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{{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| group = Nordic peoples | | group = Nordic peoples | ||
| total = {{circa}} | | total = {{circa}} 526 million | ||
| total_year = 2020 | | total_year = 2020 | ||
| regions = {{flag|Acrea}} | | regions = {{flag|Acrea}} 170,900,000 <br> {{flagicon image|Amerazzieflag v3.png|22px}} [[Æþurheim]] 129,700,000 <br> {{flag|Shalum}} 100,000,000 <br> {{flag|Delkora}} 73,900,000 <br> {{flag|Northern States}} 15,760,000<br> {{flag|Cacerta}} 13,100,000 <br> {{flag|Ossoria}} 9,000,000 | ||
| languages = | | languages = Nordic<br>Gothic<br>Venetian<br>[[Northian language|Northian]] | ||
| religions = [[Valstígr]]<br>[[Vallyar]]<br>[[ | | religions = [[Valstígr]]<br>[[Vallyar]]<br>[[Fonδaiš Wīštā̊]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Nordic peoples''' are a group of {{wpl|ethnic group|ethnicities}} in [[Tyran]] who trace their lineage back to the | The '''Nordic peoples''' are a group of {{wpl|ethnic group|ethnicities}} in [[Tyran]] who trace their lineage back to the Nordic-speaking regions of Eracura. Nordic, if taken as a single language, is one of the most widely spoken languages in Tyran. Although various Nordic regional and national dialects are the predominant mother tongues for the greater majority of Nordic peoples, it also encompasses a variety of languages spoken including Gothic, Venetian, and [[Northian language|Northian]] and is not considered an ethnolinguistic group. | ||
Modern Nordic peoples are descended from populations who originated in northeastern Eracura, in what is now modern-day [[Acrea]] and [[Nordkrusen]], with the largest being the Acrean-Nordlander subgroup which spread to assimilate | Modern Nordic peoples are descended from populations who originated in northeastern Eracura, in what is now modern-day [[Acrea]] and [[Nordkrusen]], with the largest being the Acrean-Nordlander subgroup which spread to assimilate or expel other groups in the area, eventually spreading into Delkora. Various Nordic peoples practice a variety of religions, though almost all are formed from {{wpl|Old Norse religion|Old Nordic religion}}, with the largest being [[Valstígr]] and [[Vallyar]]. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
The term "Nordic" | The term "Nordic" comes from the ancient Acrean and Nordkrusite term ''Norðmenn'', meaning ''Northmen'', the word most commonly used by other ethnolinguistic groups in Eracura to describe the peoples of North Acrea and Nordkrusen. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
===Ussterians=== | |||
{{main|Ussterian}} | |||
==Languages== | ==Languages== | ||
===Comparative vocabulary=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!style="width: 9em"| Northian !!style="width: 9em"| Akashi !!style="width: 9em"| Elder Nordic !!style="width: 9em"| Younger Nordic !!style="width: 9em"| Æþurian !!style="width: 9em"| Delkoran !!style="width: 9em"| Shalumite | |||
|- | |||
| pāuuərə || fōn || eldur || brann || fyr || fyr || fire | |||
|- | |||
| wodar || watō || vatn || vann || vatn || vand || water | |||
|- | |||
| eršā (farm) || airþa || jorð || jord || jord || jord || earth | |||
|- | |||
| amō || (asans) || sumar || sommer || sumar || sommer || summer | |||
|- | |||
| yōrə || jēr || ári || år || år || år || year | |||
|- | |||
| mā || mēnōþs || mánuði || måned || månad || måned || month | |||
|- | |||
| daōgar (daylight) || dags || dagr || dag || dag || dag || day | |||
|- | |||
| naēxš || snaiws || snjó || snø || snø || sne || snow | |||
|- | |||
| awurə || sunnō || sól || sol || sol || sol || sun | |||
|- | |||
| āštar || stairnō || stjörnur || stjerne || stjerne || stjerne || star | |||
|- | |||
| mātar || (aithei) || moður || mor || moder || moder || mother | |||
|- | |||
| ptār || fadar || föður || far || fader || fader || father | |||
|- | |||
| wezərə || swistar || systur || syster || syster || søster || sister | |||
|- | |||
| frātar || brōþar || bróðir || bror || broder || broder || brother | |||
|- | |||
| duktār || dauhtar || dóttir || dotter || dotter || datter || daughter | |||
|- | |||
| unuš (title) || sunus || sonur || sønn || son || søn || son | |||
|- | |||
| gā || qinō || konu || kvinne || kone || kone || (woman) | |||
|- | |||
| mənuš (human) || manna || mundu || mann || mann || mand || man | |||
|- | |||
| ẟγamō || guma || manneskja || menneske || gume || gom || (human) | |||
|- | |||
| ārə (living fluid) || eisarn || járn || jern || jarn || jern || iron | |||
|- | |||
| kapat || haubiþ || höfuð || hode || hovud || hoved || head | |||
|- | |||
| ao || ausō || eyra || øre || øyra || øre || ear | |||
|- | |||
| aopš || augō || auga || auge || auga || øje || eye | |||
|- | |||
| nā || || nef || nese || nos || næse || nose | |||
|- | |||
| den || tunthus || tönn || tann || tann || tand || tóth | |||
|- | |||
| dāguš || tuggō || tungu || tunge || tunge || tunge || tongue | |||
|- | |||
| pōt || fōtus || fótur || fot || fot || fod || fót | |||
|- | |||
| gənū || kniu || hné || kne || kne || knæ || knee | |||
|- | |||
| kat (counts of ten) || handus || hönd || hånd || hand || hånd || hand | |||
|- | |||
| kerd || hairtō || hjarta || hjerte || hjarta || hjerte || heart | |||
|} | |||
===Nordic=== | ===Nordic=== | ||
===Gothic=== | ===Gothic=== | ||
===Venetian=== | ===Venetian=== | ||
===Northian=== | ===Northian=== | ||
[[File:Nord langs.png|thumb|Phylogeny of Nordic-Northian languages]] | [[File:Nord langs.png|thumb|Phylogeny of Nordic-Northian languages, according to Stanton ''et al.'' (2002)]] | ||
[[Northian language|Northian]], an [[Erani-Eracurans|Erani-Eracuran]] language, has been argued to be a Nordic language, and their hypothesized, albeit disputed, common ancestor is Proto-Nordic-Northian (PNN). Where this language was spoken is hard to define, though most authorities that support its existence place it in the late 3rd to early 2nd millennium BCE, in or near [[Acrea]]. According to Stanton ''et al.'', around 3,500 years ago, dialects of PNN separated into two groups, the Nordic languages identified with the Nordic Iron Age and the [[Northian language|Northian languages]] identified with the Register Pottery Culture in [[Silua]] and [[Shalum]]. Not all scholars accept Stanton's theory, on the grounds that PNN as reconstructed is too similar to PEE to be considered the product of shared innovations. | |||
If Nordic and Northian are connected via {{wp|Cowgill's law}}, it seems some laryngeals, when flanked by a sonorant and *w, become /k/ in both families. While /k/ remained ''in situ'' in Elder Nordic, it would have become /s/ in Galic Northian by regular sound change. Though the correspondence is not exceptionless, examples in agreement between the two branches outnumber those in variance considerably, leading some authorities to identify a relation between the two language families. On the other hand, the two languages share no identifiable grammatical innovations or other phonetic ones, and this contrast has led others scholars to consign the apparent reflexes of Cowgill's law as an aerial effect or an unrelated reflex of Erani-Eracuran laryngeals. | |||
The oldest attested Northian texts are a scattered body of hymns, known as Gales, that are at the fundament of the [[Fonδaiš Wīštā̊]] religion. The language of the Gales is called Galic Northian. Gales are mainly found in the Didaskalic material, words attributed to wise men living in the 8th to 7th centuries BCE, in Epic poetry from the 7th to 2nd century BCE, and later, in more compendious ritual texts that describe the exact context in which Gales were used. Though most Gales are found in ritualistic prose, they also show the most evidence of later editing. It is evident that the Gales were not well understood by the priests that chanted it, though this probably had the effect of preserving the archaic text against later emendations. | |||
The | The ''communis opinio'' is that the oldest Gales (Period I) must have been given a thorough redaction ''circa'' 1500 BCE, while the time of their original composition cannot be known certainly. Some authorities, on the basis of such archaic word-forms like accusative singular ''θxā̊'' "into the Earth", whose perfect congnates could be found in branches as distant as Anatolian, posit a date of composition of 3000 – 2500 BCE. However, as Cramer points out, Northian is very good at the conservation of allomorphs, so the presence of a few that escaped analogical replacement does not require an excessively early date of composition, which cannot be supported by history. Period II and III Gales have been dated to around 1350 BCE and 1200 BCE; after this period, it seems the Gales were canonized, and new compositions thence were no longer added to the canon. | ||
The early history of the Northian languages is murky as the language did not enter the historical record until the 2nd century BCE. Northian developed from Proto-Nordic-Northian migrants who eventually settled in parts of Shalum and Silua. In the course of the Acrean Empire's expansion, Northian-speaking communities either assimilated to Acrean language and culture or migrated further north and west into the current territories of the [[Northern States]] by the 4th century BCE. Some Gales (hymns) have been dated to around 1500 BCE or, by some authorities, to earlier based on astronomical, geographic, and archaeological inferences, and they are noted by Acreas as "ancient songs that modern [Northian] tribesmen do not understand" even in the 2nd century BCE. Due to Acrean domination, Northian is attested through little more than its poetic and liturgical traditions, though scattered prose texts like contracts and testaments also exist. Though Old Nordic never fully displaced Northian as the mother tongue of provinces, its influence on Northian was enormous, and only in the 1200s did Northian replace Old Nordic as the language of politics. | <!--The earliest attested form of the Nordic branch is Old Nordic, which is the common ancestor of all Nordic languages. Old Nordic became the official language of the [[Acrean Empire]] that arose in the 5th century BCE and came to spread its language to much of northern Eracura. During the Empire's domination, the Goths migrated from Acrea to [[Akashi]], where their dialect became a separate language around the start of the Common Era. An evolved form, commonly called Late Old Nordic, continued to be spoken across the late Acrean Empire, though at that point dialectal differences had developed from the emergence of regional cultures. Proto-Shalumite was probably the first to split from Old Nordic, fostered by the Shalumite migration to the west of the continent. After the Shalumite split, other dialects of Old Nordic also became separate languages in the Acrean Empire, now conventionally called North Nordic, West Nordic, and East Nordic. Some speakers of these languages then migrated to [[Æþurheim]], [[Nordkrussen]], and [[Delkora]], respectively, though others remained in Acrea. A petrified form of Old Nordic remains in ceremonial and liturgical use in modern Acrea. | ||
The early history of the Northian languages is murky as the language did not enter the historical record until the 2nd century BCE. Northian developed from Proto-Nordic-Northian migrants who eventually settled in parts of Shalum and Silua. In the course of the Acrean Empire's expansion, Northian-speaking communities either assimilated to Acrean language and culture or migrated further north and west into the current territories of the [[Northern States]] by the 4th century BCE. Some Gales (hymns) have been dated to around 1500 BCE or, by some authorities, to earlier based on astronomical, geographic, and archaeological inferences, and they are noted by Acreas as "ancient songs that modern [Northian] tribesmen do not understand" even in the 2nd century BCE. Due to Acrean domination, Northian is attested through little more than its poetic and liturgical traditions, though scattered prose texts like contracts and testaments also exist. Though Old Nordic never fully displaced Northian as the mother tongue of provinces, its influence on Northian was enormous, and only in the 1200s did Northian replace Old Nordic as the language of politics.--> | |||
==Religion== | ==Religion== | ||
===Fonδaiš Wīštā̊=== | |||
{{main|Fonδaiš Wīštā̊}} | |||
Fonδaiš Wīštā̊, literally "known ways", is a belief system that venerates both natural and anthropomorphic deities and the community, ceremonies, and study that manifest it. Fonδaiš is thought to have developed during the Middle Bronze Age by Northian-speaking ancestors of [[Ussterian|Ussterians]], with heavy influence from the Erani-Eracuran religion, and venerates above others six paired gods—Ziiōš, θaɣā, Hāuuərə, Mā, Agnō, and Āfš—representing the deified Sky, Earth, Sun, Moon, Fire, and Water. The Bronze-Age form of the religion is not well attested, and classical Fonδaiš is effectively built around the teachings of the three Didaskaloi, priest-philosophers who lived between 800 and 650 BCE, which is understood to have reformed the religion's theology in fundamental ways. | |||
The human being is considered to have two aspects in Fonδaiš philosophy. On the one hand, humans are constrained by their material bodies and cannot exist without them, thus partaking in the finite, material world. On the other hand, humans have rational minds capable of understanding things and thereby create imperfect things out of the materials at their disposal, thus partaking in the infinite, spiritual world. Various parts of the human condition are distinguished in Fonδaiš philosophy as of either material or spiritual origin. Sex, for example, is considered to be of material origin; thus, there is no difference in how the faculty of thought operates between members of the sexes. The manner in which the two aspects of human beings intersect with each other is called the "human condition", in the sense that humans are "built" by two aspects. | |||
While the Bronze-Age beliefs of the Hamruvunts are likely to have been centred on deities with naturalistic human qualities, this is not the case by the age of classical Fonδaiš. Gods are considered beings of abstract thought and power or are equivalents to power. The Didaskaloi themselves did not conclude whether the gods were persons in the sense that humans can only exist as distinct persons from each other, i.e. each person being limited to one body and its faculties and cannot natively understand the world by the faculties of a different person, even though that person is also human. If the gods were separate persons, then they must also have separate domains and faculties, leading to different (and possibly conflicting) thoughts and actions, etc. Sometimes the gods were summarized as the godhead ''divdās'' and considered one entity in some contexts. | |||
It seems, by the extension of the thesis that the gods could be considered unitary in terms of the godhead, which is not personal, humanity ''θxāmatās'' is also partly unitary. Thus, all humans could be said to be one being on some level that does not involve their faculties, which are personal. The idea that humanity ''θxāmatās'' consists of godhead ''divdās'' and material personality, and those two things only, is the doctrine of bi-inclusionism. The contrary idea that ''θxāmatās'' in terms of its impersonal unity behaves like ''divdās'' but is not and does not contain ''divdās'' is called exclusionism. These two doctrines have been supported by various scholars over centuries. | |||
A key thesis accepted by the Didaskaloi is that human beings owe no worship or sacrifice to any deity; all the world, as it was created and even now being regenerated ''yā̊ yaēni'' "from year to year", is for their use and enjoyment, free of conditions. Accordingly, Fonδaiš followers, called ''Hakiyā'' "allies", aknowledge this work of creation and regeneration and give thanks to the deities, and they do so out of their own free will, for the love of Truth, and not out of a superstitious fear of punishment. Since humans are not bound to serve any god, and since they do it out of their free will if they do it at all, a person's religion is thus wholly and solely an exponent of their wisdom and morality; the Didaskaoi ask the Hakiyā to "understand all the gods" and see whose worship is closest to the Truth, each according to their natural judgement. | |||
The Fonδaiš gods, as described by the Didaskaloi, are {{wp|Transcendentalism|transcendent}} and do not possess physical forms or exist in the physical world. Sacrifices, as understood by the Didaskaloi, are not of worldly goods, since the material world is created by the gods and therein is nothing that the gods cannot themselves create. Humans can make a meaningful offering in their approvals of the gods, expressed in two ways—the singing of hymns, which expresses their approving mentality, and the re-enactment of the work of creation and regeneration. Many of Fonδaiš ceremonies are dedicated to the "consecration of elements", which changes the hyposthasis of worldly materials into their spiritual counterparts and precursors; similarly, humans are consecrated by ceremonies to manifest their spiritual character, which is identified with the Godhead in ceremony. | |||
Classical Fonδaiš also includes the veneration of the twin gods of the numina, [[Aithar]] and [[Wosma]], responsible for effecting hypostatic transformation. However, historically, it seems these two gods had independent cults not part of the classical theology where they had other functions. | |||
==Geographic distribution== | ==Geographic distribution== | ||
[[Category:Ethnic Groups of Tyran]] | [[Category:Ethnic Groups of Tyran]] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:49, 24 February 2024
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 526 million (2020) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Acrea 170,900,000  Æþurheim 129,700,000  Shalum 100,000,000  Delkora 73,900,000  Northern States 15,760,000 Cacerta 13,100,000  Ossoria 9,000,000 | |
| Languages | |
| Nordic Gothic Venetian Northian | |
| Religion | |
| Valstígr Vallyar Fonδaiš Wīštā̊ |
The Nordic peoples are a group of ethnicities in Tyran who trace their lineage back to the Nordic-speaking regions of Eracura. Nordic, if taken as a single language, is one of the most widely spoken languages in Tyran. Although various Nordic regional and national dialects are the predominant mother tongues for the greater majority of Nordic peoples, it also encompasses a variety of languages spoken including Gothic, Venetian, and Northian and is not considered an ethnolinguistic group.
Modern Nordic peoples are descended from populations who originated in northeastern Eracura, in what is now modern-day Acrea and Nordkrusen, with the largest being the Acrean-Nordlander subgroup which spread to assimilate or expel other groups in the area, eventually spreading into Delkora. Various Nordic peoples practice a variety of religions, though almost all are formed from Old Nordic religion, with the largest being Valstígr and Vallyar.
Etymology
The term "Nordic" comes from the ancient Acrean and Nordkrusite term Norðmenn, meaning Northmen, the word most commonly used by other ethnolinguistic groups in Eracura to describe the peoples of North Acrea and Nordkrusen.
History
Origins
The Nordic peoples have a largely agreed-upon single ethnogenesis, in a region spanning across Northeastern Eracura around the Gulf of Åland. The proto-Nordic peoples are considered to be descendants of the Erani-Eracurans diffused amongst local populations.
Classification
Ussterians
Languages
Comparative vocabulary
| Northian | Akashi | Elder Nordic | Younger Nordic | Æþurian | Delkoran | Shalumite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pāuuərə | fōn | eldur | brann | fyr | fyr | fire |
| wodar | watō | vatn | vann | vatn | vand | water |
| eršā (farm) | airþa | jorð | jord | jord | jord | earth |
| amō | (asans) | sumar | sommer | sumar | sommer | summer |
| yōrə | jēr | ári | år | år | år | year |
| mā | mēnōþs | mánuði | måned | månad | måned | month |
| daōgar (daylight) | dags | dagr | dag | dag | dag | day |
| naēxš | snaiws | snjó | snø | snø | sne | snow |
| awurə | sunnō | sól | sol | sol | sol | sun |
| āštar | stairnō | stjörnur | stjerne | stjerne | stjerne | star |
| mātar | (aithei) | moður | mor | moder | moder | mother |
| ptār | fadar | föður | far | fader | fader | father |
| wezərə | swistar | systur | syster | syster | søster | sister |
| frātar | brōþar | bróðir | bror | broder | broder | brother |
| duktār | dauhtar | dóttir | dotter | dotter | datter | daughter |
| unuš (title) | sunus | sonur | sønn | son | søn | son |
| gā | qinō | konu | kvinne | kone | kone | (woman) |
| mənuš (human) | manna | mundu | mann | mann | mand | man |
| ẟγamō | guma | manneskja | menneske | gume | gom | (human) |
| ārə (living fluid) | eisarn | járn | jern | jarn | jern | iron |
| kapat | haubiþ | höfuð | hode | hovud | hoved | head |
| ao | ausō | eyra | øre | øyra | øre | ear |
| aopš | augō | auga | auge | auga | øje | eye |
| nā | nef | nese | nos | næse | nose | |
| den | tunthus | tönn | tann | tann | tand | tóth |
| dāguš | tuggō | tungu | tunge | tunge | tunge | tongue |
| pōt | fōtus | fótur | fot | fot | fod | fót |
| gənū | kniu | hné | kne | kne | knæ | knee |
| kat (counts of ten) | handus | hönd | hånd | hand | hånd | hand |
| kerd | hairtō | hjarta | hjerte | hjarta | hjerte | heart |
Nordic
Gothic
Venetian
Northian
Northian, an Erani-Eracuran language, has been argued to be a Nordic language, and their hypothesized, albeit disputed, common ancestor is Proto-Nordic-Northian (PNN). Where this language was spoken is hard to define, though most authorities that support its existence place it in the late 3rd to early 2nd millennium BCE, in or near Acrea. According to Stanton et al., around 3,500 years ago, dialects of PNN separated into two groups, the Nordic languages identified with the Nordic Iron Age and the Northian languages identified with the Register Pottery Culture in Silua and Shalum. Not all scholars accept Stanton's theory, on the grounds that PNN as reconstructed is too similar to PEE to be considered the product of shared innovations.
If Nordic and Northian are connected via Cowgill's law, it seems some laryngeals, when flanked by a sonorant and *w, become /k/ in both families. While /k/ remained in situ in Elder Nordic, it would have become /s/ in Galic Northian by regular sound change. Though the correspondence is not exceptionless, examples in agreement between the two branches outnumber those in variance considerably, leading some authorities to identify a relation between the two language families. On the other hand, the two languages share no identifiable grammatical innovations or other phonetic ones, and this contrast has led others scholars to consign the apparent reflexes of Cowgill's law as an aerial effect or an unrelated reflex of Erani-Eracuran laryngeals.
The oldest attested Northian texts are a scattered body of hymns, known as Gales, that are at the fundament of the Fonδaiš Wīštā̊ religion. The language of the Gales is called Galic Northian. Gales are mainly found in the Didaskalic material, words attributed to wise men living in the 8th to 7th centuries BCE, in Epic poetry from the 7th to 2nd century BCE, and later, in more compendious ritual texts that describe the exact context in which Gales were used. Though most Gales are found in ritualistic prose, they also show the most evidence of later editing. It is evident that the Gales were not well understood by the priests that chanted it, though this probably had the effect of preserving the archaic text against later emendations.
The communis opinio is that the oldest Gales (Period I) must have been given a thorough redaction circa 1500 BCE, while the time of their original composition cannot be known certainly. Some authorities, on the basis of such archaic word-forms like accusative singular θxā̊ "into the Earth", whose perfect congnates could be found in branches as distant as Anatolian, posit a date of composition of 3000 – 2500 BCE. However, as Cramer points out, Northian is very good at the conservation of allomorphs, so the presence of a few that escaped analogical replacement does not require an excessively early date of composition, which cannot be supported by history. Period II and III Gales have been dated to around 1350 BCE and 1200 BCE; after this period, it seems the Gales were canonized, and new compositions thence were no longer added to the canon.
Religion
Fonδaiš Wīštā̊
Fonδaiš Wīštā̊, literally "known ways", is a belief system that venerates both natural and anthropomorphic deities and the community, ceremonies, and study that manifest it. Fonδaiš is thought to have developed during the Middle Bronze Age by Northian-speaking ancestors of Ussterians, with heavy influence from the Erani-Eracuran religion, and venerates above others six paired gods—Ziiōš, θaɣā, Hāuuərə, Mā, Agnō, and Āfš—representing the deified Sky, Earth, Sun, Moon, Fire, and Water. The Bronze-Age form of the religion is not well attested, and classical Fonδaiš is effectively built around the teachings of the three Didaskaloi, priest-philosophers who lived between 800 and 650 BCE, which is understood to have reformed the religion's theology in fundamental ways.
The human being is considered to have two aspects in Fonδaiš philosophy. On the one hand, humans are constrained by their material bodies and cannot exist without them, thus partaking in the finite, material world. On the other hand, humans have rational minds capable of understanding things and thereby create imperfect things out of the materials at their disposal, thus partaking in the infinite, spiritual world. Various parts of the human condition are distinguished in Fonδaiš philosophy as of either material or spiritual origin. Sex, for example, is considered to be of material origin; thus, there is no difference in how the faculty of thought operates between members of the sexes. The manner in which the two aspects of human beings intersect with each other is called the "human condition", in the sense that humans are "built" by two aspects.
While the Bronze-Age beliefs of the Hamruvunts are likely to have been centred on deities with naturalistic human qualities, this is not the case by the age of classical Fonδaiš. Gods are considered beings of abstract thought and power or are equivalents to power. The Didaskaloi themselves did not conclude whether the gods were persons in the sense that humans can only exist as distinct persons from each other, i.e. each person being limited to one body and its faculties and cannot natively understand the world by the faculties of a different person, even though that person is also human. If the gods were separate persons, then they must also have separate domains and faculties, leading to different (and possibly conflicting) thoughts and actions, etc. Sometimes the gods were summarized as the godhead divdās and considered one entity in some contexts.
It seems, by the extension of the thesis that the gods could be considered unitary in terms of the godhead, which is not personal, humanity θxāmatās is also partly unitary. Thus, all humans could be said to be one being on some level that does not involve their faculties, which are personal. The idea that humanity θxāmatās consists of godhead divdās and material personality, and those two things only, is the doctrine of bi-inclusionism. The contrary idea that θxāmatās in terms of its impersonal unity behaves like divdās but is not and does not contain divdās is called exclusionism. These two doctrines have been supported by various scholars over centuries.
A key thesis accepted by the Didaskaloi is that human beings owe no worship or sacrifice to any deity; all the world, as it was created and even now being regenerated yā̊ yaēni "from year to year", is for their use and enjoyment, free of conditions. Accordingly, Fonδaiš followers, called Hakiyā "allies", aknowledge this work of creation and regeneration and give thanks to the deities, and they do so out of their own free will, for the love of Truth, and not out of a superstitious fear of punishment. Since humans are not bound to serve any god, and since they do it out of their free will if they do it at all, a person's religion is thus wholly and solely an exponent of their wisdom and morality; the Didaskaoi ask the Hakiyā to "understand all the gods" and see whose worship is closest to the Truth, each according to their natural judgement.
The Fonδaiš gods, as described by the Didaskaloi, are transcendent and do not possess physical forms or exist in the physical world. Sacrifices, as understood by the Didaskaloi, are not of worldly goods, since the material world is created by the gods and therein is nothing that the gods cannot themselves create. Humans can make a meaningful offering in their approvals of the gods, expressed in two ways—the singing of hymns, which expresses their approving mentality, and the re-enactment of the work of creation and regeneration. Many of Fonδaiš ceremonies are dedicated to the "consecration of elements", which changes the hyposthasis of worldly materials into their spiritual counterparts and precursors; similarly, humans are consecrated by ceremonies to manifest their spiritual character, which is identified with the Godhead in ceremony.
Classical Fonδaiš also includes the veneration of the twin gods of the numina, Aithar and Wosma, responsible for effecting hypostatic transformation. However, historically, it seems these two gods had independent cults not part of the classical theology where they had other functions.