small>Pal'''äşar'''</small>
| Енеш'''ишеръ'''<br><small>Eneş'''işer̈'''</small>
| Енеш'''ишер'''<br><small>Eneş'''işer'''</small>
| Корт'''ушеръ'''<br><small>Kort'''uşer̈'''</small>
| X̆оx̆'''ушер'''<br><small>Hhohh'''şer'''</small>
|-
|-
! 3d
! 3d
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)ле/le
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 | -(v)ле/le
| Пал'''ꙑлеръ'''<br><small>Pal'''ÿler̈'''</small>
| Пал'''ӑлар'''<br><small>Pal'''älar'''</small>
| Енеш'''илеръ'''<br><small>Eneş'''iler̈'''</small>
| Енеш'''илер'''<br><small>Eneş'''iler'''</small>
| Корт'''улеръ'''<br><small>Kort'''uler̈'''</small>
| X̆оx̆'''улер'''<br><small>Hhohh'''uler'''</small>
|-
|-
|}
|}


=Verbs=
=Verbs=
==Tense-Aspect-Mood==
==Tense-Aspect-Mood==
Qazhshavan has 4 tenses and each has 2 aspects, and 2 moods:
Lozhai has 4 tenses and each has 2 aspects, and 2 moods:


{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center;""
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center; font-family:Calibri;"
!rowspan="2"|Mood
!rowspan="2"|Mood
!rowspan="2"|Person
!rowspan="2"|Person
!rowspan="2"|Number
!rowspan="2"|Number
!colspan="2"|Past
!colspan="2"|Past
!colspan="2"|Present
!colspan="3"|Present
!colspan="2"|Future
!colspan="2"|Future
!colspan="2"|Future<br>in the<br>past
!colspan="2"|Future<br>in the<br>past
Line 1,097: Line 1,127:
!Simple
!Simple
!|{{H:title|though the words are the same, Continous exists through context|Continious}}
!|{{H:title|though the words are the same, Continous exists through context|Continious}}
!Perfect
!Simple
!Simple
!Perfect
!Perfect
Line 1,102: Line 1,133:
!Perfect
!Perfect
|-
|-
!rowspan="13"|Indicative
!rowspan="9"|Indicative
!rowspan="5"|1st
!rowspan="3"|1st
!Singular
!Singular
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''м'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''m'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑм'''<br><small>Tai''''''·'''m'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''м’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''m’an'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑм’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai''''''·'''m’an̈'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''м'''<br><small>Tai'''m'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''м'''<br><small>Tai'''m'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''м'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''m'''</small>
| Таи'''м’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''m’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''м’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''m’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}м'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}m'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''м'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''m'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}м’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}m’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''м’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''m’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑм'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäm'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑм’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäm’an̈'''</small>
|-
|-
!Paucal<br>exclusive
!Plural<br>exclusive
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''ме'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''me'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑме'''<br><small>Tai'''däme'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''ме’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''me’an'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑме’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''däme’en̈'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''ме'''<br><small>Tai'''me'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''ме'''<br><small>Tai'''me'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''ме'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''me'''</small>
| Таи'''ме’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''me’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''ме’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''me’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}ме'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}me'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''ме'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''me'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}ме’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}me’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''ме’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''me’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑме'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäme'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑме’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäme’en̈'''</small>
|-
|-
!Paucal<br>inclusive
!Plural<br>inclusive
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''мше'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''mşe'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑмше'''<br><small>Tai'''dämşe'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''мше’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''mşe’an'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑмше’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''dämşe’en̈'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''мше'''<br><small>Tai'''mşe'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''мше'''<br><small>Tai'''mşe'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''мше'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''mşe'''</small>
| Таи'''мше’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''mşe’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''мше’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''mşe’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}мше'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}mşe'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''мше'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''mşe'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}мше’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}mşe’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''мше’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''mşe’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑмше'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şämşe'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑмше’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şämşe’en̈'''</small>
|-
|-
!Plural<br>exclusive
!colspan="11"|
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''мде'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''mde'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''мде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''mde’an'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''мде'''<br><small>Tai'''mde'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''мде'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''mde'''</small>'''·'''
| Таи'''ече'''·'''мде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''mde’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''мде'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''mde'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''мде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''mde’an'''</small>
|-
|-
!Plural<br>inclusive
!rowspan="2"|2nd
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''мшеде'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿm'''·'''şede'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''мшеде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''mşede’an'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''мшеде'''<br><small>Tai'''mşede'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''мшеде'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''mşede'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''мшеде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''mşede’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''мшеде'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''mşede'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''мшеде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''mşede’an'''</small>
|-
!colspan="10"|
|-
!rowspan="3"|2nd
!Singular
!Singular
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''ш'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''ş'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑш'''<br><small>Tai'''däş'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''ш’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''ş’an'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑш’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''däş’an̈'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''ш'''<br><small>Tai'''ş'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''ш'''<br><small>Tai'''ş'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''ш'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''ş'''</small>
| Таи'''ш’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ş’an̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''ш’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''ş’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}ш'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}ş'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''ш'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''ş'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}ш’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}ş’an̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''ш’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''ş’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑш'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäş'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑш’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäş’an̈'''</small>
|-
|-
!Paucal
!Plural
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''ше'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''şe'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑше'''<br><small>Tai'''däşe'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''ше’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''şe’an'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑше’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''däşe’en̈'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''ше'''<br><small>Tai'''şe'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''ше'''<br><small>Tai'''şe'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''ше'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''şe'''</small>
| Таи'''ше’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''şe’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''ше’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''şe’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}ше'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şe'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''ше'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''şe'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}ше’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şe’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''ше’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''şe’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑше'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäşe'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑше’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäşe’en̈'''</small>
|-
|-
!Plural
!colspan="11"|
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''шде'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''şde'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''шде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''şde’an'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''шде'''<br><small>Tai'''şde'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''шде'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''şde'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''шде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''şde’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑшде'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿşde'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''шде’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿş'''·'''de’an'''</small>
|-
!colspan="10"|
|-
|-
!rowspan="3"|3d
!rowspan="2"|3d
!Singular
!Singular
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''й'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''y'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑй'''<br><small>Tai'''däy'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''й’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''y’an'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑй’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''däy’an̈'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''йи'''<br><small>Tai'''yi'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''йи'''<br><small>Tai'''yi'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''й'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''y'''</small>
| Таи'''йи’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''yi’an̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''й’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''y’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}й'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}y'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''й'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''y'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}й’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}y’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''й’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''y’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑй'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäy'''</small>
|-
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑй’аҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäy’an̈'''</small>
!Paucal
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''ԙ'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''ye'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''ԙ’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''ye’an'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''ԙ'''<br><small>Tai'''ye'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''ԙ'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''ye'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''ԙ’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''ye’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''ԙ'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''ye'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''ԙ’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''ye’an'''</small>
|-
|-
!Plural
!Plural
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''дԙ'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''dye'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑ{{color|#373778|ԙ}}'''<br><small>Tai'''däye'''</small>
| Таи'''едꙑ'''·'''дԙ’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''adÿ'''·'''dye’an'''</small>
| Таи'''дӑ{{color|#373778|ԙ}}’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''däye’en̈'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''дԙ'''<br><small>Tai'''dye'''</small>
| colspan="2"| Таи'''{{color|#373778|ԙ}}'''<br><small>Tai'''y'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''дԙ'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''dye'''</small>
| Таи'''{{color|#373778|ԙ}}’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ye’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ече'''·'''дԙ’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçe'''·'''dye’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}{{color|#373778|ԙ}}'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}ye'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''дԙ'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''dye'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}{{color|#373778|ԙ}}’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}ye’en̈'''</small>
| Таи'''ечешꙑ'''·'''дԙ’ан'''<br><small>Tai'''eçeşÿ'''·'''dye’an'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑ{{color|#373778|ԙ}}'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäye'''</small>
| Таи'''ч{{color|#373778|e}}шӑ{{color|#373778|ԙ}}’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''ç{{color|#373778|e}}şäye’en̈'''</small>
|-
|-
!colspan="11"|
!colspan="12"|
|-
|-
!rowspan="3"|Imperative
!rowspan="3"|Imperative
Line 1,215: Line 1,217:
!colspan="1"|Singular
!colspan="1"|Singular
|colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; background:#E6E6E6;"|  
|colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; background:#E6E6E6;"|  
|colspan="2"| Таи'''едзе'''<br><small>Tai'''edze'''</small>
|colspan="2"| Таи'''дз{{color|#373778|e}}'''<br><small>Tai'''dz{{color|#373778|e}}'''</small>
|colspan="2"| Таи'''едзете'''<br><small>Tai'''edzete'''</small>
| Таи'''дз{{color|#373778|e}}’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''dz{{color|#373778|e}}’en̈'''</small>
|colspan="2"| Таи'''дз{{color|#373778|e}}т{{color|#373778|e}}'''<br><small>Tai'''dz{{color|#373778|e}}t{{color|#373778|e}}'''</small>
|colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; background:#E6E6E6;"|  
|colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; background:#E6E6E6;"|  
|-
|-
!colspan="1"|Paucal
!colspan="1"|Plural
|colspan="2"| Таи'''едзел'''<br><small>Tai'''edzel'''</small>
|colspan="2"| Таи'''дз{{color|#373778|e}}л'''<br><small>Tai'''dz{{color|#373778|e}}l'''</small>
|colspan="2"| Таи'''едзелте'''<br><small>Tai'''edzelte'''</small>
| Таи'''дз{{color|#373778|e}}л’eҥ'''<br><small>Tai'''dz{{color|#373778|e}}l’en̈'''</small>
|colspan="2"| Таи'''дз{{color|#373778|e}}лт{{color|#373778|e}}'''<br><small>Tai'''dz{{color|#373778|e}}lt{{color|#373778|e}}'''</small>
|-
!colspan="12"|
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|-Self
!Singular
| colspan="9"| The suffix '''’лa/е/’la/e''' is added at the end, or before the '''’a/eҥ/’a/en̈''', to mark the act is towards the self.
|-
!Plural
| colspan="9"| The suffix '''’лa/ей/’la/ey''' is added at the end, or before the '''’a/eҥ/’a/en̈''', to mark the act is towards the self.
|-
|}
<small>Note: Vowels that follow vowel harmony are highlighted in a dark blue color</small>
Verb form "to -verb-" is marked with the -dа/ed suffix:
"таидед/taided" - "to run" , "таийидед/taiyided" - (they) to run
"дуурдед/duurded" - "to fill" , "дуурйидед/duuryided" - (they) to fill
 
==Pronouns+Be==
Lozhai has the feature of pronounse mixed with the verb "be":
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center; font-family:Calibri;"
!rowspan="2"|Person
!rowspan="2"|Number
!colspan="2"| Past
! rowspan="12"|
!colspan="2"| Present
! rowspan="12"|
!colspan="2"| Future
! rowspan="12"|
!colspan="2"| Future<br>in the past
|-
!+was
!+{{H:title|negative|NEG}}-was
!+be
!+{{H:title|negative|NEG}}-be
!+will-be
!+will-{{H:title|negative|NEG}}-be
!+was-going.to
!+was-{{H:title|negative|NEG}}-going.to
|-
!rowspan="4"|1st
!Singular
| Ямдӑ<br><small>Yamdä</small>
| Нӑямдӑ<br><small>Näyamdä</small>
| Яме<br><small>Yame</small>
| Нӑяме<br><small>Näyame</small>
| Ямече<br><small>Yameçe</small>
| Нӑямече<br><small>Näyameçe</small>
| Ямечешe<br><small>Yameçeşe</small>
| Нӑямечешe<br><small>Näyameçeşe</small>
|-
!Plural<br>exclusive
| Мейдӑ<br><small>Meydä</small>
| Нӑмейдӑ<br><small>Nämeydä</small>
| Меирече<br><small>Meireçe</small>
| Нимеирече<br><small>Nimeireçe</small>
| Меирече<br><small>Meireçe</small>
| Нимеирече<br><small>Nimeireçe</small>ş
| Меиречеше<br><small>Meireçeşe</small>
| Нимеиречеше<br><small>Nimeireçeşe</small>
|-
!Plural<br>inclusive
| Мешдӑ<br><small>Meşdä</small>
| Нӑмешдӑ<br><small>Nämeşdä</small>
| Мешир<br><small>Meşir</small>
| Нимешир<br><small>Nimeşir</small>
| Меширече<br><small>Meşireçe</small>
| Нимеширече<br><small>Nimeşireçe</small>ş
| Меширечеше<br><small>Meşireçeşe</small>
| Нимеширечеше<br><small>Nimeşireçeşe</small>
|-
!colspan="12"|
|-
|-
!colspan="1"|Plural  
!rowspan="3"|2nd<br>
|colspan="2"| Таи'''едзеде'''<br><small>Tai'''edzede'''</small>
!Singular
|colspan="2"| Таи'''едзедете'''<br><small>Tai'''edzedete'''</small>
| Ширдӑ<br><small>Şirdä</small>
| Ниширдӑ<br><small>Nişirdä</small>
| Шир<br><small>Şir</small>
| Нишир<br><small>Nişir</small>
| Ширече<br><small>Şireçe</small>
| Ниширече<br><small>Nişireçe</small>
| Ширечеше<br><small>Şireçeşe</small>
| Ниширечешеbr<br><small>Nişireçeşe</small>
|-
!Plural
| Шеирдӑ<br><small>Şeirdä</small>
| Нишеирдӑ<br><small>Nişeirdä</small>
| Шеир<br><small>Şeir</small>
| Нишеир<br><small>Nişeir</small>
| Шеирече<br><small>Şeireçe</small>ş
| Нишеирече<br><small>Nişeireçe</small>
| Шеиречеше<br><small>Şeireçeşe</small>
| Нишеиречеше<br><small>Nişeireçeşe</small>
|-
!colspan="12"|
|-
!rowspan="4"|3d<br>
!Singular<br>Masculine<br>& Neuter
| Ойирдӑ<br><small>Oyirdä</small>
| Нуйирдӑ<br><small>Nuyirdä</small>
| Ойир<br><small>Oyir</small>
| Нуйир<br><small>Nuyir</small>
| Ойирече<br><small>Oyireçe</small>
| Нуйирече<br><small>Nuyireçe</small>
| Ойиречеше<br><small>Oyireçeşe</small>
| Нуйиречеше<br><small>Nuyireçeşe</small>
|-
!Singular<br>Feminine
| Айирдӑ<br><small>Ayirdä</small>
| Нӑйирдӑ<br><small>Näyirdä</small>
| Айир<br><small>Ayir</small>
| Нӑйир<br><small>Näyir</small>
| Айирече<br><small>Ayireçe</small>
| Нӑйирече<br><small>Näyireçe</small>
| Айиречеше<br><small>Ayireçeşe</small>
| Нӑйиречеше<br><small>Näyireçeşe</small>
|-
!Plural
| Алердӑ<br><small>Alerdä</small>
| Нӑлердӑ<br><small>Nälerdä</small>
| Алер<br><small>Aler</small>
| Нӑлер<br><small>Näler</small>
| Алерече<br><small>Alereçe</small>
| Нӑлерече<br><small>Nälereçe</small>
| Алеречеше<br><small>Alereçeşe</small>
| Нӑлеречеше<br><small>Nälereçeşe</small>
|-
!colspan="12"|
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,232: Line 1,358:
The present and Past tenses get the simpler negation prefix, and the Future tense get the more complex one.
The present and Past tenses get the simpler negation prefix, and the Future tense get the more complex one.


{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center;""
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center; font-family:Calibri;"
!Past & Present
!Past & Present
!Future &<br>Future in the past
!Future &<br>Future in the past
|-
|-
|'''Нө-'''<word><br><small>'''-'''<word></small>
|'''Нӗ-'''<word><br><small>'''-'''<word></small>
|'''Налъ-'''<word><br><small>'''Naľ-'''<word></small>
|'''Нал-'''<word><br><small>'''Nal-'''<word></small>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|
Line 1,243: Line 1,369:
!colspan="2"|Examples
!colspan="2"|Examples
|-
|-
|'''Нө'''таим<br><small>''''''taim</small>
|'''Нӗ'''таим<br><small>''''''taim</small>
|'''Налъ'''таиечем<br><small>'''Naľ'''taieçem</small>
|'''Нал'''таиечем<br><small>'''Nal'''taieçem</small>
|-
|-
|I'm '''not''' running<br>i '''don't''' run
|I'm '''not''' running<br>i '''don't''' run
Line 1,251: Line 1,377:
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|
|-
|-
|'''Нө'''таиедꙑш<br><small>''''''taiadÿş</small>
|'''Нӗ'''таиедӑш<br><small>''''''taiadäş</small>
|'''Налъ'''таиечешꙑш<br><small>'''Naľ'''taieçeşÿş</small>
|'''Нал'''таиечешӑш<br><small>'''Nal'''taieçeşäş</small>
|-
|-
|You did'''n't''' run
|You did'''n't''' run
Line 1,259: Line 1,385:
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|
|-
|-
|'''Нө'''таиедзе<br><small>''''''taiedze</small>
|'''Нӗ'''таиедзе<br><small>''''''taiedze</small>
|'''Налъ'''таиедзете<br><small>'''Naľ'''taiedzete</small>
|'''Нал'''таиедзете<br><small>'''Nal'''taiedzete</small>
|-
|-
|Do'''n't''' run
|Do'''n't''' run
Line 1,267: Line 1,393:
|}
|}
<small>Note: the past/present negation form is also used for adjectives and adverbs.</small>
<small>Note: the past/present negation form is also used for adjectives and adverbs.</small>
=Pronouns=
Qazhshavan has basic pronouns that one would find in [[wikipedia:English Language|Common]], but has 2 forms of "we" (inclusive and exclusive) as well as the 12 cases:
{| class="wikitable"
! Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
! colspan="2"|Person and number
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessive_case Ine.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adessive_case Ade.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superessive_case Supe.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subessive_case Sube.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illative_case Ill.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case Ela.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefactive_case Ben.]
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Voc.]
! style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" rowspan="14" |
! +be
! +not be
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| I, Me
| First
|rowspan="5"|Singular
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ԙм'''<br><small>'''Yem'''</small>
| Ԙми<br><small>Yemi</small>
| Ԙмити<br><small>Yemiti</small>
| Мей<br><small>Mey</small>
| Ԙмне<br><small>Yemne</small>
| Мꙑԙ<br><small>Mÿye</small>
| Ԙмеми<br><small>Yememi</small>
| Ԙмемөш<br><small>Yememöş</small>
| Ԙмдже<br><small>Yemce</small>
| Ԙмеж<br><small>Yemej</small>
| Ԙмек<br><small>Yemek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Яме<br><small>Yame</small>
| Нꙑяме<br><small>Nÿyame</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| You, Your
| Second
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Шин'''<br><small>'''Şin'''</small>
| Шини<br><small>Şini</small>
| Шинити<br><small>Şiniti</small>
| Ший<br><small>Şiy</small>
| Шинне<br><small>Şinne</small>
| Шꙑԙ<br><small>Şÿye</small>
| Шинеми<br><small>Şinemi</small>
| Шинемөш<br><small>Şinemöş</small>
| Шиндже<br><small>Şince</small>
| Шинеж<br><small>Şinej</small>
| Шинек<br><small>Şinek</small>
| Ши'!<br><small>Şi'!</small>
| Шир<br><small>Şir</small>
| Нишир<br><small>Nişir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| He, him
|rowspan="3" |Third
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ой'''<br><small>'''Oy'''</small>
| Ойꙑ<br><small>Oyÿ</small>
| Ойꙑти<br><small>Oyÿti</small>
| Ойин<br><small>Oyin</small>
| Ойни<br><small>Oyni</small>
| Ойо<br><small>Oyo</small>
| Ойеми<br><small>Oyemi</small>
| Ойемөш<br><small>Oyemöş</small>
| Ойдже<br><small>Oyce</small>
| Ойеж<br><small>Oyej</small>
| Ойек<br><small>Oyek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Ойир<br><small>Oyir</small>
| Нуйир<br><small>Nuyir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| She, her
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ай'''<br><small>'''Ay'''</small>
| Айꙑ<br><small>Ayÿ</small>
| Айꙑти<br><small>Ayÿti</small>
| Айин<br><small>Ayin</small>
| Айни<br><small>Ayni</small>
| Ая<br><small>Aya</small>
| Аями<br><small>Ayami</small>
| Аямөш<br><small>Ayamöş</small>
| Айджа<br><small>Ayca</small>
| Аяж<br><small>Ayaj</small>
| Аяк<br><small>Ayak</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Айир<br><small>Ayir</small>
| Нꙑйир<br><small>Nÿrir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| It
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Лꙑ'''<br><small>'''Lÿ'''</small>
| Ойꙑ<br><small>Oyÿ</small>
| Ойꙑти<br><small>Oyÿti</small>
| Ойин<br><small>Oyin</small>
| Ойни<br><small>Oyni</small>
| Ойо<br><small>Oyo</small>
| Ойеми<br><small>Oyemi</small>
| Ойемөш<br><small>Oyemöş</small>
| Ойдже<br><small>Oyce</small>
| Ойеж<br><small>Oyej</small>
| Ойек<br><small>Oyek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Ойир<br><small>Oyir</small>
| Нуйир<br><small>Nuyir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| We, us<br>(Exclusive)
| rowspan="2"| First
|Rowspan="4"|Paucal<br><small>(Formal)</small>
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Меԙ'''<br><small>'''Meye'''</small>
| Мейи<br><small>Meyi</small>
| Мейити<br><small>Meyiti</small>
| Меръи<br><small>Mer̈i</small>
| Мейне<br><small>Meyne</small>
| Най<br><small>Nay</small>
| Меԙми<br><small>Meyemi</small>
| Меԙмөш<br><small>Meyemöş</small>
| Мейдже<br><small>Meyce</small>
| Меԙж<br><small>Meyej</small>
| Меԙк<br><small>Meyek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Меир<br><small>Meir</small>
| Нимеир<br><small>Nimeir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| We, us<br>(Inclusive)
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Мейше'''<br><small>'''Meyşe'''</small>
| Мейши<br><small>Meyşi</small>
| Мейшити<br><small>Meyşiti</small>
| Мешеръи<br><small>Meşer̈i</small>
| Мейшне<br><small>Meyşne</small>
| Найш<br><small>Nayş</small>
| Мейшеми<br><small>Meyşemi</small>
| Мейшемөш<br><small>Meyşemöş</small>
| Мейшдже<br><small>Meyşce</small>
| Мейшеж<br><small>Meyşej</small>
| Мейшек<br><small>Meyşek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Мешир<br><small>Meşir</small>
| Нимешир<br><small>Nimeşir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| You <small>(plr.)</small>
| Second
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Шеԙ'''<br><small>'''Şeye'''</small>
| Шейи<br><small>Şeyi</small>
| Шейити<br><small>Şeyiti</small>
| Шеръи<br><small>Şer̈i</small>
| Шейне<br><small>Şeyne</small>
| Шай<br><small>Şay</small>
| Шеԙми<br><small>Şeyemi</small>
| Шеԙмөш<br><small>Şeyemöş</small>
| Шейдже<br><small>Şeyce</small>
| Шеԙж<br><small>Şeyej</small>
| Шеԙк<br><small>Şeyek</small>
| Шеԙ!<br><small>Şeye!</small>
| Шеир<br><small>Şeir</small>
| Нишеир<br><small>Nişeir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| They, them
| Third
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Але'''<br><small>'''Ale'''</small>
| Али<br><small>Ali</small>
| Алити<br><small>Aliti</small>
| Алеръе<br><small>Aler̈e</small>
| Алени<br><small>Aleni</small>
| Алай<br><small>Alay</small>
| Алеми<br><small>Alemi</small>
| Алемөш<br><small>Alemöş</small>
| Алдже<br><small>Alce</small>
| Алеж<br><small>Alej</small>
| Алек<br><small>Alek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Алер<br><small>Aler</small>
| Нꙑлер<br><small>Nÿler</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| We, us<br>(exclusive)
| rowspan="2"| First
|Rowspan="4"|PLural
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Мейде'''<br><small>'''Meyde'''</small>
| Мейди<br><small>Meydi</small>
| Мейдити<br><small>Meyditi</small>
| Меръиди<br><small>Mer̈idi</small>
| Мейдене<br><small>Meydene</small>
| Надай<br><small>Naday</small>
| Мейдеми<br><small>Meydemi</small>
| Мейдемөш<br><small>Meydemöş</small>
| Мейдедже<br><small>Meydece</small>
| Мейдеж<br><small>Meydej</small>
| Мейдек<br><small>Meydek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Медир<br><small>Medir</small>
| Нимедир<br><small>Nimedir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| We, us<br>(Inclusive)
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Мейшде'''<br><small>'''Meyşde'''</small>
| Мейшди<br><small>Meyşdi</small>
| Мейшдити<br><small>Meyşditi</small>
| Мешеръиди<br><small>Meşer̈idi</small>
| Мейшдене<br><small>Meyşdene</small>
| Надайш<br><small>Nadayş</small>
| Мейшдеми<br><small>Meyşdemi</small>
| Мейшдемөш<br><small>Meyşdemöş</small>
| Мейшдедже<br><small>Meyşdece</small>
| Мейшдеж<br><small>Meyşdej</small>
| Мейшдек<br><small>Meyşdek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Мешдир<br><small>Meşdir</small>
| Нимешдир<br><small>Nimeşdir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| You <small>(plr.)</small>
| Second
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Шейде'''<br><small>'''Şeyde'''</small>
| Шейди<br><small>Şeydi</small>
| Шейдити<br><small>Şeyditi</small>
| Шеръиди<br><small>Şer̈idi</small>
| Шейдене<br><small>Şeydene</small>
| Шадай<br><small>Şaday</small>
| Шейдеми<br><small>Şeydemi</small>
| Шейдемөш<br><small>Şeydemöş</small>
| Шейдедже<br><small>Şeydece</small>
| Шейдеж<br><small>Şeydej</small>
| Шейдек<br><small>Şeydek</small>
| Шейде!<br><small>Şeyde!</small>
| Шедир<br><small>Şedir</small>
| Нишедир<br><small>Nişedir</small>
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0| They, them
| Third
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Аледе'''<br><small>'''Aleде'''</small>
| Алиди<br><small>Alidi</small>
| Алидити<br><small>Aliditi</small>
| Алеръедв<br><small>Aler̈ede</small>
| Алдени<br><small>Aldeni</small>
| Алдай<br><small>Alday</small>
| Алдеми<br><small>Aldemi</small>
| Алдемөш<br><small>Aldemöş</small>
| Алдедже<br><small>Aldece</small>
| Алдеж<br><small>Aldej</small>
| Алдек<br><small>Aldek</small>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| Алдер<br><small>Alder</small>
| Нꙑлдер<br><small>Nÿlder</small>
|-
|}


=Affix order=
=Affix order=
The order of how words are formed with affixes:
The order of how words are formed with affixes:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family:Calibri;"
!colspan="6" | Noun affix order
!colspan="6" | Noun affix order
|-
|-
| Definite<big>-</big>
! '''Word'''
! '''Word'''
| <big>-</big>Plurality
| <big>-</big>Possessive
| <big>-</big>Possessive
| <big>-</big>Plurality
| <big>-</big>Case/Adjective
| <big>-</big>Case/Adjective
| <big>-</big>Definit
| <big>-</big>Question
| <big>-</big>Question
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family:Calibri;"
!colspan="7" | Verb affix order
!colspan="6" | Verb affix order
|-
|-
| Negation<big>-</big>
| Negation<big>-</big>
! '''Word'''
! '''Word'''
| <big>-</big>Tense
| <big>-</big>Tense
|colspan="2"| <big>-</big>Person<big>~</big>Number
| <big>-</big>Person<big>~</big>Number
| <big>-</big>Perfective
| <big>-</big>Perfective
| <big>-</big>Question
| <big>-</big>Question
|-
|-
|}
|}


=Numbers=
=Numbers=
Qazhshavan is a {{wp|Decimal}} language, meaning it has a base 10 number system.
Lozhai is a {{wp|Decimal}} language, meaning it has a base 10 number system.


Literally translated "12" is "1 on (top of) 12", and 21 is "1 on (top of) 2-10" and so on.
Literally translated "12" is "1 on (top of) 12", and 21 is "1 on (top of) 2-10" and so on.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-family:Calibri;"
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number<br>(-)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Lozhai)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Qazhshavan)
! rowspan="12"|
! rowspan="12"|
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number<br>(-)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Lozhai)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Qazhshavan)
! rowspan="12"|
! rowspan="12"|
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number<br>(-)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Lozhai)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Qazhshavan)
! rowspan="12"|
! rowspan="12"|
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number<br>(-)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Lozhai)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Qazhshavan)
! rowspan="12"|
! rowspan="12"|
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number<br>(-)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Lozhai)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Qazhshavan)
! rowspan="12"|
! rowspan="12"|
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->{{vert header|Number}}
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number<br>(-)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Lozhai)
!<!--style="text-align:center;"|-->Number term<br>(Qazhshavan)
|-
|-
| 1
| 1
|  
| Атӑл<br><small>Atäl</small>
| Атꙑл<br><small>Atÿl</small>
| 11
| 11
|  
| Атӑлнеми<br><small>Atälnemi</small>
| Атꙑлнеми<br><small>Atÿlnemi</small>
| 10
| 10
|
| Ен<br><small>En</small>
| Ен<br><small>En</small>
| 101
| 101
|  
| Атӑл-шехеми<br><small>Atäl-şehemi</small>
| Атꙑл-шехеми<br><small>Atÿl-şehemi</small>
| 100
| 100
|
| Шех<br><small>Şeh</small>
| Шех<br><small>Şeh</small>
| 1000
| 1000
|
| Огил<br><small>Ogil</small>
| Огил<br><small>Ogil</small>
|-
|-
| 2
| 2
|  
| Кайӑ<br><small>Kayä</small>
| Кайꙑ<br><small>Kayÿ</small>
| 12
| 12
|  
| Кайӑнеми<br><small>Kayänemi</small>
| Кайꙑнеми<br><small>Kayÿnemi</small>
| 20
| 20
|  
| Кайӑен<br><small>Kayäen</small>
| Кайꙑен<br><small>Kayÿen</small>
| 21
| 21
|  
| Атӑл-кайӑенми<br><small>Atäl-kayäenemi</small>
| Атꙑл-кайꙑенми<br><small>Atÿl-kayÿenemi</small>
| 200
| 200
|  
| Кайӑшех<br><small>Kayäşeh</small>
| Кайꙑшех<br><small>Kayÿşeh</small>
| 2000
| 2000
|  
| Кайӑогил<br><small>Kayäogil</small>
| Кайꙑогил<br><small>Kayÿogil</small>
|-
|-
| 3
| 3
|  
| Балӑ<br><small>Balä</small>
| Балꙑ<br><small>Balÿ</small>
| 13
| 13
|  
| Балӑнеми<br><small>Balänemi</small>
| Балꙑнеми<br><small>Balÿnemi</small>
| 30
| 30
|  
| Балӑен<br><small>Baläen</small>
| Балꙑен<br><small>Balÿen</small>
| 31
| 31
|  
| Атӑл-балӑенеми<br><small>Atäl-baläenemi</small>
| Атꙑл-балꙑенеми<br><small>Atÿl-balÿenemi</small>
| 300
| 300
|  
| Балӑшех<br><small>Baläşeh</small>
| Балꙑшех<br><small>Balÿşeh</small>
| 3000
| 3000
|  
| Балӑогил<br><small>Baläogil</small>
| Балꙑогил<br><small>Balÿogil</small>
|-
|-
| 4
| 4
|
| Кулун<br><small>Kulun</small>
| Кулун<br><small>Kulun</small>
| 14
| 14
|
| Кулуннеми<br><small>Kulunnemi</small>
| Кулуннеми<br><small>Kulunnemi</small>
| 40
| 40
|
| Кулунен<br><small>Kulunen</small>
| Кулунен<br><small>Kulunen</small>
| 41
| 41
|  
| Атӑл-кулунеми<br><small>Atäl-kulunemi</small>
| Атꙑл-кулунеми<br><small>Atÿl-kulunemi</small>
| 400
| 400
|
| Кулуншех<br><small>Kulunşeh</small>
| Кулуншех<br><small>Kulunşeh</small>
| 4000
| 4000
|
| Кулуногил<br><small>Kulunogil</small>
| Кулуногил<br><small>Kulunogil</small>
|-
|-
| 5
| 5
|  
| Боўгӑ<br><small>Bowgä</small>
| Боўгꙑ<br><small>Bowgÿ</small>
| 15
| 15
|  
| Боўгӑнеми<br><small>Bowgänemi</small>
| Боўгꙑнеми<br><small>Bowgÿnemi</small>
| 50
| 50
|  
| Боўгӑeн<br><small>Bowgäen</small>
| Боўгꙑeн<br><small>Bowgÿen</small>
| 51
| 51
|  
| Атӑл-боўгӑенеми<br><small>Atäl-bowgäenemi</small>
| Атꙑл-боўгꙑенеми<br><small>Atÿl-bowgÿenemi</small>
| 500
| 500
|  
| Боўгӑшех<br><small>Bowgäşeh</small>
| Боўгꙑшех<br><small>Bowgÿşeh</small>
| 5000
| 5000
|  
| Боўгӑогил<br><small>Bowgäogil</small>
| Боўгꙑогил<br><small>Bowgÿogil</small>
|-
|-
| 6
| 6
|  
| Алшӑ<br><small>Alşä</small>
| Алшꙑ<br><small>Alşÿ</small>
| 16
| 16
|  
| Алшӑнеми<br><small>Alşänemi</small>
| Алшꙑнеми<br><small>Alşÿnemi</small>
| 60
| 60
|  
| Алшӑен<br><small>Alşä-En</small>
| Алшꙑен<br><small>Alşÿ-En</small>
| 61
| 61
|  
| Атӑл-алшӑенеми<br><small>Atäl-alşäenemi</small>
| Атꙑл-алшꙑенеми<br><small>Atÿl-alşÿenemi</small>
| 600
| 600
|  
| Алшӑшех<br><small>Alşäşeh</small>
| Алшꙑшех<br><small>Alşÿşeh</small>
| 6000
| 6000
|  
| Алшӑогил<br><small>Alşäogil</small>
| Алшꙑогил<br><small>Alşÿogil</small>
|-
|-
| 7
| 7
|
| Сувун<br><small>Suvun</small>
| Сувун<br><small>Suvun</small>
| 17
| 17
|
| Сувуннеми<br><small>Suvunnemi</small>
| Сувуннеми<br><small>Suvunnemi</small>
| 70
| 70
|
| Сувунен<br><small>Suvunen</small>
| Сувунен<br><small>Suvunen</small>
| 71
| 71
|  
| Атӑл-сувуненеми<br><small>Atäl-Suvunenemmi</small>
| Атꙑл-сувуненеми<br><small>Atÿl-Suvunenemmi</small>
| 700
| 700
|
| Сувуншех<br><small>Suvunşeh</small>
| Сувуншех<br><small>Suvunşeh</small>
| 7000
| 7000
|
| Сувуногил<br><small>Suvunogil</small>
| Сувуногил<br><small>Suvunogil</small>
|-
|-
| 8
| 8
|
| Ненте<br><small>Nente</small>
| Ненте<br><small>Nente</small>
| 18
| 18
|
| Нентенеми<br><small>Nentenemi</small>
| Нентенеми<br><small>Nentenemi</small>
| 80
| 80
|
| Нентеен<br><small>Nenteen</small>
| Нентеен<br><small>Nenteen</small>
| 81
| 81
|  
| Атӑл-нентенеми<br><small>Atäl-nentenemi</small>
| Атꙑл-нентенеми<br><small>Atÿl-nentenemi</small>
| 800
| 800
|
| Нентешех<br><small>Nenteşeh</small>
| Нентешех<br><small>Nenteşeh</small>
| 8000
| 8000
|
| Нентеогил<br><small>Nenteogil</small>
| Нентеогил<br><small>Nenteogil</small>
|-
|-
| 9
| 9
|  
| Талӑ<br><small>Talä</small>
| Талꙑ<br><small>Talÿ</small>
| 19
| 19
|  
| Талӑнеми<br><small>Talänemi</small>
| Талꙑнеми<br><small>Talÿnemi</small>
| 90
| 90
|  
| Талӑен<br><small>Taläen</small>
| Талꙑен<br><small>Talÿen</small>
| 91
| 91
|  
| Атӑл-талӑенеми<br><small>Atäl-taläenemi</small>
| Атꙑл-талꙑенеми<br><small>Atÿl-talÿenemi</small>
| 900
| 900
|  
| Талӑшех<br><small>Taläşeh</small>
| Талꙑшех<br><small>Talÿşeh</small>
| 9000
| 9000
|  
| Талӑогил<br><small>Taläogil</small>
| Талꙑогил<br><small>Talÿogil</small>
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,747: Line 1,568:


==Yes-No type==
==Yes-No type==
Qazhshavan forms Yes and No questions with a quesiton suffix:
Lozhai forms Yes and No questions with a quesiton suffix:
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center;""
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center; font-family:Calibri;"
!colspan="3"|Queastion affix
!colspan="3"|Queastion affix
|-
|-
!-ꙑ/ÿ- type<br>Harmony
!Thin<br>Harmony
!-и/i- type<br>Harmony
!Medial<br>Harmony
!-у/u- tupe<br>Harmony
!Thick<br>Harmony
|-
|-
|<word>-'''кꙑ'''<br><small><word>-'''kÿ'''</small>
|<word>-'''кӑ'''<br><small><word>-''''''</small>
|<word>-'''ки'''<br><small><word>-'''ki'''</small>
|<word>-'''ки'''<br><small><word>-'''ki'''</small>
|<word>-'''ку'''<br><small><word>-'''ku'''</small>
|<word>-'''ку'''<br><small><word>-'''ku'''</small>
Line 1,763: Line 1,584:
!colspan="3"|Examples
!colspan="3"|Examples
|-
|-
|Гаяш'''кꙑ'''<br><small>Gayaş'''kÿ'''</small>
|Гаяш'''кӑ'''<br><small>Gayaş''''''</small>
|Таиш'''ки'''<br><small>Taiş'''ki'''</small>
|Таиш'''ки'''<br><small>Taiş'''ki'''</small>
|Боўш'''ку'''<br><small>Bowş'''ku'''</small>
|Цохуш'''ку'''<br><small>Tsohuş'''ku'''</small>
|-
|-
|Are you Fishing?
|Are you Fishing?
|Are you Running?
|Are you Running?
|Are you Shooting?
|Are you cutting?
|-
|-
!colspan="3"|
!colspan="3"|
|-
|-
|Яген’ꙑ'''кꙑ'''?<br><small>Yagen’ÿ'''kÿ'''?</small>
|Aн’яген'''кӑ'''?<br><small>An’yagen''''''?</small>
|Кучԙ’хъе'''ки'''?<br><small>Kuçeye’hhe'''ki'''?</small>
|Aн’кучeй'''ки'''?<br><small>An’kuçey'''ki'''?</small>
|Көсу'''ку'''?<br><small>Kösu'''ku'''?</small>
|Ан’чохук'''ку'''?<br><small>An’çohuk'''ku'''?</small>
|-
|-
|Inside the House?
|Inside the House?
|Neer the dogs?
|Neer the dogs?
|a Cat?
|For the boy?
|-
|-
!colspan="3"|
!colspan="3"|
|-
|-
|Таиш ягaж’га'''кꙑ'''?<br><small>Taiş yagaj'ga'''kÿ'''?</small>
|Таиш ан’ягaж'''кӑ'''?<br><small>Taiş аn’yagaӡ''''''?</small>
|Ԙечеш'''ки''' aйꙑ?<br><small>Yeeçeş'''ki''' ayÿ?</small>
|Ԙчеш'''ки''' aйӑ?<br><small>Yeçeş'''ki''' ayä?</small>
|Шир дус'''ку'''?<br><small>Şir dus'''ku'''?</small>
|Ан’улуж'''ку'''?<br><small> An’uluӡ'''ku'''?</small>
|-
|-
|You're running from/out of the house?
|You're running from/out of the house?
|Are you going to see her?
|Are you going to see her?
|Are you okay/good?
|Into the country?
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,795: Line 1,616:
==Wh- type==
==Wh- type==
"Wh- type" questions are pretty straight forward, as they just add another word to the mix.
"Wh- type" questions are pretty straight forward, as they just add another word to the mix.
=Dialects=
Lozhai is generally split into 3 dialect groups that form a continuem, from Karakach to the mountain passes to the west.
==Nashean==
''Nashean Lozhai'', commonly just ''Nashean'', is a dialect spoken in and around the region of [[Nashe]], [[Riamo]], it is a resault of settlers left over from colonial times, it's has Phonetic influence from the Riamese langauge spoken there and many loanwords.
=Lnaguage examples=
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-family:Calibri;"
!colspan="5" |Common words and sentances
|-
!Lozhai<br>{{wp|Cyrillic script|Govoric}}
!Lozhai<br>{{wp|Latin script|Latin}}
!{{wp|english language|Common}}
!Gloss<br>Literal meaning
!{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}}
|-
| {{highlight|Хял|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|дза|#a6b2ff}} / {{highlight|Хял|#ffb0ab}}.
| {{highlight|Hyal|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|dzа|#a6b2ff}} / {{highlight|Hyal|#ffb0ab}}.
| Hello / Hi<br>(singular)
| {{highlight|health|#ffb0ab}}-{{highlight|2S-IMP|#a6b2ff}}<br>{{highlight|health|#ffb0ab}}
| /ˈxʲal.d͡za/ /xʲal/
|-
| {{highlight|Хял|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|дзал|#a6b2ff}} / {{highlight|Хял|#ffb0ab}}.
| {{highlight|Hyal|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|dzаl|#a6b2ff}} / {{highlight|Hyal|#ffb0ab}}.
| Hello / Hi<br>(plr. & pauc.)
| {{highlight|health|#ffb0ab}}-{{highlight|2P-IMP|#a6b2ff}}<br>{{highlight|health|#ffb0ab}}
| /xʲalˈd͡zal/ /xʲal/
|-
| {{highlight|Нԙл|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|eв|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|шагю.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Nyel|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|ev|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|şagyu.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Good|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|morning.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|good|#ffb0ab}}.{{highlight|adj|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|morning|#c9f075}}
| /ɲæ̝.lav ˈʃaɣju/
|-
| {{highlight|Нԙл|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|eв|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|ичин.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Nyel|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|ev|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|için.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Good|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|afternoon/day|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|good|#ffb0ab}}.{{highlight|adj|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|day|#c9f075}}
| /ɲæ̝.lav it͡ʃin/
|-
| {{highlight|Нԙл|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|eв|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|хачи.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Nyel|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|ev|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|haçi.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Good|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|evening|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|good|#ffb0ab}}.{{highlight|adj|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|night|#c9f075}}
| /ɲæ̝l.lav ˈxa.t͡ʃi/
|-
| {{highlight|Ииш|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|eв|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|хачи.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Iiş|#ffb0ab}}{{highlight|ev|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|haçi.|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Good|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|night|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Soft|#ffb0ab}}.{{highlight|adj|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|night|#c9f075}}
| /i.jiʃ.lav ˈxa.t͡ʃi/
|-
| {{highlight|Сиджа|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|ԙ|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|й|#fffd70}} / {{highlight|Сам|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Sica|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|ye|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|y|#fffd70}} / {{highlight|Sam|#c9f075}}
| Goodbye / {{highlight|Bye|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|next|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|see|#a6b2ff}}-{{highlight|ADE|#fffd70}}<br>{{highlight|bye|#c9f075}}
| /ˈsa.d͡ʒa jæ̝j/ /sam/
|-
| {{highlight|Лан|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|ру|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|ш|#fffd70}} {{highlight|шинлы|#c9f075}}?
| {{highlight|Lan|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|ru|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|ş|#fffd70}} {{highlight|şinlÿ|#c9f075}}?
| What's your name?
| {{highlight|how|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|say|#a6b2ff}}-{{highlight|2S|#fffd70}} {{highlight|yourself|#c9f075}}
| /lan ɾuˈʃ‿in.lɤ/
|-
| {{highlight|Ру|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|м|#fffd70}} {{highlight|ԙмлы|#c9f075}} ___
| {{highlight|Ru|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|m|#fffd70}} {{highlight|yemlÿ|#c9f075}} ___
| My name is ___
| {{highlight|say|#a6b2ff}}-{{highlight|1S|#fffd70}} {{highlight|myself|#c9f075}} ___
| /ɾum ˈjæ̝m.lɤ ___/
|-
| {{highlight|Шир|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|ала|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|джa|#c9f075}}?
| {{highlight|Şir|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|ala|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|ca|#c9f075}}?
| {{highlight|Where|#a6b2ff}} {{highlight|are you|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|from|#c9f075}}?
| {{highlight|2S.be|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|where|#a6b2ff}}-{{highlight|ELA|#c9f075}}
| /ʃiɾ ˈa.la.d͡ʒa/
|-
| {{highlight|Яме|#ffb0ab}} ___{{highlight|(-е/а)дж(-е/а)|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Yamе|#ffb0ab}} ___{{highlight|(-е/а)c(-е/а)|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|I'm|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|from|#c9f075}} ___
| {{highlight|1S.be|#ffb0ab}} ___-{{highlight|ELA|#c9f075}}
| /ja.mɛ ___-ɛ/a.d͡ʒɛ/a/
|-
| {{highlight|Лан|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|шир|#a6b2ff}}?
| {{highlight|Lan|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|şir|#a6b2ff}}?
| {{highlight|How|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|are you|#a6b2ff}}?
| {{highlight|how|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|2S.be|#a6b2ff}}
| /lan ʃiɾ/
|-
| {{highlight|Яме|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|нԙл|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|eв|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Yame|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|nyel|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|ev|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|I'm|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|good/alright/okay|#a6b2ff}}
| {{highlight|1S.be|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|good|#a6b2ff}}-{{highlight|adj|#c9f075}}
| /ja.mɛ ˈɲæ̝.lav/
|-
| {{highlight|Яме|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|нӗ|#fffd70}}{{highlight|нԙл|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|eв|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|Yame|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|në|#fffd70}}{{highlight|nyel|#a6b2ff}}{{highlight|ev|#c9f075}}
| {{highlight|I'm|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|not|#fffd70}} {{highlight|good/okay/alright|#a6b2ff}}
| {{highlight|1S.be|#ffb0ab}} {{highlight|NEG|#fffd70}}-{{highlight|good|#a6b2ff}}-{{highlight|adj|#c9f075}}
| /ja.mɛ nø̞ˈɲæ̝.lav/
|-
|}


=Sample text=
=Sample text=
==[https://iiwiki.us/wiki/Anterian_World_Assembly#World_Peace_Manifesto World Peace Manifesto]==
[https://iiwiki.us/wiki/Anterian_World_Assembly#World_Peace_Manifesto World Peace Manifesto] is the founding agreement, that formed the [[Anterian World Assembly]]. When the document was being translated into Lozhai, it was treanslated quite literaly, like for example the "reach global peace" was literaly translated, there have been later versions made, but the original one stays official.
{| style="font-family:Calibri; border-color:black; border-width:1px; font-size:1.1em; border-style:solid; border-spacing: 2px; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
!'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
|-
|We, the nations of Anteria, hereby stand together, working together, united and willing to cooperate to reach global peace. We have seen enough deaths, enough suffering, enough pain and enough ruined lives. We came together with a hope and an ideal, that there are things that should be done, there are ways better than war, there is a better way to work with the world.
|-
| -
|-
!'''Lozhai ([[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric]]):'''<br>
|-
|Меԙ, Антериян улул, чаме суз, скеме суз, башитевел не меирече годавал сазиммедед па уҥечeме глобалав тен. Ԙдӑме’eҥ унешев ўе меў, унешев ўе джах, унешев ўе чах не унешев ўе тарйив жейшчинал. Баидӑме суз апшамах не идяламах, шӑ ха ашал кана инеб ювԙ’ле’еҥ, ха иншол ю-нԙлел рамаг. Ха ю-нԙл иншо скейидед ямамах.
|-
| -
|-
!'''Lozhai ([[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]]):'''<br>
|-
|Meye, Anteriyan ulul, çame suz, skeme suz, başitevel ne meireçe godaval sazimmeded pa un̈eçeme globalav ten. Yedäme’en̈ uneşev we mew, uneşev we cah, uneşev we çah ne uneşev we taryiv ӡeyşçinal. Baidäme suz apşamah ne idyalamah, şä ha aşal kana ineb yuvye’le’en̈, ha inşol yu-nyelel ramag. Ha yu-nyel nişo skeyided yamamah.
|-
|}


=Dialects=
==Other==
The Qazhshavan language consists of 6 dialect groups, which split into their own sub-dialects.
Text of the popular folk song "Yana-na":<br>
{| class="wikitable
{|style="text-align:center" class="wikitable" rules="cols"
! style="align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="2" | Dialects list
!Lozhai ({{wp|Cyrillic script|Govoric}})!!Lozhai ({{wp|Latin script|Latin}})
!{{wp|English language|Common}} translation
|-
|-
| style="align: center;" rowspan="6"| [[File:Qazh-dia-map.png|400px|left]]
!''"Яна-на"''!!''"Yana-na"''
| {{colorbox|#FF84F2}}-'''Zalic Dialect'''<br>Its's located mainly outside of the country, and uses a lot of Slavic loanwords,<br>and is the most uninteligible dialect.
!''"Yana-na"''
|-
|-
| {{colorbox|#AA00FF}}-'''Rishic Dialect'''<br>Also called "eastern" Qazhshavan, it has more germanic influence over it,<br>but its pretty inteligible to other speakers.
|<poem>Ай'дза ԙти лао мах ярӑш, вихе мах пальав пре (x2)
Мах тьем айамдад шити, фев тефре? (x2)
 
Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x2)
Мах лабав ярӑш, вихе мах пальав пре (x2)
Ярӑм раджийи ешкев, фев тефре (x2)
 
Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x2)
 
Тьем ювйи ярӑш ешкев, вихе мах пальав пре (x2)
Ан’ченье кьеме ԙти айадӑш’аҥ, фев тефре (x2)
 
Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x4)</poem>
|<poem>Ay'dza yeti lao mah yaräş, vihe mah palyav pre (x2)
Mah tyem ayamdad şiti, fev tefre? (x2)
 
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x2)
 
Mah labav yaräş, vihe mah palyav pre (x2)
Yaräm raciyi eşkev, fev tefre (x2)
 
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x2)
 
Tyem yuvyi yaräş eşkev, vihe mah palyav pre (x2)
An’çenye kyeme yeti ayadaş’an̈, fev tefre (x2)
 
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x4)</poem>
|<poem>give me water with you hands, girl with cut bangs (x2)
with what do I give you, scented rose? (x2)
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x2)
With your own hand, girl with cut bangs (x2)
my hand happens to be busy, scented rose (x2)
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x2)
what's making your hand busy, girl with cut bangs (x2)
the ring you gave me, scented rose (x2)
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x4)</poem>
|}
 
 
The 15th century poem about the Qal-Hhana river transalted into modern Lozhai:
{| style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:1.1em; border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="5"| "The Qal-Hhana river"
|-
|-
| {{colorbox|#0080FF}}-'''Mezhian Dialect'''<br>This is the most spoken dialect, and the standerdized form of the language,<br>it's spoken mainly on the plains, which is why its also called "Meadow" Qazhshavan.
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="5"| ''"''Ан’мош Кал-X̆ана''"'' - ''"''Аn’moş Kal-Hhana''"''
|-
|-
| {{colorbox|#01008A}}-'''Lhakian Dialect'''<br>This dialect is spoken mainly in the mountain region, which is why its sometimes<br>called "Mountain" Qazhshavan.
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="5"|{{color|white|-}}
|-
|-
| {{colorbox|#008A87}}-'''Laurentine Dialect'''<br>Also called "Coastal", on the Islands controlled by Qazhshava, and the<br> Qazhshavan coas.
! in Lozhai ([[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric]]):
! {{color|white|-}}
! in Lozhai ([[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]]):
! {{color|white|-}}
! in [[wikipedia:English language|Common]]:
|-
|-
| {{colorbox|#00FFBF}}-'''Kental Dialect'''<br>A strongly Ereskan and Kental influenced dialect spoken south of Ereska in<br>[[Kentalis]], it holds a recognized status in the said nation.
| Ан’Кал-X̆анав лаол саяхачая кундед,<br>аледе саяхачая x̆е’кайал бундед,<br>саяхачая гаял не деел рундед,<br>не лудалал дуурeчeԙ’аҥ.
| {{color|white|-}}
| An’Kal-Hhanav laol sayahaçaya kunded,<br>alede sayahaçaya hhe’layal bunded,<br>sayahaçaya gayal ne deel runded,<br>ne ludalal duureçeye’an̈.
| {{color|white|-}}
| The waters of the Qal-Hhan will continue to flow,<br>they'll continue to hit the rocks,<br>there will continue to be lots of fish and frogs,<br>and the floods will also be filled.
|-
|-
|}
|}


{{Template:Anteria info pages}}
 
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]]
[[Category:Mokhavia]]

Latest revision as of 14:04, 22 October 2021

Lozhai
Ложа Гԙл
Loja Gyel
Pronunciation [ˈlɔ.ʒa ɣjæ̝l]
Native toQazhshava
RegionSouthern Thuadia
Hewehetan
  • Norhtern
    • Lozhai
Early form
Old-Lozhai
Standard forms
Lake
Dialects
  • Coastal
  • Lake
Official status
Official language in
 Qazhshava
Regulated byQazhshavan Council of Languages
Language codes
ISO 639-1lz
ISO 639-2lzh
ISO 639-3lzh
Glottologlozha1331[1]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Lozhai (Lozhai: Ложа Гԙл, Loja Gyel [ˈlɔ.ʒa ɣjæ̝l] ) is an indidenous langauge spoken in Southern Thuadia. It is one of the few surviving paleo-qazhshavan tounges.


Basic information

Lozhai is a Pro-Drop agglutinative SVO/SOV language with a moderately complex syllable structure, it puts adjectives before nouns and has postpositions. It has a high number of cases (16) compared to its neighbors and shares some grammatical features with them, mainly trough influnence. The language is neutorious with having long verbs, which isnt always true.

Writing system

Lozhai has 3 official writing systems, of which the Govoric one dominates, it also has an unnoficial verion of it's Latin alphabet which is used mainly by people outside of qazhshava or ones who aren't able to type the special characters. Govoric alphabet:

А а Ӑ ӑ Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ӗ ӗ Ж ж
З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н Ҥ ҥ О о
П п Р р С с Т т У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х X̆ x̆
Ц ц Дз дз Ч ч Дж.дж Ш ш Щ щ Ь ь Ы ы Ю ю
Я я Ԙ ԙ


Latin alphabet:

A a Ä ä B b C c Ç ç D d Dz dz E e Ë ë
F f G g H h Hh hh I i J j K k L l M m
N n N̈ n̈ O o P p Q q R r S s Ş ş T t
Ts ts U u V v W w X x Y y Ÿ ÿ Z z Ӡ ӡ
Govoric version Latin version Names IPA Symbol Notes
Offical Unofficial
А а A a
/a~ɑ/
Ӑ ӑ Ä ä
/ɤ~ɯ/ In unstressed syllables it can be reduced to a soft /ɐ~a/ soundɵ
Б б B b
/b/
В в V v
/v/
Г г G g
/ɣ~ʕ/ It can get pronounced as /g/ in foreing word and/or when its doubled or in a stressed syllable
Д д D d
/d/
Е е E e
/ɛ/
Ӗ ӗ Ë ë Oe oe
/ø̞/ In unstressed syllables it can be reduced to a soft /ɵ/ sound
Ж ж Ӡ ӡ Zh zh
/ʒ/
З з Z z
/z/
И и I i
/i/ Before a vowel it gets pronounced as /ij/ and after a vowel as /ji/.
Й й Y y
/j/ Used after vowels and as first letter. J j is used as /j/ in forein words.
К к K k
/k/
Л л L l
/l/
М м M m
/m/
Н н N n
/n/
Ҥ ҥ N̈ n̈ Ng ng
/ŋ/
О о O o
/ɔ/
П п P p
/p/
Кв кв Q q
/k͡f/
Р р R r
/ɾ/
С с S s
/s/
Т т T t
/t/
У у U u
/u~ʊ/ It gets pronounsed as /w/ when a final vowel.
Ў ў W w
/w/
Ф ф F f
/f/
Х х H h
/x/
X̆ x̆ Hh hh
/ħ/
Ц ц Ts ts
/t͡s/
Дз дз Dz dz
/d͡z/
Ч ч Ç ç Ch ch
/t͡ʃ/
Дж дж C c
/d͡ʒ/
Дж дж J j
/d͡ʒ/ Used in some foreing words
Ш ш Ş ş Sh sh
/ʃ/
Щ щ Şt şt Sht sht
/ʃt/
Ь ь Y y
/◌ʲ/ Used only after consonants.
Ы ы Ÿ ÿ
/ɤ~ɯ/ Used in foreign names and words.
Ю ю Yu yu
/ju/
Я я Ya ya
/ja/
Ԙ ԙ Ye ye
/jɛ~jæ̝/ Pronounciation varies thourghout dialects
Кс кс X x
Ks ks

/k͡s/ The latin 'X x' is used only in foreign words

Phonology

Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Epiglottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d (ɡ)
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ
voiced d͡z d͡ʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x ħ
voiced v z ʒ ɣ ~ ʕ
Aproximant voiced w l j
Tap & Trill ɾ
Front Central Back
Close i u~ʊ
ɤ~ɯ
Mid ø̞
Open-Mid ɛ
(æ̝)
ɔ
Open a~ɑ

Pronouns

Lozhai has basic pronouns that one would find in Common, but has 2 forms of "we" (inclusive and exclusive) as well as the 12 cases:

Translation to Common Person and number Nom. Acc. Dat. Com. Comp. Gen. Ine. Ade. Supe. Sube. Ill. Ela. Ben. Voc.
I, Me First Singular Ԙм
Yem
Ԙми
Yemi
Ԙти
Yeti
Ԙмех
Yemeh
Мег
Meg
Мей
Mey
Ԙмне
Yemne
Мӑԙ
Mäye
Ԙмеми
Yememi
Ԙмемөш
Yememöş
Ԙмдже
Yemce
Ԙмеж
Yemeӡ
Ԙмек
Yemek
You, Your Second Шин
Şin
Шини
Şini
Шити
Şiti
Шемех
Şemeh
Шег
Şeg
Ший
Şiy
Шинне
Şinne
Шӑԙ
Şäye
Шинеми
Şinemi
Шинемөш
Şinemöş
Шиндже
Şince
Шинеж
Şineӡ
Шинек
Şinek
Ши'!
Şi'!
He, him Third Ой
Oy
Ойӑ
Oyä
Оти
Oti
Оймeх
Oymeh
Оймуг
Oymug
Ойин
Oyin
Ойни
Oyni
Ойо
Oyo
Ойеми
Oyemi
Ойемөш
Oyemöş
Ойдже
Oyce
Ойеж
Oyeӡ
Ойек
Oyek
She, her Ай
Ay
Айӑ
Ayä
Ати
Ati
Аймех
Aymeh
Аймӑг
Aymäg
Айин
Ayin
Айни
Ayni
Ая
Aya
Аями
Ayami
Аямөш
Ayamöş
Айджа
Ayca
Аяж
Ayaӡ
Аяк
Ayak
It Лӑ
Ойӑ
Oyä
Оти
Oti
Оймех
Oymeh
Оймуг
Oymug
Ойин
Oyin
Ойни
Oyni
Ойо
Oyo
Ойеми
Oyemi
Ойемөш
Oyemöş
Ойдже
Oyce
Ойеж
Oyeӡ
Ойек
Oyek
Myself First Ԙмлӑ
Yemlä
Ԙмлӑи
Yemläi
Ԙлити
Yeliti
Ԙмех
Yemeh
Меԙг
Meyeg
Мейлӑ
Meylä
Ԙмлӑне
Yemläne
Мӑлӑԙ
Mäläye
Ԙмлӑеми
Yemläemi
Ԙмлӑемӗш
Yemläemëş
Ԙмлӑдже
Yemläce
Ԙмлӑлеж
Yemläleӡ
Ԙмлӑек
Yemläek
Yourselves Second Шинлӑ
Şinlä
Шинлӑи
Şinläi
Шилӑти
Şiläti
Шинлех
Şinleh
Шиԙг
Şiyeg
Шийлӑ
Şiylä
Шинлӑне
Şinläne
Шӑлӑԙ
Şäläye
Шинлӑеми
Şinläemi
Шинлӑемөш
Şinläemëş
Шинлӑдже
Şinläce
Шинлӑлеж
Şinläleӡ
Шинлӑек
Şinläek
Himself Thirds Ойлӑ
Oylä
Ойлӑлӑ
Oylälä
Олӑлти
Olälti
Оймех
Oymeh
Ойлиг
Oylig
Ойлӑин
Oyläin
Ойлӑни
Oyläni
Ойлӑо
Oyläo
Ойлӑеми
Oyläemi
Ойлӑемөш
Oyläemëş
Ойлӑдже
Oyläce
Ойлӑлеж
Oyläleӡ
Ойлӑек
Oyläek
Herself Thirds Айлӑ
Aylä
Айлӑлӑ
Aylälä
Алӑлти
Alälti
Алмех
Almeh
Айлӑг
Ayläg
Айлӑин
Ayläin
Айлӑни
Ayläni
Айлӑа
Ayläa
Айлӑами
Ayläami
Айлӑамөш
Ayläamëş
Айлӑджа
Ayläca
Айлӑлаж
Aylälaӡ
Айлӑак
Ayläak
Itself Thirds Лылыл
Läläl
Ойлӑлы
Oylälä
Олӑлти
Olälti
Oлмех
Olmeh
Ойлмег
Oylmeg
Ойлӑин
Oyläin
Ойлӑни
Oyläni
Ойлӑо
Oyläo
Ойлӑеми
Oyläemi
Ойлӑемӗш
Oyläemëş
Ойлӑдже
Oyläce
Ойлӑлеж
Oyläleӡ
Ойлӑек
Oyläek
We, us
(Exclusive)
First Plural
(Formal)
Меԙ
Meye
Мейи
Meyi
Мити
Miti
Митих
Mitih
Мершег
Merşeg
Мерши
Merşi
Мейне
Meyne
Най
Nay
Меԙми
Meyemi
Меԙмӗш
Meyemëş
Мейдже
Meyce
Меԙж
Meyeӡ
Меԙк
Meyek
We, us
(Inclusive)
Мейше
Meyşe
Мейши
Meyşi
Мшити
Mşiti
Мшитих
Miştih
Мешег
Meşeg
Мешерши
Meşerşi
Мейшне
Meyşne
Найш
Nayş
Мейшеми
Meyşemi
Мейшемӗш
Meyşemëş
Мейшдже
Meyşce
Мейшеж
Meyşeӡ
Мейшек
Meyşek
You (plr.) Second Шеԙ
Şeye
Шейи
Şeyi
Шйити
Şyiti
Шйитих
Şyitih
Шершиг
Şerşig
Шерши
Şerşi
Шейне
Şeyne
Шай
Şay
Шеԙми
Şeyemi
Шеԙмӗш
Şeyemëş
Шейдже
Şeyce
Шеԙж
Şeyeӡ
Шеԙк
Şeyek
Шеԙ!
Şeye!
They, them Third Але
Ale
Али
Ali
Алти
Alti
Алмӑх
Almäh
Алершег
Alerşeg
Алерше
Alerşe
Алени
Aleni
Алай
Alay
Алеми
Alemi
Алемӗш
Alemëş
Алдже
Alce
Алеж
Aleӡ
Алек
Alek
Ourselves
(exclusive)
First Меԙлӑ
Meyelä
Мейлӑи
Meyläi
Млӑити
Mläiti
Меԙх
Meyeh
Мелӑршӑг
Melärşäg
Мелӑрши
Melärşi
Мейлӑне
Meyläne
Найлӑ
Naylä
Мейлӑеми
Meyläemi
Мейлӑемӗш
Meyläemëş
Мейлӑдже
Meyläce
Мейлӑлеж
Meyläleӡ
Мейлӑек
Meyläek
Ourselves
(inclusive)
First Мейшелӑ
Meyşelä
Мейшлӑи
Meyşläi
Мшӑлӑити
Mşäläiti
Мейшех
Meyşeh
Мешлӑершег
Meşläerşeg
Мешлӑерши
Meşläerşi
Мейшлӑне
Meyşläne
Найшлӑ
Nayşlä
Мейшлӑеми
Meyşläemi
Мейшлӑемӗш
Meyşläemëş
Мейшлӑдже
Meyşläce
Мейшлӑлеж
Meyşläleӡ
Мейшлӑек
Meyşläek
Yourselves Second Шеԙлӑ
Şeyelä
Шейлӑи
Şeyläi
Шлӑити
Şläiti
Шейлех
Şeyleh
Шелӑршӑх
Şelärşäh
Шелӑрши
Şelärşi
Шейлӑне
Şeyläne
Шайлӑ
Şaylä
Шейлӑеми
Şeyläemi
Шейлӑемӗш
Şeyläemëş
Шейлӑдже
Şeyläce
Шейлӑлеж
Şeyläleӡ
Шейлӑек
Şeyläek
Themselves Thirds Алелӑ
Alelä
Аллӑи
Alläi
Аллӑити
Alläiti
Аллӑх
Alläh
Алелӑршӑh
Alelärşäh
Алелӑрше
Alelärşe
Алелӑни
Aleläni
Алалӑй
Alaläy
Алелӑми
Alelämi
Алелӑмӗш
Alelämëş
Аллӑдже
Alläce
Аллӑлеж
Alläleӡ
Аллӑек
Alläek

Nouns

Vowel harmony

Words with the last vowel being part of the 'thin' vowels (⟨a⟩ ⟨ӑ/ä⟩ ⟨ы/ÿ⟩ ⟨я/ya⟩) get the vowel -a-
Words with the last vowel being part of the 'medial' vowels (⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ԙ/ye⟩) get the vowel -e-
Words with the last vowel being part of the 'thick' vowels (⟨o⟩ ⟨ӗ/ë⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ю/yu⟩) get the vowel -у-

Grammatical Number

Lozhai has 3 grammatical numbers:

  • Singular: used for when there is exaclty 1 of the object
  • Plural: used for 2 or more of the object

Defenite article

Lozhai has two types of definite articles (singular and plural) and no indefinite.

Both definite articles are prefixes:
Definite singular: ан’- / an’-
Definite plural: x̆е’- / hhe’-

Grammatical Cases

Lozhai has 16 grammatical cases.

Case Suffix Quastion
words
Example
Thick Harmony Thin Harmony
Nominative - -(v)л
-(v)l
кьем, тьем
kyem, tyem
(who, what)
кьел, тьел
kyel, tyel
(who, what - plr)
Тафa
Tafa
(Bow; subject)
Куч
Kuç
(Dog; subject)
Accusative -(v)ч
-(v)ç
-(v)л(v)ч
-(v)l(v)ç
кьемeч, тьемeч
kyemeç, tyemeç
(who/m, what)
кьелeч, тьелeч
kyeleç, tyeleç
(who/m, what - plr)
Тафач
Tafaç
(Bow; Object)
Кучуч
Kuçuç
(Dog; Object)
Genitive -(v)н
-(v)л(v)н
-(v)n
-(v)l(v)n
кьен, тьен
kyen, tyen
(whose, what's)
кьелен, тьелен
kyelen, tyelen
(whose, whay's - plr)
Тафан
Tafan
(a bow's)
Кучен
Kuçen
(a dog's)
Dative -(v)ти
-(v)ti
-(v)лти
-(v)lti
кьемти, тьемти
kyemti, tyemti
(to whom, to what)
кьелти, тьелти
kyelti, tyelti
(to whom, to what - plr)
Тафaти
Tafati
(to a bow)
Кучти
Kuçti
(to a dog)
Comitative -(v2)м(v)х
-(v2)m(v)h
-(v)лм(v)
-(v)lm(v)h
кьемех, тьемех
kyemeh, tyemeh
(with whom, with what)
кьелмех, тьелмех
kyelmeh, tyelmeh
(with whom, with what - plr)
Тафaти
Tafati
(to a bow)
Кучти
Kuçti
(to a dog)
Comparative -(v)г
-(v)g
-(v)г(v)л
-(v)g(v)l
кьемег, тьемег
kyemeg, tyemeg
(than whom, than what)
кьелмег, тьелмег
kyelmeg, tyelmeg
(than whom, than what - plr)
Тафaти
Tafati
(to a bow)
Кучти
Kuçti
(to a dog)
Inessive -д(v)
-d(v)
-д(v)л
-d(v)l
кьеде, кьедел, тьеде
kyede, kyedel, tyede
(on who(sin/plr), where)
Тафащ
Tafaşt
(in/inside a bow)
Кучещ
Kuçeşt
(in/inside a dog)
Adessive -(v)щ
-(v)şt
-(v)щ(v)л
-(v)şt(v)l
кьей, тьей
kyey, tyey
(next to who,/what)
кьей, тьей
kyey, tyey
(next to who,/what - plr)
Тафай
Tafay
(neer a bow)
Кучей
Kuçey
(neer a dog)
Superessive -(v2)ми
-(v2)mi
-(v)лми
-(v)lmi
кьеми, тьеми
kyemi, tyemi
(on top of who,/what)
кьеми, тьеми
kyemi, tyemi
(on top of who,/what -plr)
Тафaми
Tafami
(on top of/above a bow)
Кучми
Kuçmi
(on top of/above a dog)
Subessive -(v2)мӗ
-(v2)më
-(v)лмӗ
-(v)lmë
кьемӗ, тьемӗ
kyemë, tyemë
(under who,/what)
кьемӗ, тьемӗ
kyemë, tyemë
(under who,/what -plr)
Тафaмӗ
Tafamë
(under a bow)
Кучмӗ
Kuçmë
(under a dog)
Illative -(v)ж
-(v)ӡ
-(v)ж(v)л
-(v)ӡ(v)l
кьеж, тьеж
kyeӡ, tyeӡ
(towards who,/what)
кьележ, тьележ
kyeleӡ, tyeleӡ
(towards who, what - plr)
Тафаж
Tafaӡ
(towards/going into a bow)
Кучеж
Kuçeӡ
(towards/going into a dog)
Elative -(v)ш(v)
-(v)ş(v)
-(v)ш(v)л
-(v)ş(v)l
кьеджe, тьеджe
kyece, tyece
(out of/away from who,/what)
кьелджe, тьелджe
kyelce, tyelce
(out of/away from who,/what - plr)
Тафаджа
Tafaca
(away from/going out of a bow)
Кучедже
Kuçece
(away from/going out of a dog)
Benefactial -(v)к
-(v)k
-(v)к(v)л
-(v)k(v)l
кьем, тьем
kyem, tyem
(for who,/what)
кьел, тьел
kyel, tyel
(for who,/what - plr)
Тафак
Tafak
(for a bow)
Кучек
Kuçek
(for a dog)
Vocative -(c)e -(any voweol)/o
-(и/i)/е
Тафo
Tafo
(calling a bow)
Куче
Kuçe
(calling a dog)
Adjective -(v)в
-(v)v
-(v)в(v)л
-(v)v(v)l
Тафaв
Tafav
(bow; adjective)
Кучeв
Kuçev
(dog; adjective)
Adverbial -(v)т(v)й
-(v)t(v)y
-(v)т(v)йл
-(v)t(v)yl
Тафaд
Tafad
(bow; adverb)
Кучeд
Kuçed
(dog; adverb)

(V) - vowel depending on the vowel harmony
(V2) - Vowel only after nasal sounds


Lozhai uses Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word- happy - шасив / şasiv
  • Negative - Negation of the word - unhappy - нӗшасив / şasiv
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something - happier - ю-шасив / yu-şasiv
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group - happiest - я-шасив / ya-şasiv
  • Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative - ultimately happy - я-я-шасив / ya-ya-şasiv

Possesive suffixes

Lozhai has a number of Possessive suffixes that show to whom an object belongs too, though one can use the genitive form of a pronoun instead, and by doing so bringing more emphesis on the owner.

The Possesive suffixes can be pared with the other grammatical cases, while doing so, the case suffix comes after the possessive suffix.

Person & number Suffix Examples
Пал/Pal - oven Енеш/Eneş - Shirt X̆оx̆/Hhohh - throat
Thin harmony Medial harmony Thick harmony
1st Singular -(v)м/m Палӑм
Paläm
Енешим
Eneşim
X̆оx̆ум
Hhohhum
2nd -(v)ш/ş Палӑш
Paläş
Енешиш
Eneş
X̆оx̆уш
Hhohh
3d M -(v)йо/yo Палӑйо
Paläyo
Енешийо
Eneşiyo
X̆оx̆уйо
Hhohhuyo
3d F -(v)йо/yo Палӑя
Paläya
Енешия
Eneşiya
X̆оx̆уя
Hhohhuya
3d N -(v)йо/yo Палӑйо
Paläyo
Енешийо
Eneşiyo
X̆оx̆уйо
Hhohhuyo
1st Plural -(v)меԙ/meye Палӑмар
Palämar
Енешимер
Eneşimer
X̆оx̆умер
Hhohhumer
2nd -(v)шеԙ/şeye Палӑшар
Paläşar
Енешишер
Eneşişer
X̆оx̆ушер
Hhohhşer
3d -(v)ле/le Палӑлар
Palälar
Енешилер
Eneşiler
X̆оx̆улер
Hhohhuler

Verbs

Tense-Aspect-Mood

Lozhai has 4 tenses and each has 2 aspects, and 2 moods:

Mood Person Number Past Present Future Future
in the
past
Simple Perfect Simple Continious Perfect Simple Perfect Simple Perfect
Indicative 1st Singular Таидӑм
Tai·m
Таидӑм’аҥ
Tai·m’an̈
Таим
Taim
Таим’eҥ
Taim’en̈
Таичeм
Taiçem
Таичeм’eҥ
Taiçem’en̈
Таичeшӑм
Taiçeşäm
Таичeшӑм’аҥ
Taiçeşäm’an̈
Plural
exclusive
Таидӑме
Taidäme
Таидӑме’eҥ
Taidäme’en̈
Таиме
Taime
Таиме’eҥ
Taime’en̈
Таичeме
Taiçeme
Таичeме’eҥ
Taiçeme’en̈
Таичeшӑме
Taiçeşäme
Таичeшӑме’eҥ
Taiçeşäme’en̈
Plural
inclusive
Таидӑмше
Taidämşe
Таидӑмше’eҥ
Taidämşe’en̈
Таимше
Taimşe
Таимше’eҥ
Taimşe’en̈
Таичeмше
Taiçemşe
Таичeмше’eҥ
Taiçemşe’en̈
Таичeшӑмше
Taiçeşämşe
Таичeшӑмше’eҥ
Taiçeşämşe’en̈
2nd Singular Таидӑш
Taidäş
Таидӑш’аҥ
Taidäş’an̈
Таиш
Taiş
Таиш’аҥ
Taiş’an̈
Таичeш
Taiçeş
Таичeш’аҥ
Taiçeş’an̈
Таичeшӑш
Taiçeşäş
Таичeшӑш’аҥ
Taiçeşäş’an̈
Plural Таидӑше
Taidäşe
Таидӑше’eҥ
Taidäşe’en̈
Таише
Taişe
Таише’eҥ
Taişe’en̈
Таичeше
Taiçeşe
Таичeше’eҥ
Taiçeşe’en̈
Таичeшӑше
Taiçeşäşe
Таичeшӑше’eҥ
Taiçeşäşe’en̈
3d Singular Таидӑй
Taidäy
Таидӑй’аҥ
Taidäy’an̈
Таийи
Taiyi
Таийи’аҥ
Taiyi’an̈
Таичeй
Taiçey
Таичeй’eҥ
Taiçey’en̈
Таичeшӑй
Taiçeşäy
Таичeшӑй’аҥ
Taiçeşäy’an̈
Plural Таидӑԙ
Taidäye
Таидӑԙ’eҥ
Taidäye’en̈
Таиԙ
Taiy
Таиԙ’eҥ
Taiye’en̈
Таичeԙ
Taiçeye
Таичeԙ’eҥ
Taiçeye’en̈
Таичeшӑԙ
Taiçeşäye
Таичeшӑԙ’eҥ
Taiçeşäye’en̈
Imperative All Singular Таидзe
Taidze
Таидзe’eҥ
Taidze’en̈
Таидзeтe
Taidzete
Plural Таидзeл
Taidzel
Таидзeл’eҥ
Taidzel’en̈
Таидзeлтe
Taidzelte
-Self Singular The suffix ’лa/е/’la/e is added at the end, or before the ’a/eҥ/’a/en̈, to mark the act is towards the self.
Plural The suffix ’лa/ей/’la/ey is added at the end, or before the ’a/eҥ/’a/en̈, to mark the act is towards the self.

Note: Vowels that follow vowel harmony are highlighted in a dark blue color

Verb form "to -verb-" is marked with the -dа/ed suffix:
"таидед/taided" - "to run" , "таийидед/taiyided" - (they) to run
"дуурдед/duurded" - "to fill" , "дуурйидед/duuryided" - (they) to fill

Pronouns+Be

Lozhai has the feature of pronounse mixed with the verb "be":

Person Number Past Present Future Future
in the past
+was +NEG-was +be +NEG-be +will-be +will-NEG-be +was-going.to +was-NEG-going.to
1st Singular Ямдӑ
Yamdä
Нӑямдӑ
Näyamdä
Яме
Yame
Нӑяме
Näyame
Ямече
Yameçe
Нӑямече
Näyameçe
Ямечешe
Yameçeşe
Нӑямечешe
Näyameçeşe
Plural
exclusive
Мейдӑ
Meydä
Нӑмейдӑ
Nämeydä
Меирече
Meireçe
Нимеирече
Nimeireçe
Меирече
Meireçe
Нимеирече
Nimeireçeş
Меиречеше
Meireçeşe
Нимеиречеше
Nimeireçeşe
Plural
inclusive
Мешдӑ
Meşdä
Нӑмешдӑ
Nämeşdä
Мешир
Meşir
Нимешир
Nimeşir
Меширече
Meşireçe
Нимеширече
Nimeşireçeş
Меширечеше
Meşireçeşe
Нимеширечеше
Nimeşireçeşe
2nd
Singular Ширдӑ
Şirdä
Ниширдӑ
Nişirdä
Шир
Şir
Нишир
Nişir
Ширече
Şireçe
Ниширече
Nişireçe
Ширечеше
Şireçeşe
Ниширечешеbr
Nişireçeşe
Plural Шеирдӑ
Şeirdä
Нишеирдӑ
Nişeirdä
Шеир
Şeir
Нишеир
Nişeir
Шеирече
Şeireçeş
Нишеирече
Nişeireçe
Шеиречеше
Şeireçeşe
Нишеиречеше
Nişeireçeşe
3d
Singular
Masculine
& Neuter
Ойирдӑ
Oyirdä
Нуйирдӑ
Nuyirdä
Ойир
Oyir
Нуйир
Nuyir
Ойирече
Oyireçe
Нуйирече
Nuyireçe
Ойиречеше
Oyireçeşe
Нуйиречеше
Nuyireçeşe
Singular
Feminine
Айирдӑ
Ayirdä
Нӑйирдӑ
Näyirdä
Айир
Ayir
Нӑйир
Näyir
Айирече
Ayireçe
Нӑйирече
Näyireçe
Айиречеше
Ayireçeşe
Нӑйиречеше
Näyireçeşe
Plural Алердӑ
Alerdä
Нӑлердӑ
Nälerdä
Алер
Aler
Нӑлер
Näler
Алерече
Alereçe
Нӑлерече
Nälereçe
Алеречеше
Alereçeşe
Нӑлеречеше
Nälereçeşe

Negation

The present and Past tenses get the simpler negation prefix, and the Future tense get the more complex one.

Past & Present Future &
Future in the past
Нӗ-<word>
Në-<word>
Нал-<word>
Nal-<word>
Examples
Нӗтаим
taim
Налтаиечем
Naltaieçem
I'm not running
i don't run
I'm not going to run
Нӗтаиедӑш
taiadäş
Налтаиечешӑш
Naltaieçeşäş
You didn't run You weren't going to run
Нӗтаиедзе
taiedze
Налтаиедзете
Naltaiedzete
Don't run Don't run later

Note: the past/present negation form is also used for adjectives and adverbs.

Affix order

The order of how words are formed with affixes:

Noun affix order
Definite- Word -Plurality -Possessive -Case/Adjective -Question
Verb affix order
Negation- Word -Tense -Person~Number -Perfective -Question

Numbers

Lozhai is a Decimal language, meaning it has a base 10 number system.

Literally translated "12" is "1 on (top of) 12", and 21 is "1 on (top of) 2-10" and so on.

Number
Number term
(Lozhai)
Number
Number term
(Lozhai)
Number
Number term
(Lozhai)
Number
Number term
(Lozhai)
Number
Number term
(Lozhai)
Number
Number term
(Lozhai)
1 Атӑл
Atäl
11 Атӑлнеми
Atälnemi
10 Ен
En
101 Атӑл-шехеми
Atäl-şehemi
100 Шех
Şeh
1000 Огил
Ogil
2 Кайӑ
Kayä
12 Кайӑнеми
Kayänemi
20 Кайӑен
Kayäen
21 Атӑл-кайӑенми
Atäl-kayäenemi
200 Кайӑшех
Kayäşeh
2000 Кайӑогил
Kayäogil
3 Балӑ
Balä
13 Балӑнеми
Balänemi
30 Балӑен
Baläen
31 Атӑл-балӑенеми
Atäl-baläenemi
300 Балӑшех
Baläşeh
3000 Балӑогил
Baläogil
4 Кулун
Kulun
14 Кулуннеми
Kulunnemi
40 Кулунен
Kulunen
41 Атӑл-кулунеми
Atäl-kulunemi
400 Кулуншех
Kulunşeh
4000 Кулуногил
Kulunogil
5 Боўгӑ
Bowgä
15 Боўгӑнеми
Bowgänemi
50 Боўгӑeн
Bowgäen
51 Атӑл-боўгӑенеми
Atäl-bowgäenemi
500 Боўгӑшех
Bowgäşeh
5000 Боўгӑогил
Bowgäogil
6 Алшӑ
Alşä
16 Алшӑнеми
Alşänemi
60 Алшӑен
Alşä-En
61 Атӑл-алшӑенеми
Atäl-alşäenemi
600 Алшӑшех
Alşäşeh
6000 Алшӑогил
Alşäogil
7 Сувун
Suvun
17 Сувуннеми
Suvunnemi
70 Сувунен
Suvunen
71 Атӑл-сувуненеми
Atäl-Suvunenemmi
700 Сувуншех
Suvunşeh
7000 Сувуногил
Suvunogil
8 Ненте
Nente
18 Нентенеми
Nentenemi
80 Нентеен
Nenteen
81 Атӑл-нентенеми
Atäl-nentenemi
800 Нентешех
Nenteşeh
8000 Нентеогил
Nenteogil
9 Талӑ
Talä
19 Талӑнеми
Talänemi
90 Талӑен
Taläen
91 Атӑл-талӑенеми
Atäl-taläenemi
900 Талӑшех
Taläşeh
9000 Талӑогил
Taläogil

Questions

Yes-No type

Lozhai forms Yes and No questions with a quesiton suffix:

Queastion affix
Thin
Harmony
Medial
Harmony
Thick
Harmony
<word>-кӑ
<word>-
<word>-ки
<word>-ki
<word>-ку
<word>-ku
Examples
Гаяшкӑ
Gayaş
Таишки
Taişki
Цохушку
Tsohuşku
Are you Fishing? Are you Running? Are you cutting?
Aн’ягенкӑ?
An’yagen?
Aн’кучeйки?
An’kuçeyki?
Ан’чохукку?
An’çohukku?
Inside the House? Neer the dogs? For the boy?
Таиш ан’ягaжкӑ?
Taiş аn’yagaӡ?
Ԙчешки aйӑ?
Yeçeşki ayä?
Ан’улужку?
An’uluӡku?
You're running from/out of the house? Are you going to see her? Into the country?

Wh- type

"Wh- type" questions are pretty straight forward, as they just add another word to the mix.

Dialects

Lozhai is generally split into 3 dialect groups that form a continuem, from Karakach to the mountain passes to the west.

Nashean

Nashean Lozhai, commonly just Nashean, is a dialect spoken in and around the region of Nashe, Riamo, it is a resault of settlers left over from colonial times, it's has Phonetic influence from the Riamese langauge spoken there and many loanwords.

Lnaguage examples

Common words and sentances
Lozhai
Govoric
Lozhai
Latin
Common Gloss
Literal meaning
IPA
Хялдза / Хял. Hyaldzа / Hyal. Hello / Hi
(singular)
health-2S-IMP
health
/ˈxʲal.d͡za/ /xʲal/
Хялдзал / Хял. Hyaldzаl / Hyal. Hello / Hi
(plr. & pauc.)
health-2P-IMP
health
/xʲalˈd͡zal/ /xʲal/
Нԙл шагю. Nyelev şagyu. Good morning. good.adj morning /ɲæ̝.lav ˈʃaɣju/
Нԙл ичин. Nyelev için. Good afternoon/day good.adj day /ɲæ̝.lav it͡ʃin/
Нԙл хачи. Nyelev haçi. Good evening good.adj night /ɲæ̝l.lav ˈxa.t͡ʃi/
Ииш хачи. Iişev haçi. Good night Soft.adj night /i.jiʃ.lav ˈxa.t͡ʃi/
Сиджа ԙй / Сам Sica yey / Sam Goodbye / Bye next see-ADE
bye
/ˈsa.d͡ʒa jæ̝j/ /sam/
Лан руш шинлы? Lan ruş şinlÿ? What's your name? how say-2S yourself /lan ɾuˈʃ‿in.lɤ/
Рум ԙмлы ___ Rum yemlÿ ___ My name is ___ say-1S myself ___ /ɾum ˈjæ̝m.lɤ ___/
Шир аладжa? Şir alaca? Where are you from? 2S.be where-ELA /ʃiɾ ˈa.la.d͡ʒa/
Яме ___(-е/а)дж(-е/а) Yamе ___(-е/а)c(-е/а) I'm from ___ 1S.be ___-ELA /ja.mɛ ___-ɛ/a.d͡ʒɛ/a/
Лан шир? Lan şir? How are you? how 2S.be /lan ʃiɾ/
Яме нԙл Yame nyelev I'm good/alright/okay 1S.be good-adj /ja.mɛ ˈɲæ̝.lav/
Яме нӗнԙл Yame nyelev I'm not good/okay/alright 1S.be NEG-good-adj /ja.mɛ nø̞ˈɲæ̝.lav/

Sample text

World Peace Manifesto

World Peace Manifesto is the founding agreement, that formed the Anterian World Assembly. When the document was being translated into Lozhai, it was treanslated quite literaly, like for example the "reach global peace" was literaly translated, there have been later versions made, but the original one stays official.

Common:
We, the nations of Anteria, hereby stand together, working together, united and willing to cooperate to reach global peace. We have seen enough deaths, enough suffering, enough pain and enough ruined lives. We came together with a hope and an ideal, that there are things that should be done, there are ways better than war, there is a better way to work with the world.
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Lozhai (Govoric):
Меԙ, Антериян улул, чаме суз, скеме суз, башитевел не меирече годавал сазиммедед па уҥечeме глобалав тен. Ԙдӑме’eҥ унешев ўе меў, унешев ўе джах, унешев ўе чах не унешев ўе тарйив жейшчинал. Баидӑме суз апшамах не идяламах, шӑ ха ашал кана инеб ювԙ’ле’еҥ, ха иншол ю-нԙлел рамаг. Ха ю-нԙл иншо скейидед ямамах.
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Lozhai (Latin):
Meye, Anteriyan ulul, çame suz, skeme suz, başitevel ne meireçe godaval sazimmeded pa un̈eçeme globalav ten. Yedäme’en̈ uneşev we mew, uneşev we cah, uneşev we çah ne uneşev we taryiv ӡeyşçinal. Baidäme suz apşamah ne idyalamah, şä ha aşal kana ineb yuvye’le’en̈, ha inşol yu-nyelel ramag. Ha yu-nyel nişo skeyided yamamah.

Other

Text of the popular folk song "Yana-na":

Lozhai (Govoric) Lozhai (Latin) Common translation
"Яна-на" "Yana-na" "Yana-na"

Ай'дза ԙти лао мах ярӑш, вихе мах пальав пре (x2)
Мах тьем айамдад шити, фев тефре? (x2)

Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x2)
 
Мах лабав ярӑш, вихе мах пальав пре (x2)
Ярӑм раджийи ешкев, фев тефре (x2)

Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x2)

Тьем ювйи ярӑш ешкев, вихе мах пальав пре (x2)
Ан’ченье кьеме ԙти айадӑш’аҥ, фев тефре (x2)

Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x4)

Ay'dza yeti lao mah yaräş, vihe mah palyav pre (x2)
Mah tyem ayamdad şiti, fev tefre? (x2)

Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x2)

Mah labav yaräş, vihe mah palyav pre (x2)
Yaräm raciyi eşkev, fev tefre (x2)

Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x2)

Tyem yuvyi yaräş eşkev, vihe mah palyav pre (x2)
An’çenye kyeme yeti ayadaş’an̈, fev tefre (x2)

Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x4)

give me water with you hands, girl with cut bangs (x2)
with what do I give you, scented rose? (x2)
 
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x2)
 
With your own hand, girl with cut bangs (x2)
my hand happens to be busy, scented rose (x2)
 
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x2)
 
what's making your hand busy, girl with cut bangs (x2)
the ring you gave me, scented rose (x2)
 
Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x4)


The 15th century poem about the Qal-Hhana river transalted into modern Lozhai:

"The Qal-Hhana river"
"Ан’мош Кал-X̆ана" - "Аn’moş Kal-Hhana"
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in Lozhai (Govoric): - in Lozhai (Latin): - in Common:
Ан’Кал-X̆анав лаол саяхачая кундед,
аледе саяхачая x̆е’кайал бундед,
саяхачая гаял не деел рундед,
не лудалал дуурeчeԙ’аҥ.
- An’Kal-Hhanav laol sayahaçaya kunded,
alede sayahaçaya hhe’layal bunded,
sayahaçaya gayal ne deel runded,
ne ludalal duureçeye’an̈.
- The waters of the Qal-Hhan will continue to flow,
they'll continue to hit the rocks,
there will continue to be lots of fish and frogs,
and the floods will also be filled.
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Lozhai". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.