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{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox political post
|group = Murungu<br>Varungu
|post            = Prime Minister
|image = [[File:HappyValley.jpg|250px]]
|body            = Surrow
|caption = Four white people in [[Crogan]]
|nativename      = Tshishemishku utessit ({{wp|Innu-aimun|Chequan}})<br>Angajuqqaaq nunagijattinnut ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}})
|population = '''~550,000'''
|flag            = Surrow_CoA.png
|region1 = {{flag|Rwizikuru}}  
|flagsize        = 150px
|pop1  = 21,595
|flagborder      =
|langs = {{wp|English language|Estmerish}}, {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}, and {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}}
|flagcaption    = [[Coat of arms of Surrow]]
|rels = {{wp|Christian|Sotirianism}}
|department      =
|related =  
|image          = TimHouston.png
|alt            =
|incumbent      = [[Dwight Timbrell]]
|incumbentsince  = 16 December, 2018
|style          = {{wp|The Right Honourable}}
|residence      = [[Government House, Holcot Inlet]], [[Holcot Inlet]], [[Surrow]]
|nominator      =
|member_of      = [[Parliament of Surrow|Parliament]]
|appointer      = [[Governor of Surrow|Governor]]
|termlength      = Up to four years
|termlength_qualified = No term limits
|constituting_instrument  = [[Constitution of Surrow]]
|inaugural      = [[Clarence Bradley]]
|formation      = 1915
|last            = [[Ted Fisher]]
|abolished      = 24 June, 1950
|succession      = [[President of Surrow]]
|deputy          = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Surrow]]
|salary          =
|website        =  
}}
}}
The '''murungu''' (pl. ''varungu''), also known as '''White Rwizikurans''' or '''Euclean-Rwizikurans''', are people in [[Rwizikuru]] who are of [[Euclea|Euclean]] descent, and have been citizens of Rwizikuru since its independence from [[Estmere]] in 1946.
The '''Prime Minister of Surrow''' was the {{wp|head of government}} of [[Surrow]] from when it was granted full {{wp|self-government}} by [[Rythene]] in 1915 until Surrow was granted independence in 1950. By custom, the Prime Minister of Surrow was the leader of the largest party in the [[Parliament of Surrow|Surrowese Parliament]], or otherwise had the most support among the members of Parliament.


==Etymology==
==List==
The term '''murungu''' is a {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi language}} term referring to white people.
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
 
|-
The most common theory says that the term originated from a name that is commonly used by other {{wp|Bantu peoples|Bahian peoples}} to refer to God or the creator deity, {{wp|Mulungu}}. According to linguist and settler [[Marvin Carnall]], who first proposed the idea in 1911, when the [[Estmerish people|Estmerish]] first arrived to present-day [[Port Graham]] in 1638 and established a fort, the {{wp|Shona people|native veRwizi}} saw the Estmerish as Gods, and thus used the term ''murungu'' to refer to the Estmerish.
! {{Abbr|№|Number}}
 
! width=5%| Portrait
However, this interpretation has been met with substantial criticism, with many veRwizi arguing that Carnall's theory is Eucleocentric and plays into the common trope that "uncivlized peoples" see Eucleans as gods.
! width=10%| Name
 
! Took office
The most common alternative theory, first proposed in 1975 by linguist [[Tazvitya Mhlanga]] claims that the term derives from the "pumpkin-like" appearance of the earliest Estmerish settlers in the 17th century. Thus, they called the white commmunity "people of the pumpkin."
! Left office
 
! Days
This term was historically only used by the weRwizi people to refer to all white people. However, in 1946, with independence looming, many white people chose to keep the citizenship of their home countries, instead of accepting Rwizikuran citizenship. Thus, [[Samhuri Ngonidzashe]] needed to devise terms, so to distinguish the "white citizens," and the "white expatriates."
! Election
 
! width=10%| Political party
Thus, he chose to use the term "murungu" or "varungu" to refer to white citizens of Rwizikuru, and "munodzoka" or "vanodzoka" to refer to the whites who chose to not accept Rwizikuran citizenship. Since independence, the latter term has evolved to refer to all expatriates of Euclean descent, while the former now only refers to Rwizikuran citizens of Euclean descent.
|-
 
|colspan=8 style="background-color:#C0C0C0;" align=center|'''1915-1950'''<br />[[File:Surrow_Flag.png|30px]] • Prime Minister of Surrow • [[File:Surrow_Flag.png|30px]]
==History==
|-
===Slave trade===
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
 
! style="background:#00247D; color:white;" rowspan="2"|1
 
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Sir_Edward_Morris_-_Bain_Collection_crop.jpg|80px]]
===Colonization===
|rowspan="2"|[[Clarence Bradley]]<br/><small>(1856-1932)
white immigration not as high as in other Estmerish colonies, what with the hot climate: [[Crogan]] becomes main center of the white community from 1890s on as it is somewhat cooler than [[Port Fitzhubert]], and is home to large farms of cash crops. by 1931, white population reaches 14,867 people.
|24 June, 1915
 
|24 October, 1932
===Post Great-War===
|{{Age in years, months and days|1915|06|24|1932|10|24}}
With the end of the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]] in 1935, the white community in [[Rwizikuru|Riziland]] were augmented by Gaullophones living in [[Yekumavirira|Olongaland]], or the portion of the [[Gaullica|Gaullican]] colony of [[Quigomba]] which was split between [[Nasana]] and [[Estmere]].
| [[Elections in Surrow#1915|1915]]<br>[[Elections in Surrow#1919|1919]]<br>[[Elections in Surrow#1923|1923]]<br>[[Elections in Surrow#1927|1927]]<br>[[Elections in Surrow#1931|1931]]
 
| style="background:#00247D; color:white;"|[[Fishermen's Protective Union (Surrow)|{{color|white|FPU}}]]
While most of the Gaullican residents in Olongaland were either expelled, or left of their own accord over the next few years, there was still a substantial white presence in Olongaland, which was predominantly Gaullophone. This led to increasing tensions between Guallophones and Anglophones, especially as many Anglophones viewed the Gaullophones as a potential threat to Estmerish rule over Riziland.
|-
 
| colspan="5"|<small>Longest serving Prime Minister of Surrow, with five majority [[Fishermen's Protective Union (Surrow)|FPU]] governments. Introduced basic welfare, regulations to ensure the merchants charged fair prices, instituted a minimum wage, and began building a road network to connect communities on [[Holcot Island]]. Died in office.</small>
Around this time, two major movements sprung up among the white population: the [[Alliance paysanne]], based in [[Port Tsalar|Saint-Germain]] (present-day [[Port Tsalar]], [[Nasana]]) and led by [[Jean-Louis Milhaud]], and the [[Conservative Front (Rwizikuru)|Conservative Front]], based in [[Port Fitzhubert]] and led by [[Alistair Perry]], each representing their side of the population. The Alliance paysanne wanted equal recognition for the Gaullophone community in colonial politics, while the Conservative Front advocated for assimilation of all whites into Estmerish culture.
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
 
! style="background:#00247D; color:white;" rowspan="2"|2
By 1941, the white population reached 41,479 people, or about 0.58% of the total population, with only 17,375 originating from Estmere or descended from Estmerish settlers, with almost all of the remaining 24,104 white people being Gaullicans who were allowed to remain. Only 615 were of other Euclean descent.
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Richard_Squires.jpg|80px]]
 
|rowspan="2"|[[Eddie Hammond]]<br/><small>(1884-1945)
While some radical white settlers, most notably the far-right ''[[Mouvement de civilisation (Rwizikuru)|Mouvement de civilisation]]'' led by [[Adolphe Crevier]], advocated for independence from Estmere under a white minority government, most Eucleans believed that permanent rule by whites would not be viable in the long term.
|24 October, 1932
 
|27 September, 1934
Thus, when limited self-government was proclaimed in 1941, with a sixteen member legislative council, eight seats were allocated to the white community. With Adolphe Crevier's party destroyed as a result of the election, Jean-Louis Milhaud and Alistair Perry became the main political representatives of the white community.
|{{Age in years, months and days|1932|10|24|1934|09|27}}
 
| ''none''
By the early 1940s, the whites had reached their zenith of political, and to some degree, economic influence, although most of the economy was dominated by [[Nokara people|Marathi immigrants]] who were unrepresented in the legislative council.
| style="background:#00247D; color:white;"|[[Fishermen's Protective Union (Surrow)|{{color|white|FPU}}]]
 
|-
===Post-independence===
| colspan="5"|<small>Attempted to reform the fisheries and eliminate the power of the merchants completely, leading to [[Ted Fisher]] and many on the party to create the [[United People's Party (Surrow)|United People's Party]] in June 1934. Was ousted by a caucus revolt in September 1934.</small>
Following the independence of Rwizikuru in 1946, it was estimated that 2/3rds of the Anglophone community, and 3/5ths of the Gaullophone community either refused to take Rwizikuran citizenship or emigrated from Rwizikuru. Thus, it was estimated only around five thousand {{wp|English language|Estmerish}}-speaking whites and around ten thousand {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}-speaking whites took up Rwizikuran citizenship.
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
 
! style="background:#00247D; color:white;" rowspan="2"|3
While the whites lost much of their political standing, the 1946 general elections saw three white legislators: [[Jean-Louis Milhaud]] ([[Mubatanidzwa weVakuru|MV]]) representing Centre St-Germain, [[Ignace Dutoit]] (MV) representing Petit Pays, and [[Archibald Hayes]] representing Crogan. As well, the whites maintained their economic position, especially as managers and supervisors, and many of the murungu remained in the Rwizikuran civil service. However, they were starting to lose their stature, with the 1950 elections only returning Hayes and Dutoit, while Milhaud retiring from politics.
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Lord_Macdonald.jpg|80px]]
 
|rowspan="2"|[[Gilbert Bray]]<br/><small>(1888-1966)
In 1951, the murungu population was reported to be at 16,335 people, making up 0.1% of the total population. Of the 16,070 murungu, 9,958 were of {{wp|French people|Guallican}} descent, while 6,112 people were of {{wp|English people|Estmerish}} descent, and the remaining 265 murungu were of other Euclean origins.
|27 September, 1934
 
|24 June, 1935
During the early 1950s, the murungu population started to lose more of their strength, especially as the governing [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru]] began to institute policies to regulate the economy. By 1954, with the retirement of [[Samhuri Ngonidzashe]], and the accession of [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]], the two remaining white legislators lost their seats. At the same time, policies of indigenization pushed many of the white civil servants out of their jobs.
|{{Age in years, months and days|1934|09|27|1935|06|24}}
 
| ''none''
===Bottoming out===
| style="background:#00247D; color:white;"|[[Fishermen's Protective Union (Surrow)|{{color|white|FPU}}]]
By 1961, the white population fell to 11,643 people, or around 0.09% of the total population. Of the 11,643 murungu, 5,915 were of Gaullican descent, 5,581 were of Estmerish descent, and 147 were of other Euclean descent. The white community by this point was largely concentrated in and around [[Port Tsalar|Saint-Germain]] (present-day [[Port Tsalar]], [[Nasana]]), [[Port Fitzhubert]], and [[Crogan]].
|-
 
| colspan="5"|<small>Shortest serving Prime Minister of Surrow. Attempted to take a more moderate course and to try and reunite the [[United People's Party (Surrow)|United People's Party]] with the Fishermen's Protective Union. Was defeated in the 1935 elections.</small>
However, things got worse: with the passage of the [[Constitution of Rwizikuru, 1946#Eighth Amendment (May 1961)|eighth amendment]] to the Rwizikuran constitution, foreign investment dried up. As many of the murungu were employed by Euclean firms operating in Rwizikuru, they generally lost their jobs, or were asked to move out of Rwizikuru to keep their jobs. With a crackdown on bourgeois elites, many of the murungu population feared that they will lose their lands and businesses, although unlike the [[Nokara people|Marathi]] population or the wealthy [[Irfan|Irfanic]] population, the murungu were not as badly affected by the policy, primarily because of their common faith, although a handful of families did lose farms and businesses to the government.
|- style="background:#EEEEEE"
 
! style="background:#354C9C; color:white;" rowspan="2"|4
To make things worse, the [[Nasani-Rwizikuran War]] from 1968 to 1969 saw the loss of most of [[Yekumavirira]] to [[Nasana]]: virtually all of the Gaullophone community fled, with most of them leaving for [[Euclea]], with the rest fleeing to Port Fitzhubert and Crogan.
|rowspan="2"|[[File:BradleyKingSmallwood1948_(cropped).jpg|80px]]
 
|rowspan="2"|[[Ted Fisher]]<br/><small>(1900-1991)
Thus, by the 1971 census, the murungu population fell to 6,229 people, or 0.05% of the total population. Of the 6,229 murungu, 5,977 were of Estmerish descent, 201 were of Gaullican descent and 51 were of other Euclean descent.
|24 June, 1935
 
|24 June, 1950
During the 1970s, as Rwizikuru became more closed off from the rest of the world, many of the murungu who remained were farmers exporting cash crops to the few nations willing to trade with Rwizikuru, especially as few businessmen remained, and only a handful of murungu remained in the Rwizikuran civil service.
|{{Age in years, months and days|1935|06|24|1950|06|24}}
 
| [[Elections in Surrow#1935|1935]]<br>[[Elections in Surrow#1954|1954]]<br>[[Elections in Surrow#1939|1939]]<br>[[Elections in Surrow#1943|1943]]<br>[[Elections in Surrow#1947|1947]]
By 1981, the murungu population fell to a low of 5,789 people, comprising 0.04% of the total population. Of the 5,789 murungu, 5,565 were of Estmerish descent, 213 were of Gaullican descent, and 11 were of other Euclean descent, with the main centers of murungu population being in Crogan, where out of the 59,576 inhabitants in its urban area, there were 3,506 murungu living there, comprising 5.9% of the city's population, 1,055 living in Port Fitzhubert, making up 0.2% of the city population, and the remainder living in the countryside.
| style="background:#354C9C; color:white;"|[[United People's Party (Surrow)|{{color|white|United People's}}]]
 
|-
===Contemporary era===
| colspan="5"|<small>Reversed Eddie Hammond's reforms to the fisheries, while strengthening regulations to ensure that fishermen were able to sell goods at a fair price. Invested significantly in {{wp|Newfoundland outports|outports}}, with schools and clinics being built en masse during his term, oversaw the construction of the [[Surrow International Airport]] during the [[Second Great War (Levilion)|Second Great War]], and negotiated independence from [[Rythene]] in the aftermath of the Second Great War. Became the first [[President of Surrow]] in 1950.</small>
With the death of [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]] in 1979, and his succession by [[Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe]], Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe began to engage in economic reforms to attract foreign investment in the country.
|}
 
(TBC)
 
==Culture==

Latest revision as of 20:03, 18 March 2024

Prime Minister of Surrow
Surrow CoA.png
Coat of arms of Surrow
TimHouston.png
Incumbent
Dwight Timbrell
since 16 December, 2018
StyleThe Right Honourable
Member ofParliament
ResidenceGovernment House, Holcot Inlet, Holcot Inlet, Surrow
AppointerGovernor
Term lengthUp to four years
No term limits
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Surrow
Inaugural holderClarence Bradley
Formation1915
Final holderTed Fisher
Abolished24 June, 1950
SuccessionPresident of Surrow
DeputyDeputy Prime Minister of Surrow

The Prime Minister of Surrow was the head of government of Surrow from when it was granted full self-government by Rythene in 1915 until Surrow was granted independence in 1950. By custom, the Prime Minister of Surrow was the leader of the largest party in the Surrowese Parliament, or otherwise had the most support among the members of Parliament.

List

№ Portrait Name Took office Left office Days Election Political party
1915-1950
Surrow Flag.png • Prime Minister of Surrow • Surrow Flag.png
1 Sir Edward Morris - Bain Collection crop.jpg Clarence Bradley
(1856-1932) 		24 June, 1915 24 October, 1932 17 years and 4 months 1915
1919
1923
1927
1931 		FPU
Longest serving Prime Minister of Surrow, with five majority FPU governments. Introduced basic welfare, regulations to ensure the merchants charged fair prices, instituted a minimum wage, and began building a road network to connect communities on Holcot Island. Died in office.
2 Richard Squires.jpg Eddie Hammond
(1884-1945) 		24 October, 1932 27 September, 1934 1 year, 11 months and 3 days none FPU
Attempted to reform the fisheries and eliminate the power of the merchants completely, leading to Ted Fisher and many on the party to create the United People's Party in June 1934. Was ousted by a caucus revolt in September 1934.
3 Lord Macdonald.jpg Gilbert Bray
(1888-1966) 		27 September, 1934 24 June, 1935 8 months and 28 days none FPU
Shortest serving Prime Minister of Surrow. Attempted to take a more moderate course and to try and reunite the United People's Party with the Fishermen's Protective Union. Was defeated in the 1935 elections.
4 BradleyKingSmallwood1948 (cropped).jpg Ted Fisher
(1900-1991) 		24 June, 1935 24 June, 1950 15 years 1935
1954
1939
1943
1947 		United People's
Reversed Eddie Hammond's reforms to the fisheries, while strengthening regulations to ensure that fishermen were able to sell goods at a fair price. Invested significantly in outports, with schools and clinics being built en masse during his term, oversaw the construction of the Surrow International Airport during the Second Great War, and negotiated independence from Rythene in the aftermath of the Second Great War. Became the first President of Surrow in 1950.
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