Inglaterran Language: Difference between revisions
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Subjective pronouns are used as the subject of a sentence, representing the person or thing performing the action. For example, in the sentence "She dances beautifully." the pronoun "she" is a subjective pronoun. | Subjective pronouns are used as the subject of a sentence, representing the person or thing performing the action. For example, in the sentence "She dances beautifully." the pronoun "she" is a subjective pronoun. | ||
Like most languages, Inglaterran Creole has different forms of address according to the degree of formality the speaker wishes to show the addressee. There are | Like most languages, Inglaterran Creole has different forms of address according to the degree of formality the speaker wishes to show the addressee. There are five tiers of formality in Inglaterran Creole. In very broad terms, the lowest tier of address is the informal you, or ''du'' (singular) and ''seníns'' (plural). The second tier is the ''di'' or ''díns'' forms, which are commonly used with family and other friends. The third tier is sometimes used day for day or as a respectful way of showing familiar, using ''dot'' and ''dotíns''. The fourth tier of address is used for formal contexts but day to day, and is ''don'' in the singular and ''doníns'' in the plural. The fifth and most polite form of address is to address the person in the third person, using the formal third person mode of address of ''sét'' (singular) and ''dem'' (plural). Rather than address the person directly, a person would use ''de sét'' or ''dens dem'' (literally "the sir" or "the sirs"), regardless of the gender. However, there is considerable regional variation in the use of these terms. | ||
Generally speaking, ''du'' is an extremely intimate form of address, used with one's closest friends and family. ''Du'' is used so sparingly that an Inglaterran proverb exists around it (At the end of your life, it is your ''duíns'' who will miss you most). The term ''di'' and ''díns'' are relatively informal, one would use this with either friends or family members they wish to show familiarity yet respect towards, such as grandparents. ''Dot'' and ''dotíns'' are used in most contexts as a form of address between people who are roughly social equals, indicating a respect yet distance. The term ''Don'' and ''doníns'' indicates a certain amount of deference and is generally the most formal form a person would be likely to use day to day. Usage varies by region, but a general rule of thumb is that ''don'' is used to address someone's social equal but with more prestige, such as a manager in the workplace. The last form of address is commonly used for those who have power in some form, such as professors, police officers, magistrates, or upper management in the workplace. ''Sét'' and ''dem'' are used in the third person and are the more ceremonious form of address. Fluvan speakers may find the latter construction akin to the parliamentary convention of referring to fellow legislators in the third person (as "my colleague", "the gentleman", "the member", etc.), although the level of formality conveyed is not as great. In fact, variants of ''de sét'' with more nuanced meanings such as titles as ''de profehm'' ("the professor"), ''de doctor'' ("the doctor"), ''de collega'' ("the colleague") and '' de fard'' ("the father") are also employed as personal pronouns. | |||
This fivefold scheme is, however, complicated by regional variations. While the scheme described above is very common in Inglaterran-speaking communities in Abos, Stratea, or Los Angeles, it is not nearly as rigid in Inglaterran-speaking communities in Alaoyi, the A.C.S., or Inglaterra itself. For example, Inglaterran speakers in Etesia have lost many of the forms of address, with the traditional distinctions between ''du''/''di''/''dot''/''don'' having disappeared, with the usage of ''de sét'' being used for formal situation, ''du'' assuming the same function as ''di'', and ''dot'' being used for everything between familiarity and formality. Inglaterran speakers in Inglaterra itself have gone a step further, with ''du'' being used in all contexts other than addressing those with some form of power, where the traditional ''de sét'' is used. On the other hand, in Alaoyian and Akenyan communities, it is common to use a person's own name as a pronoun more or less equivalent to ''dot'', which is much rarer in Inglaterra itself. In the A.C.S., the explicit usage of ''du'' and ''di'' is often discouraged as it may sound too informal, thus most speakers tend to default to ''don'' and use ''dot'' as their familar form. | |||
===Objective=== | ===Objective=== | ||
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===Reflexive=== | ===Reflexive=== | ||
==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== | ||
=Syntax= | =Syntax= | ||
Inglaterran creole's syntax is primarily descended from its Diash origins, though simplified. It lacks case declension and is verb-subject-object order (example: Rather than "''Cows eat grass''" it is "''Eat cows grass''"). Much like many creoles, Inglaterran borrows its grammar from the substrate language (in this case, Diash) but simplifies it, representing the pidgin origins of the langugage. | Inglaterran creole's syntax is primarily descended from its Diash origins, though simplified. It lacks case declension and is verb-subject-object order (example: Rather than "''Cows eat grass''" it is "''Eat cows grass''"). Much like many creoles, Inglaterran borrows its grammar from the substrate language (in this case, Diash) but simplifies it, representing the pidgin origins of the langugage. | ||
Revision as of 21:17, 21 December 2023
| Inglaterran | |
|---|---|
| Inglaterran Creole | |
| Inglatierach | |
| Pronunciation | IPA: //ˈɪŋɡləˌtɛrən// |
Native speakers | L1: c. 112 million (2023) L2: c. 130 million |
Frigan-based Creoles
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | ig |
| ISO 639-3 | Inglaterran – Inglaterran |
Inglaterran Creole (Inglaterran: Creolsk Inglatierach), commonly referred to as simply Creole, or Creolsk, in the Inglaterran langugage, is a Frigan-based creole langugage spoken by roughly 112 million people worldwide, and is one of the official national languages in both Inglaterra and Etesia. It is the majority language in Etesia and the plurality language in Inglaterra, with minorities of Inglaterran-speakers being found in Alaoyi, Akenye, Los Angeles, the Antarctic Circle States, The Furbish Islands, Greater Niagara, and other countries worldwide. There are many dialects of Inglaterran, though like Fluvan or Niagaran, the majority of dialects have near perfect intelligiblity with one another. There is no standardized dialect, but the most common one taught worldwide is the dialect found in Aachtigen.
The language emerged from contact between Niagaran settlers and Diash speaking natives during the colonization of what is now western Alaoyi, northeastern Inglaterra, and southern Etesia, predominantly during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Its vocabulary is predominantly derived from Frigan, with the grammar being predominantly derived from the Cetanni languages, especially the Diash language, with the Inith language being a distant second. Other influences have come from Ndibeanyan, Fluvan, Onslander, Gagian, and Niagaran. It is not mutually intelligible with either Frigan or Diash, as its vocabulary, though derived from those languages, has diverged signifigantly enough to make understanding of Inglaterran difficult for the speakers of Frigan or Diash. In addition, its grammar is distinct enough to further lessen any possible intelligibility. Inglaterrans are the largest community in the world which speaks a modern creole language.
The usage of, and education in, Inglaterran Creole has been contentious since at least the 19th century. Many Frigan speakers maligned the language as an uneducated and backwards form of Frigan and many Diash speakers maligned the language as being an artifical legacy of colonialism. Until the early 20th century, education was predominantly conducted in Frigan or Niagaran (as many Niagaran speakers saw Frigan as being backwards and uneducated in the same way Frigans saw Inglaterran). After the communists seized power in 1935, the usage of Inglaterran increased in public life, and it was made an official language of the state and laws mandating all Inglaterran speakers learn Frigan or Niagaran were repealed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In the modern day, Inglaterran is used as a language of business and government to an equal, if not greater, frequency than Frigan is used in Inglaterra.
Etymology
The word creole comes from the Agnian term crioulo, which means "a person raised in one's house", from the Mavonan creare, which means "to create, make, bring forth, produce, beget". In Galia, the term originally referred to Agnian colonists in Los Angeles who were born in the colonies (as opposed to the Agnian-born pátrianos). To be "as rich as a Creole" at one time was a popular saying boasted in Tavira during the colonial years of Los Angeles, for being one of the most lucrative colonies in the world meant that the crioulos who made their fortune and returned to Agnia were often some of the wealthiest people in Agnia. The noun creole eventually came to denote mixed-marriages between Angelean natives and Agnians and the mixed languages spoken by the offspring of those marriages. Eventually, the term creole became applied to anything, be it art or language, which mixed colonial and native qualities. By the late 19th century, the term creole was being used in its modern context as a mixed language.
Origins
History
Early Development
Under Communism
Sociolinguistics
Role in Society
Role in Education
Orthography
Grammar
Pronouns
Inglaterran pronouns are divided into seven categories; the subjective, objective, posessive, reflexive, demonstrative, relative, and interrogative.
Subjective
Subjective pronouns are used as the subject of a sentence, representing the person or thing performing the action. For example, in the sentence "She dances beautifully." the pronoun "she" is a subjective pronoun.
Like most languages, Inglaterran Creole has different forms of address according to the degree of formality the speaker wishes to show the addressee. There are five tiers of formality in Inglaterran Creole. In very broad terms, the lowest tier of address is the informal you, or du (singular) and seníns (plural). The second tier is the di or díns forms, which are commonly used with family and other friends. The third tier is sometimes used day for day or as a respectful way of showing familiar, using dot and dotíns. The fourth tier of address is used for formal contexts but day to day, and is don in the singular and doníns in the plural. The fifth and most polite form of address is to address the person in the third person, using the formal third person mode of address of sét (singular) and dem (plural). Rather than address the person directly, a person would use de sét or dens dem (literally "the sir" or "the sirs"), regardless of the gender. However, there is considerable regional variation in the use of these terms.
Generally speaking, du is an extremely intimate form of address, used with one's closest friends and family. Du is used so sparingly that an Inglaterran proverb exists around it (At the end of your life, it is your duíns who will miss you most). The term di and díns are relatively informal, one would use this with either friends or family members they wish to show familiarity yet respect towards, such as grandparents. Dot and dotíns are used in most contexts as a form of address between people who are roughly social equals, indicating a respect yet distance. The term Don and doníns indicates a certain amount of deference and is generally the most formal form a person would be likely to use day to day. Usage varies by region, but a general rule of thumb is that don is used to address someone's social equal but with more prestige, such as a manager in the workplace. The last form of address is commonly used for those who have power in some form, such as professors, police officers, magistrates, or upper management in the workplace. Sét and dem are used in the third person and are the more ceremonious form of address. Fluvan speakers may find the latter construction akin to the parliamentary convention of referring to fellow legislators in the third person (as "my colleague", "the gentleman", "the member", etc.), although the level of formality conveyed is not as great. In fact, variants of de sét with more nuanced meanings such as titles as de profehm ("the professor"), de doctor ("the doctor"), de collega ("the colleague") and de fard ("the father") are also employed as personal pronouns.
This fivefold scheme is, however, complicated by regional variations. While the scheme described above is very common in Inglaterran-speaking communities in Abos, Stratea, or Los Angeles, it is not nearly as rigid in Inglaterran-speaking communities in Alaoyi, the A.C.S., or Inglaterra itself. For example, Inglaterran speakers in Etesia have lost many of the forms of address, with the traditional distinctions between du/di/dot/don having disappeared, with the usage of de sét being used for formal situation, du assuming the same function as di, and dot being used for everything between familiarity and formality. Inglaterran speakers in Inglaterra itself have gone a step further, with du being used in all contexts other than addressing those with some form of power, where the traditional de sét is used. On the other hand, in Alaoyian and Akenyan communities, it is common to use a person's own name as a pronoun more or less equivalent to dot, which is much rarer in Inglaterra itself. In the A.C.S., the explicit usage of du and di is often discouraged as it may sound too informal, thus most speakers tend to default to don and use dot as their familar form.
Objective
Objective pronouns are used as the object of a verb or a preposition, indicating the recipient or receiver of the action. For example, in the sentence "He helped her." the pronoun "he" is used as an objective pronoun. In Inglaterran Creole, these pronouns are distinct from subjective pronouns and have their own form.
Posessive
Posessive pronouns show ownership or possession, indicating that something belongs to someone. For example, in the sentence "This is my book." the pronoun "my" is a posessive pronoun. In Fluvan and Inglaterran Creole, the posessive pronouns are unique from the subjective pronouns.
| Person | Fluvan | Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Masculine | I | Mé | Ven |
| Feminine | Von | |||
| 2nd | None | You | Du | Duníns |
| 3rd | Masculine | He | Sen | Deig |
| Neuter/Formal | It | Sét | Dem | |
| Feminine | She | Son | Diad | |
Reflexive pronouns reflect back to the subject of the sentence, indicating that the subject and object are the same. For example, in the sentence "She hurt herself." the pronoun "herself" is reflexive while "she" is subjective".
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions and seek information about people or things. For example, in the sentence "Who is coming?" the pronoun "who" is interrogative.
Demonstrative pronouns point to or specify a particular thing or person. For example, in the sentence "This is mine." the pronoun "this" serves as a demonstrative pronoun.
Relative pronouns connect different parts of a sentence and introduce dependent clauses, providing more information about a noun or pronoun mentioned earlier. For example, in the sentence "The man who is standing there." the pronoun "who" is used as a relative pronoun.
Plural Nouns
Posessives
Indefinite Articles
Definite Articles
Demonstratives
Verbs
Conjugation
Progressive Continuing
Reflexive
Adjectives
Syntax
Inglaterran creole's syntax is primarily descended from its Diash origins, though simplified. It lacks case declension and is verb-subject-object order (example: Rather than "Cows eat grass" it is "Eat cows grass"). Much like many creoles, Inglaterran borrows its grammar from the substrate language (in this case, Diash) but simplifies it, representing the pidgin origins of the langugage.
Nouns do not decline for any grammatical case. While some animate nouns use masculine and feminine pronouns, nouns are not gendered. However, nouns do decline for the singular and non-singular, with the number zero and plural numbers both being represented by the same concept. The suffix of íns is used to represent non-singular numbers. Adjectives, like nouns, do not decline for anything other than to indicate number. There are no gendered adjectives in Inglaterran creole. This directly contrasts to both Diash and Frigan, where both nouns and adjectives decline for number, gender, and case.
Verb conjugation has likewise been simplified. Verbs can be conjugated by time, present, past, or future. Verbs can also be declined in the progressive continuing. Rather than dedicated imperfective or perfective verbs, Inglaterran is thought to have borrow from Fluvan, where the imperfective and perfective are indicated by using auxiliary words, similar to Fluvan using the word "have" to indicate aspect in the phrase "will have been writing". The supine form of the verbs, common in Frigan, has also been eliminated. Outside of the simple present, verbs do not conjugate for number. Within the simple present, verbs conjugate for the singular using the suffix íonn or the nonsingular ímid.
One distinctive aspect of Inglaterran is shared with Diash, and is the distinction between the copulas is and tá. Is describes identity or quality in a permanence sense, while temporary aspects are described by tá. This is similar to the difference between the verbs ser and estar in Serran and Agnian.