Latest revision as of 14:04, 22 October 2021

Lozhai (Lozhai: Ложа Гԙл, Loja Gyel [ˈlɔ.ʒa ɣjæ̝l] ) is an indidenous langauge spoken in Southern Thuadia. It is one of the few surviving paleo-qazhshavan tounges.

Basic information

Lozhai
Lozhai
Ложа Гԙл; Loja Gyel
Pronunciation	[ˈlɔ.ʒa ɣjæ̝l]
Native to	Qazhshava
Region	Southern Thuadia
Language family	Hewehetan Norhtern Lozhai; ;
Early form	Old-Lozhai
Standard forms	Lake
Dialects	Coastal; Lake;
Writing system	Cyrillic; Latin;
Official status
Official language in	Qazhshava
Regulated by	Qazhshavan Council of Languages
Language codes
ISO 639-1	lz
ISO 639-2	lzh
ISO 639-3	lzh
Glottolog	lozha1331
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Lozhai is a Pro-Drop agglutinative SVO/SOV language with a moderately complex syllable structure, it puts adjectives before nouns and has postpositions. It has a high number of cases (16) compared to its neighbors and shares some grammatical features with them, mainly trough influnence. The language is neutorious with having long verbs, which isnt always true.

Writing system

Lozhai has 3 official writing systems, of which the Govoric one dominates, it also has an unnoficial verion of it's Latin alphabet which is used mainly by people outside of qazhshava or ones who aren't able to type the special characters. Govoric alphabet:

А а	Ӑ ӑ	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ӗ ӗ	Ж ж
З з	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н	Ҥ ҥ	О о
П п	Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ў ў	Ф ф	Х х	X̆ x̆
Ц ц	Дз дз	Ч ч	Дж.дж	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ь ь	Ы ы	Ю ю
Я я	Ԙ ԙ

Latin alphabet:

A a	Ä ä	B b	C c	Ç ç	D d	Dz dz	E e	Ë ë
F f	G g	H h	Hh hh	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m
N n	N̈ n̈	O o	P p	Q q	R r	S s	Ş ş	T t
Ts ts	U u	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Ÿ ÿ	Z z	Ӡ ӡ

Govoric version	Latin version		Names	IPA Symbol	Notes
Govoric version	Offical	Unofficial		IPA Symbol	Notes
А а	A a			/a~ɑ/
Ӑ ӑ	Ä ä			/ɤ~ɯ/	In unstressed syllables it can be reduced to a soft /ɐ~a/ soundɵ
Б б	B b			/b/
В в	V v			/v/
Г г	G g			/ɣ~ʕ/	It can get pronounced as /g/ in foreing word and/or when its doubled or in a stressed syllable
Д д	D d			/d/
Е е	E e			/ɛ/
Ӗ ӗ	Ë ë	Oe oe		/ø̞/	In unstressed syllables it can be reduced to a soft /ɵ/ sound
Ж ж	Ӡ ӡ	Zh zh		/ʒ/
З з	Z z			/z/
И и	I i			/i/	Before a vowel it gets pronounced as /ij/ and after a vowel as /ji/.
Й й	Y y			/j/	Used after vowels and as first letter. J j is used as /j/ in forein words.
К к	K k			/k/
Л л	L l			/l/
М м	M m			/m/
Н н	N n			/n/
Ҥ ҥ	N̈ n̈	Ng ng		/ŋ/
О о	O o			/ɔ/
П п	P p			/p/
Кв кв	Q q			/k͡f/
Р р	R r			/ɾ/
С с	S s			/s/
Т т	T t			/t/
У у	U u			/u~ʊ/	It gets pronounsed as /w/ when a final vowel.
Ў ў	W w			/w/
Ф ф	F f			/f/
Х х	H h			/x/
X̆ x̆	Hh hh			/ħ/
Ц ц	Ts ts			/t͡s/
Дз дз	Dz dz			/d͡z/
Ч ч	Ç ç	Ch ch		/t͡ʃ/
Дж дж	C c			/d͡ʒ/
Дж дж	J j			/d͡ʒ/	Used in some foreing words
Ш ш	Ş ş	Sh sh		/ʃ/
Щ щ	Şt şt	Sht sht		/ʃt/
Ь ь	Y y			/◌ʲ/	Used only after consonants.
Ы ы	Ÿ ÿ			/ɤ~ɯ/	Used in foreign names and words.
Ю ю	Yu yu		/ju/
Я я	Ya ya		/ja/
Ԙ ԙ	Ye ye		/jɛ~jæ̝/	Pronounciation varies thourghout dialects
Кс кс	X x Ks ks			/k͡s/	The latin 'X x' is used only in foreign words

Phonology


		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Epiglottal
Nasal		m		n			ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t				k
Plosive	voiced	b	d				(ɡ)
Affricate	voiceless			t͡s	t͡ʃ
Affricate	voiced			d͡z	d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f		s	ʃ		x	ħ
Fricative	voiced	v		z	ʒ		ɣ ~ ʕ
Aproximant	voiced	w		l		j
Tap & Trill	voiced			ɾ


	Front	Back
Close	i	u~ʊ ɤ~ɯ
Mid	ø̞	u~ʊ ɤ~ɯ
Open-Mid	ɛ (æ̝)	ɔ
Open	a~ɑ

Pronouns

Lozhai has basic pronouns that one would find in Common, but has 2 forms of "we" (inclusive and exclusive) as well as the 12 cases:

Translation to Common	Person and number		Nom.	Acc.	Dat.	Com.	Comp.	Gen.	Ine.	Ade.	Supe.	Sube.	Ill.	Ela.	Ben.	Voc.
I, Me	First	Singular	Ԙм Yem	Ԙми Yemi	Ԙти Yeti	Ԙмех Yemeh	Мег Meg	Мей Mey	Ԙмне Yemne	Мӑԙ Mäye	Ԙмеми Yememi	Ԙмемөш Yememöş	Ԙмдже Yemce	Ԙмеж Yemeӡ	Ԙмек Yemek
You, Your	Second		Шин Şin	Шини Şini	Шити Şiti	Шемех Şemeh	Шег Şeg	Ший Şiy	Шинне Şinne	Шӑԙ Şäye	Шинеми Şinemi	Шинемөш Şinemöş	Шиндже Şince	Шинеж Şineӡ	Шинек Şinek	Ши'! Şi'!
He, him	Third		Ой Oy	Ойӑ Oyä	Оти Oti	Оймeх Oymeh	Оймуг Oymug	Ойин Oyin	Ойни Oyni	Ойо Oyo	Ойеми Oyemi	Ойемөш Oyemöş	Ойдже Oyce	Ойеж Oyeӡ	Ойек Oyek
She, her			Ай Ay	Айӑ Ayä	Ати Ati	Аймех Aymeh	Аймӑг Aymäg	Айин Ayin	Айни Ayni	Ая Aya	Аями Ayami	Аямөш Ayamöş	Айджа Ayca	Аяж Ayaӡ	Аяк Ayak
It			Лӑ Lä	Ойӑ Oyä	Оти Oti	Оймех Oymeh	Оймуг Oymug	Ойин Oyin	Ойни Oyni	Ойо Oyo	Ойеми Oyemi	Ойемөш Oyemöş	Ойдже Oyce	Ойеж Oyeӡ	Ойек Oyek
Myself	First		Ԙмлӑ Yemlä	Ԙмлӑи Yemläi	Ԙлити Yeliti	Ԙмех Yemeh	Меԙг Meyeg	Мейлӑ Meylä	Ԙмлӑне Yemläne	Мӑлӑԙ Mäläye	Ԙмлӑеми Yemläemi	Ԙмлӑемӗш Yemläemëş	Ԙмлӑдже Yemläce	Ԙмлӑлеж Yemläleӡ	Ԙмлӑек Yemläek
Yourselves	Second		Шинлӑ Şinlä	Шинлӑи Şinläi	Шилӑти Şiläti	Шинлех Şinleh	Шиԙг Şiyeg	Шийлӑ Şiylä	Шинлӑне Şinläne	Шӑлӑԙ Şäläye	Шинлӑеми Şinläemi	Шинлӑемөш Şinläemëş	Шинлӑдже Şinläce	Шинлӑлеж Şinläleӡ	Шинлӑек Şinläek
Himself	Thirds		Ойлӑ Oylä	Ойлӑлӑ Oylälä	Олӑлти Olälti	Оймех Oymeh	Ойлиг Oylig	Ойлӑин Oyläin	Ойлӑни Oyläni	Ойлӑо Oyläo	Ойлӑеми Oyläemi	Ойлӑемөш Oyläemëş	Ойлӑдже Oyläce	Ойлӑлеж Oyläleӡ	Ойлӑек Oyläek
Herself	Thirds		Айлӑ Aylä	Айлӑлӑ Aylälä	Алӑлти Alälti	Алмех Almeh	Айлӑг Ayläg	Айлӑин Ayläin	Айлӑни Ayläni	Айлӑа Ayläa	Айлӑами Ayläami	Айлӑамөш Ayläamëş	Айлӑджа Ayläca	Айлӑлаж Aylälaӡ	Айлӑак Ayläak
Itself	Thirds		Лылыл Läläl	Ойлӑлы Oylälä	Олӑлти Olälti	Oлмех Olmeh	Ойлмег Oylmeg	Ойлӑин Oyläin	Ойлӑни Oyläni	Ойлӑо Oyläo	Ойлӑеми Oyläemi	Ойлӑемӗш Oyläemëş	Ойлӑдже Oyläce	Ойлӑлеж Oyläleӡ	Ойлӑек Oyläek
We, us (Exclusive)	First	Plural (Formal)	Меԙ Meye	Мейи Meyi	Мити Miti	Митих Mitih	Мершег Merşeg	Мерши Merşi	Мейне Meyne	Най Nay	Меԙми Meyemi	Меԙмӗш Meyemëş	Мейдже Meyce	Меԙж Meyeӡ	Меԙк Meyek
We, us (Inclusive)	First		Мейше Meyşe	Мейши Meyşi	Мшити Mşiti	Мшитих Miştih	Мешег Meşeg	Мешерши Meşerşi	Мейшне Meyşne	Найш Nayş	Мейшеми Meyşemi	Мейшемӗш Meyşemëş	Мейшдже Meyşce	Мейшеж Meyşeӡ	Мейшек Meyşek
You (plr.)	Second		Шеԙ Şeye	Шейи Şeyi	Шйити Şyiti	Шйитих Şyitih	Шершиг Şerşig	Шерши Şerşi	Шейне Şeyne	Шай Şay	Шеԙми Şeyemi	Шеԙмӗш Şeyemëş	Шейдже Şeyce	Шеԙж Şeyeӡ	Шеԙк Şeyek	Шеԙ! Şeye!
They, them	Third		Але Ale	Али Ali	Алти Alti	Алмӑх Almäh	Алершег Alerşeg	Алерше Alerşe	Алени Aleni	Алай Alay	Алеми Alemi	Алемӗш Alemëş	Алдже Alce	Алеж Aleӡ	Алек Alek
Ourselves (exclusive)	First		Меԙлӑ Meyelä	Мейлӑи Meyläi	Млӑити Mläiti	Меԙх Meyeh	Мелӑршӑг Melärşäg	Мелӑрши Melärşi	Мейлӑне Meyläne	Найлӑ Naylä	Мейлӑеми Meyläemi	Мейлӑемӗш Meyläemëş	Мейлӑдже Meyläce	Мейлӑлеж Meyläleӡ	Мейлӑек Meyläek
Ourselves (inclusive)	First		Мейшелӑ Meyşelä	Мейшлӑи Meyşläi	Мшӑлӑити Mşäläiti	Мейшех Meyşeh	Мешлӑершег Meşläerşeg	Мешлӑерши Meşläerşi	Мейшлӑне Meyşläne	Найшлӑ Nayşlä	Мейшлӑеми Meyşläemi	Мейшлӑемӗш Meyşläemëş	Мейшлӑдже Meyşläce	Мейшлӑлеж Meyşläleӡ	Мейшлӑек Meyşläek
Yourselves	Second		Шеԙлӑ Şeyelä	Шейлӑи Şeyläi	Шлӑити Şläiti	Шейлех Şeyleh	Шелӑршӑх Şelärşäh	Шелӑрши Şelärşi	Шейлӑне Şeyläne	Шайлӑ Şaylä	Шейлӑеми Şeyläemi	Шейлӑемӗш Şeyläemëş	Шейлӑдже Şeyläce	Шейлӑлеж Şeyläleӡ	Шейлӑек Şeyläek
Themselves	Thirds		Алелӑ Alelä	Аллӑи Alläi	Аллӑити Alläiti	Аллӑх Alläh	Алелӑршӑh Alelärşäh	Алелӑрше Alelärşe	Алелӑни Aleläni	Алалӑй Alaläy	Алелӑми Alelämi	Алелӑмӗш Alelämëş	Аллӑдже Alläce	Аллӑлеж Alläleӡ	Аллӑек Alläek

Nouns

Vowel harmony

Words with the last vowel being part of the 'thin' vowels (⟨a⟩ ⟨ӑ/ä⟩ ⟨ы/ÿ⟩ ⟨я/ya⟩) get the vowel -a-
Words with the last vowel being part of the 'medial' vowels (⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ԙ/ye⟩) get the vowel -e-
Words with the last vowel being part of the 'thick' vowels (⟨o⟩ ⟨ӗ/ë⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ю/yu⟩) get the vowel -у-

Grammatical Number

Lozhai has 3 grammatical numbers:

Singular: used for when there is exaclty 1 of the object
Plural: used for 2 or more of the object

Defenite article

Lozhai has two types of definite articles (singular and plural) and no indefinite.

Both definite articles are prefixes:
Definite singular: ан’- / an’-
Definite plural: x̆е’- / hhe’-

Grammatical Cases

Lozhai has 16 grammatical cases.

Nominative: Subject
Accusative: Interract with the Subject (hear, hit, harm...)
Genitive: Possesed by the Subject
Dative: to the Subject
Comitative: With Subject
Comparative: As Subject (Cold as ice)
Inessive: In/Inside the Subject
Adessive: Neer by the Subject
Superessive: On top of the Subject
Subessive: Under the Subject
Illative: Moving into the Subject or an action towards it
Elative: Moving out of / from the Subject
Benefactial: for the Subject
Vocative: calling the Subject
Adjective: turns subject into adjective
Adverbial: turns subject into adverb

Case	Suffix		Quastion words		Example
Case	Suffix		Quastion words		Thick Harmony	Thin Harmony
Nominative	-	-(v)л -(v)l	кьем, тьем kyem, tyem (who, what)	кьел, тьел kyel, tyel (who, what - plr)	Тафa Tafa (Bow; subject)	Куч Kuç (Dog; subject)
Accusative	-(v)ч -(v)ç	-(v)л(v)ч -(v)l(v)ç	кьемeч, тьемeч kyemeç, tyemeç (who/m, what)	кьелeч, тьелeч kyeleç, tyeleç (who/m, what - plr)	Тафач Tafaç (Bow; Object)	Кучуч Kuçuç (Dog; Object)
Genitive	-(v)н -(v)л(v)н	-(v)n -(v)l(v)n	кьен, тьен kyen, tyen (whose, what's)	кьелен, тьелен kyelen, tyelen (whose, whay's - plr)	Тафан Tafan (a bow's)	Кучен Kuçen (a dog's)
Dative	-(v)ти -(v)ti	-(v)лти -(v)lti	кьемти, тьемти kyemti, tyemti (to whom, to what)	кьелти, тьелти kyelti, tyelti (to whom, to what - plr)	Тафaти Tafati (to a bow)	Кучти Kuçti (to a dog)
Comitative	-(v₂)м(v)х -(v₂)m(v)h	-(v)лм(v) -(v)lm(v)h	кьемех, тьемех kyemeh, tyemeh (with whom, with what)	кьелмех, тьелмех kyelmeh, tyelmeh (with whom, with what - plr)	Тафaти Tafati (to a bow)	Кучти Kuçti (to a dog)
Comparative	-(v)г -(v)g	-(v)г(v)л -(v)g(v)l	кьемег, тьемег kyemeg, tyemeg (than whom, than what)	кьелмег, тьелмег kyelmeg, tyelmeg (than whom, than what - plr)	Тафaти Tafati (to a bow)	Кучти Kuçti (to a dog)
Inessive	-д(v) -d(v)	-д(v)л -d(v)l	кьеде, кьедел, тьеде kyede, kyedel, tyede (on who(sin/plr), where)		Тафащ Tafaşt (in/inside a bow)	Кучещ Kuçeşt (in/inside a dog)
Adessive	-(v)щ -(v)şt	-(v)щ(v)л -(v)şt(v)l	кьей, тьей kyey, tyey (next to who,/what)	кьей, тьей kyey, tyey (next to who,/what - plr)	Тафай Tafay (neer a bow)	Кучей Kuçey (neer a dog)
Superessive	-(v₂)ми -(v₂)mi	-(v)лми -(v)lmi	кьеми, тьеми kyemi, tyemi (on top of who,/what)	кьеми, тьеми kyemi, tyemi (on top of who,/what -plr)	Тафaми Tafami (on top of/above a bow)	Кучми Kuçmi (on top of/above a dog)
Subessive	-(v₂)мӗ -(v₂)më	-(v)лмӗ -(v)lmë	кьемӗ, тьемӗ kyemë, tyemë (under who,/what)	кьемӗ, тьемӗ kyemë, tyemë (under who,/what -plr)	Тафaмӗ Tafamë (under a bow)	Кучмӗ Kuçmë (under a dog)
Illative	-(v)ж -(v)ӡ	-(v)ж(v)л -(v)ӡ(v)l	кьеж, тьеж kyeӡ, tyeӡ (towards who,/what)	кьележ, тьележ kyeleӡ, tyeleӡ (towards who, what - plr)	Тафаж Tafaӡ (towards/going into a bow)	Кучеж Kuçeӡ (towards/going into a dog)
Elative	-(v)ш(v) -(v)ş(v)	-(v)ш(v)л -(v)ş(v)l	кьеджe, тьеджe kyece, tyece (out of/away from who,/what)	кьелджe, тьелджe kyelce, tyelce (out of/away from who,/what - plr)	Тафаджа Tafaca (away from/going out of a bow)	Кучедже Kuçece (away from/going out of a dog)
Benefactial	-(v)к -(v)k	-(v)к(v)л -(v)k(v)l	кьем, тьем kyem, tyem (for who,/what)	кьел, тьел kyel, tyel (for who,/what - plr)	Тафак Tafak (for a bow)	Кучек Kuçek (for a dog)
Vocative	-(c)e	-(any voweol)/o -(и/i)/е			Тафo Tafo (calling a bow)	Куче Kuçe (calling a dog)
Adjective	-(v)в -(v)v	-(v)в(v)л -(v)v(v)l			Тафaв Tafav (bow; adjective)	Кучeв Kuçev (dog; adjective)
Adverbial	-(v)т(v)й -(v)t(v)y	-(v)т(v)йл -(v)t(v)yl			Тафaд Tafad (bow; adverb)	Кучeд Kuçed (dog; adverb)

(V) - vowel depending on the vowel harmony
(V₂) - Vowel only after nasal sounds

Lozhai uses Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

Positive - Bassic form of the word- happy - шасив / şasiv
Negative - Negation of the word - unhappy - нӗшасив / nëşasiv
Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something - happier - ю-шасив / yu-şasiv
Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group - happiest - я-шасив / ya-şasiv
Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative - ultimately happy - я-я-шасив / ya-ya-şasiv

Possesive suffixes

Lozhai has a number of Possessive suffixes that show to whom an object belongs too, though one can use the genitive form of a pronoun instead, and by doing so bringing more emphesis on the owner.

The Possesive suffixes can be pared with the other grammatical cases, while doing so, the case suffix comes after the possessive suffix.

Person & number		Suffix	Examples
			Пал/Pal - oven	Енеш/Eneş - Shirt	X̆оx̆/Hhohh - throat
			Thin harmony	Medial harmony	Thick harmony
1st	Singular	-(v)м/m	Палӑм Paläm	Енешим Eneşim	X̆оx̆ум Hhohhum
2nd		-(v)ш/ş	Палӑш Paläş	Енешиш Eneşiş	X̆оx̆уш Hhohhuş
3d M		-(v)йо/yo	Палӑйо Paläyo	Енешийо Eneşiyo	X̆оx̆уйо Hhohhuyo
3d F		-(v)йо/yo	Палӑя Paläya	Енешия Eneşiya	X̆оx̆уя Hhohhuya
3d N		-(v)йо/yo	Палӑйо Paläyo	Енешийо Eneşiyo	X̆оx̆уйо Hhohhuyo
1st	Plural	-(v)меԙ/meye	Палӑмар Palämar	Енешимер Eneşimer	X̆оx̆умер Hhohhumer
2nd		-(v)шеԙ/şeye	Палӑшар Paläşar	Енешишер Eneşişer	X̆оx̆ушер Hhohhşer
3d		-(v)ле/le	Палӑлар Palälar	Енешилер Eneşiler	X̆оx̆улер Hhohhuler

Verbs

Tense-Aspect-Mood

Lozhai has 4 tenses and each has 2 aspects, and 2 moods:

Mood	Person	Number	Past		Present			Future		Future in the past
Mood	Person	Number	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Continious	Perfect	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Perfect
Indicative	1st	Singular	Таидӑм Taidä·m	Таидӑм’аҥ Taidä·m’an̈	Таим Taim		Таим’eҥ Taim’en̈	Таичeм Taiçem	Таичeм’eҥ Taiçem’en̈	Таичeшӑм Taiçeşäm	Таичeшӑм’аҥ Taiçeşäm’an̈
		Plural exclusive	Таидӑме Taidäme	Таидӑме’eҥ Taidäme’en̈	Таиме Taime		Таиме’eҥ Taime’en̈	Таичeме Taiçeme	Таичeме’eҥ Taiçeme’en̈	Таичeшӑме Taiçeşäme	Таичeшӑме’eҥ Taiçeşäme’en̈
		Plural inclusive	Таидӑмше Taidämşe	Таидӑмше’eҥ Taidämşe’en̈	Таимше Taimşe		Таимше’eҥ Taimşe’en̈	Таичeмше Taiçemşe	Таичeмше’eҥ Taiçemşe’en̈	Таичeшӑмше Taiçeşämşe	Таичeшӑмше’eҥ Taiçeşämşe’en̈

	2nd	Singular	Таидӑш Taidäş	Таидӑш’аҥ Taidäş’an̈	Таиш Taiş		Таиш’аҥ Taiş’an̈	Таичeш Taiçeş	Таичeш’аҥ Taiçeş’an̈	Таичeшӑш Taiçeşäş	Таичeшӑш’аҥ Taiçeşäş’an̈
	2nd	Plural	Таидӑше Taidäşe	Таидӑше’eҥ Taidäşe’en̈	Таише Taişe		Таише’eҥ Taişe’en̈	Таичeше Taiçeşe	Таичeше’eҥ Taiçeşe’en̈	Таичeшӑше Taiçeşäşe	Таичeшӑше’eҥ Taiçeşäşe’en̈

	3d	Singular	Таидӑй Taidäy	Таидӑй’аҥ Taidäy’an̈	Таийи Taiyi		Таийи’аҥ Taiyi’an̈	Таичeй Taiçey	Таичeй’eҥ Taiçey’en̈	Таичeшӑй Taiçeşäy	Таичeшӑй’аҥ Taiçeşäy’an̈
	3d	Plural	Таидӑԙ Taidäye	Таидӑԙ’eҥ Taidäye’en̈	Таиԙ Taiy		Таиԙ’eҥ Taiye’en̈	Таичeԙ Taiçeye	Таичeԙ’eҥ Taiçeye’en̈	Таичeшӑԙ Taiçeşäye	Таичeшӑԙ’eҥ Taiçeşäye’en̈

Imperative	All	Singular			Таидзe Taidze		Таидзe’eҥ Taidze’en̈	Таидзeтe Taidzete
		Plural			Таидзeл Taidzel		Таидзeл’eҥ Taidzel’en̈	Таидзeлтe Taidzelte

-Self		Singular			The suffix ’лa/е/’la/e is added at the end, or before the ’a/eҥ/’a/en̈, to mark the act is towards the self.
-Self		Plural	The suffix ’лa/ей/’la/ey is added at the end, or before the ’a/eҥ/’a/en̈, to mark the act is towards the self.

Note: Vowels that follow vowel harmony are highlighted in a dark blue color

Verb form "to -verb-" is marked with the -dа/ed suffix:
"таидед/taided" - "to run" , "таийидед/taiyided" - (they) to run
"дуурдед/duurded" - "to fill" , "дуурйидед/duuryided" - (they) to fill

Pronouns+Be

Lozhai has the feature of pronounse mixed with the verb "be":

Person	Number	Past		Present		Future		Future in the past
Person	Number	+was	+NEG-was	+be	+NEG-be	+will-be	+will-NEG-be	+was-going.to	+was-NEG-going.to
1st	Singular	Ямдӑ Yamdä	Нӑямдӑ Näyamdä	Яме Yame	Нӑяме Näyame	Ямече Yameçe	Нӑямече Näyameçe	Ямечешe Yameçeşe	Нӑямечешe Näyameçeşe
	Plural exclusive	Мейдӑ Meydä	Нӑмейдӑ Nämeydä	Меирече Meireçe	Нимеирече Nimeireçe	Меирече Meireçe	Нимеирече Nimeireçeş	Меиречеше Meireçeşe	Нимеиречеше Nimeireçeşe
	Plural inclusive	Мешдӑ Meşdä	Нӑмешдӑ Nämeşdä	Мешир Meşir	Нимешир Nimeşir	Меширече Meşireçe	Нимеширече Nimeşireçeş	Меширечеше Meşireçeşe	Нимеширечеше Nimeşireçeşe

2nd	Singular	Ширдӑ Şirdä	Ниширдӑ Nişirdä	Шир Şir	Нишир Nişir	Ширече Şireçe	Ниширече Nişireçe	Ширечеше Şireçeşe	Ниширечешеbr Nişireçeşe
	Plural	Шеирдӑ Şeirdä	Нишеирдӑ Nişeirdä	Шеир Şeir	Нишеир Nişeir	Шеирече Şeireçeş	Нишеирече Nişeireçe	Шеиречеше Şeireçeşe	Нишеиречеше Nişeireçeşe

3d	Singular Masculine & Neuter	Ойирдӑ Oyirdä	Нуйирдӑ Nuyirdä	Ойир Oyir	Нуйир Nuyir	Ойирече Oyireçe	Нуйирече Nuyireçe	Ойиречеше Oyireçeşe	Нуйиречеше Nuyireçeşe
	Singular Feminine	Айирдӑ Ayirdä	Нӑйирдӑ Näyirdä	Айир Ayir	Нӑйир Näyir	Айирече Ayireçe	Нӑйирече Näyireçe	Айиречеше Ayireçeşe	Нӑйиречеше Näyireçeşe
	Plural	Алердӑ Alerdä	Нӑлердӑ Nälerdä	Алер Aler	Нӑлер Näler	Алерече Alereçe	Нӑлерече Nälereçe	Алеречеше Alereçeşe	Нӑлеречеше Nälereçeşe

Negation

The present and Past tenses get the simpler negation prefix, and the Future tense get the more complex one.

Past & Present	Future & Future in the past
Нӗ-<word> Në-<word>	Нал-<word> Nal-<word>

Examples
Нӗтаим Nëtaim	Налтаиечем Naltaieçem
I'm not running i don't run	I'm not going to run

Нӗтаиедӑш Nëtaiadäş	Налтаиечешӑш Naltaieçeşäş
You didn't run	You weren't going to run

Нӗтаиедзе Nëtaiedze	Налтаиедзете Naltaiedzete
Don't run	Don't run later

Note: the past/present negation form is also used for adjectives and adverbs.

Affix order

The order of how words are formed with affixes:

Noun affix order
Definite-	Word	-Plurality	-Possessive	-Case/Adjective	-Question

Verb affix order
Negation-	Word	-Tense	-Person~Number	-Perfective	-Question

Numbers

Lozhai is a Decimal language, meaning it has a base 10 number system.

Literally translated "12" is "1 on (top of) 12", and 21 is "1 on (top of) 2-10" and so on.

Number	Number term (Lozhai)	Number	Number term (Lozhai)	Number	Number term (Lozhai)	Number	Number term (Lozhai)	Number	Number term (Lozhai)	Number	Number term (Lozhai)
1	Атӑл Atäl	11	Атӑлнеми Atälnemi	10	Ен En	101	Атӑл-шехеми Atäl-şehemi	100	Шех Şeh	1000	Огил Ogil
2	Кайӑ Kayä	12	Кайӑнеми Kayänemi	20	Кайӑен Kayäen	21	Атӑл-кайӑенми Atäl-kayäenemi	200	Кайӑшех Kayäşeh	2000	Кайӑогил Kayäogil
3	Балӑ Balä	13	Балӑнеми Balänemi	30	Балӑен Baläen	31	Атӑл-балӑенеми Atäl-baläenemi	300	Балӑшех Baläşeh	3000	Балӑогил Baläogil
4	Кулун Kulun	14	Кулуннеми Kulunnemi	40	Кулунен Kulunen	41	Атӑл-кулунеми Atäl-kulunemi	400	Кулуншех Kulunşeh	4000	Кулуногил Kulunogil
5	Боўгӑ Bowgä	15	Боўгӑнеми Bowgänemi	50	Боўгӑeн Bowgäen	51	Атӑл-боўгӑенеми Atäl-bowgäenemi	500	Боўгӑшех Bowgäşeh	5000	Боўгӑогил Bowgäogil
6	Алшӑ Alşä	16	Алшӑнеми Alşänemi	60	Алшӑен Alşä-En	61	Атӑл-алшӑенеми Atäl-alşäenemi	600	Алшӑшех Alşäşeh	6000	Алшӑогил Alşäogil
7	Сувун Suvun	17	Сувуннеми Suvunnemi	70	Сувунен Suvunen	71	Атӑл-сувуненеми Atäl-Suvunenemmi	700	Сувуншех Suvunşeh	7000	Сувуногил Suvunogil
8	Ненте Nente	18	Нентенеми Nentenemi	80	Нентеен Nenteen	81	Атӑл-нентенеми Atäl-nentenemi	800	Нентешех Nenteşeh	8000	Нентеогил Nenteogil
9	Талӑ Talä	19	Талӑнеми Talänemi	90	Талӑен Taläen	91	Атӑл-талӑенеми Atäl-taläenemi	900	Талӑшех Taläşeh	9000	Талӑогил Taläogil

Questions

Yes-No type

Lozhai forms Yes and No questions with a quesiton suffix:

Queastion affix
Thin Harmony	Medial Harmony	Thick Harmony
<word>-кӑ <word>-kä	<word>-ки <word>-ki	<word>-ку <word>-ku

Examples
Гаяшкӑ Gayaşkä	Таишки Taişki	Цохушку Tsohuşku
Are you Fishing?	Are you Running?	Are you cutting?

Aн’ягенкӑ? An’yagenkä?	Aн’кучeйки? An’kuçeyki?	Ан’чохукку? An’çohukku?
Inside the House?	Neer the dogs?	For the boy?

Таиш ан’ягaжкӑ? Taiş аn’yagaӡkä?	Ԙчешки aйӑ? Yeçeşki ayä?	Ан’улужку? An’uluӡku?
You're running from/out of the house?	Are you going to see her?	Into the country?

Wh- type

"Wh- type" questions are pretty straight forward, as they just add another word to the mix.

Dialects

Lozhai is generally split into 3 dialect groups that form a continuem, from Karakach to the mountain passes to the west.

Nashean

Nashean Lozhai, commonly just Nashean, is a dialect spoken in and around the region of Nashe, Riamo, it is a resault of settlers left over from colonial times, it's has Phonetic influence from the Riamese langauge spoken there and many loanwords.

Lnaguage examples

Common words and sentances
Lozhai Govoric	Lozhai Latin	Common	Gloss Literal meaning	IPA
Хялдза / Хял.	Hyaldzа / Hyal.	Hello / Hi (singular)	health-2S-IMP health	/ˈxʲal.d͡za/ /xʲal/
Хялдзал / Хял.	Hyaldzаl / Hyal.	Hello / Hi (plr. & pauc.)	health-2P-IMP health	/xʲalˈd͡zal/ /xʲal/
Нԙлeв шагю.	Nyelev şagyu.	Good morning.	good.adj morning	/ɲæ̝.lav ˈʃaɣju/
Нԙлeв ичин.	Nyelev için.	Good afternoon/day	good.adj day	/ɲæ̝.lav it͡ʃin/
Нԙлeв хачи.	Nyelev haçi.	Good evening	good.adj night	/ɲæ̝l.lav ˈxa.t͡ʃi/
Иишeв хачи.	Iişev haçi.	Good night	Soft.adj night	/i.jiʃ.lav ˈxa.t͡ʃi/
Сиджа ԙй / Сам	Sica yey / Sam	Goodbye / Bye	next see-ADE bye	/ˈsa.d͡ʒa jæ̝j/ /sam/
Лан руш шинлы?	Lan ruş şinlÿ?	What's your name?	how say-2S yourself	/lan ɾuˈʃ‿in.lɤ/
Рум ԙмлы ___	Rum yemlÿ ___	My name is ___	say-1S myself ___	/ɾum ˈjæ̝m.lɤ ___/
Шир аладжa?	Şir alaca?	Where are you from?	2S.be where-ELA	/ʃiɾ ˈa.la.d͡ʒa/
Яме ___(-е/а)дж(-е/а)	Yamе ___(-е/а)c(-е/а)	I'm from ___	1S.be ___-ELA	/ja.mɛ ___-ɛ/a.d͡ʒɛ/a/
Лан шир?	Lan şir?	How are you?	how 2S.be	/lan ʃiɾ/
Яме нԙлeв	Yame nyelev	I'm good/alright/okay	1S.be good-adj	/ja.mɛ ˈɲæ̝.lav/
Яме нӗнԙлeв	Yame nënyelev	I'm not good/okay/alright	1S.be NEG-good-adj	/ja.mɛ nø̞ˈɲæ̝.lav/

Sample text

World Peace Manifesto

World Peace Manifesto is the founding agreement, that formed the Anterian World Assembly. When the document was being translated into Lozhai, it was treanslated quite literaly, like for example the "reach global peace" was literaly translated, there have been later versions made, but the original one stays official.

Common:
We, the nations of Anteria, hereby stand together, working together, united and willing to cooperate to reach global peace. We have seen enough deaths, enough suffering, enough pain and enough ruined lives. We came together with a hope and an ideal, that there are things that should be done, there are ways better than war, there is a better way to work with the world.
-
Lozhai (Govoric):
Меԙ, Антериян улул, чаме суз, скеме суз, башитевел не меирече годавал сазиммедед па уҥечeме глобалав тен. Ԙдӑме’eҥ унешев ўе меў, унешев ўе джах, унешев ўе чах не унешев ўе тарйив жейшчинал. Баидӑме суз апшамах не идяламах, шӑ ха ашал кана инеб ювԙ’ле’еҥ, ха иншол ю-нԙлел рамаг. Ха ю-нԙл иншо скейидед ямамах.
-
Lozhai (Latin):
Meye, Anteriyan ulul, çame suz, skeme suz, başitevel ne meireçe godaval sazimmeded pa un̈eçeme globalav ten. Yedäme’en̈ uneşev we mew, uneşev we cah, uneşev we çah ne uneşev we taryiv ӡeyşçinal. Baidäme suz apşamah ne idyalamah, şä ha aşal kana ineb yuvye’le’en̈, ha inşol yu-nyelel ramag. Ha yu-nyel nişo skeyided yamamah.

Other

Text of the popular folk song "Yana-na":

Lozhai (Govoric)	Lozhai (Latin)	Common translation
"Яна-на"	"Yana-na"	"Yana-na"
Ай'дза ԙти лао мах ярӑш, вихе мах пальав пре (x2) Мах тьем айамдад шити, фев тефре? (x2) Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x2) Мах лабав ярӑш, вихе мах пальав пре (x2) Ярӑм раджийи ешкев, фев тефре (x2) Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x2) Тьем ювйи ярӑш ешкев, вихе мах пальав пре (x2) Ан’ченье кьеме ԙти айадӑш’аҥ, фев тефре (x2) Яна-на, Яна-не, Яна-на о’ ԙти инебе' (x4)	Ay'dza yeti lao mah yaräş, vihe mah palyav pre (x2) Mah tyem ayamdad şiti, fev tefre? (x2) Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x2) Mah labav yaräş, vihe mah palyav pre (x2) Yaräm raciyi eşkev, fev tefre (x2) Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x2) Tyem yuvyi yaräş eşkev, vihe mah palyav pre (x2) An’çenye kyeme yeti ayadaş’an̈, fev tefre (x2) Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na o’ yeti inebe' (x4)	give me water with you hands, girl with cut bangs (x2) with what do I give you, scented rose? (x2) Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x2) With your own hand, girl with cut bangs (x2) my hand happens to be busy, scented rose (x2) Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x2) what's making your hand busy, girl with cut bangs (x2) the ring you gave me, scented rose (x2) Yana-na, Yana-ne, Yana-na oh how i need you (x4)

The 15th century poem about the Qal-Hhana river transalted into modern Lozhai:

"The Qal-Hhana river"
"Ан’мош Кал-X̆ана" - "Аn’moş Kal-Hhana"
-
in Lozhai (Govoric):	-	in Lozhai (Latin):	-	in Common:
Ан’Кал-X̆анав лаол саяхачая кундед, аледе саяхачая x̆е’кайал бундед, саяхачая гаял не деел рундед, не лудалал дуурeчeԙ’аҥ.	-	An’Kal-Hhanav laol sayahaçaya kunded, alede sayahaçaya hhe’layal bunded, sayahaçaya gayal ne deel runded, ne ludalal duureçeye’an̈.	-	The waters of the Qal-Hhan will continue to flow, they'll continue to hit the rocks, there will continue to be lots of fish and frogs, and the floods will also be filled.

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Lozhai". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Lozhai". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

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Lozhai language: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:04, 22 October 2021

Contents

Basic information

Writing system

Phonology

Pronouns

Nouns

Vowel harmony

Grammatical Number

Defenite article

Grammatical Cases

Possesive suffixes

Verbs

Tense-Aspect-Mood

Pronouns+Be

Negation

Affix order

Numbers

Questions

Yes-No type

Wh- type

Dialects

Nashean

Lnaguage examples

Sample text

World Peace Manifesto

Other

Navigation menu

Lozhai language: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:04, 22 October 2021

Basic information

Writing system

Phonology

Pronouns

Nouns

Vowel harmony

Grammatical Number

Defenite article

Grammatical Cases

Possesive suffixes

Verbs

Tense-Aspect-Mood

Pronouns+Be

Negation

Affix order

Numbers

Questions

Yes-No type

Wh- type

Dialects

Nashean

Lnaguage examples

Sample text

World Peace Manifesto

Other

Navigation menu

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