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  [[Category:Chanda]] [[Category:Kylaris]]
  [[Category:Chanda]] [[Category:Politics of Chanda]]
{{Infobox legislature
{{Infobox legislature
  | background_color  =
  | background_color  =
  | text_color        =
  | text_color        =
  | name              = Supreme Council of the Republic
  | name              = Supreme Council of the Republic
  | native_name        = '''අයමගඛග උලුඛ ආලි ධුරොචධ'''<br/>  <small>''Aymagsaga Ulus Oliy Hurahl''</small>
  | native_name        = '''𑐀𑐫𑐩𑐵𑐑𑐲𑐵𑐑𑐵‎ 𑐄𑐮𑐸𑐲 𑐡𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾‎𑐾𑐡 𑐗𑐸𑐬𑐷𑐴𑐮'''<br/>  <small>''Aymagsaga Ulus Ded Hurahl''</small>
  | coa_pic            = Supreme Council of the Revolution.svg
  | coa_pic            = Supreme Council of the Revolution.svg
  | coa_res            = 175px
  | coa_res            = 175px
  | session_room      = Kazakhstan Senate 2018-04-26.jpg
  | session_room      =  
  | house_type        = {{plainlist|
  | house_type        = {{plainlist|
*{{wp|Executive council}}  <small>(as collective {{wp|head of state}})</small>
*{{wp|Executive council}}  <small>(as collective {{wp|head of state}})</small>
Line 16: Line 16:
  | election1          = 18 June 2017
  | election1          = 18 June 2017
  | election2          =
  | election2          =
  | members            = 15
  | voting_system1     = Elected by [[National Assembly of Chanda|National Assembly]] <br>Appointment by the [[President of Chanda|President]] with approval of the [[National Assembly of Chanda|National Assembly]]
| structure1        = Chanda Council seating.svg
  | meeting_place      =  
| structure1_res     = 150px
| political_groups1  =
{{legend|#FFC72C|[[Centrists (Chanda)|Centrists]]: (7)}}
{{legend|#800020|[[Old Guards (Chanda)|Old Guards]]: (6)}} 
{{legend|#45B3E0|[[Reformists (Chanda)|Reformists]]: (2)}}
| voting_system1    = Appointment by the [[President of Chanda|President]] with approval of the [[National Assembly of Chanda|National Assembly]]
  | meeting_place      = [[Taglikend]], [[Chanda Capitol Territory|Chanda Capitol]], [[Chanda]]
  | website            =
  | website            =
}}
}}
The '''Supreme Council of the Republic ''' ([[Chandan language|Chandan]]: '''අයමගඛග උලුඛ ආලි ධුරොචධ''',  ''Aymagsaga Ulus Oliy Hurahl'') is an executive council that serves as the collective {{wp|head of state}} of [[Chanda]], as well as the country's {{wp|constitutional court}} and the ''de facto'' {{wp|upper house}} for the [[National Assembly of Chanda|National Assembly]]. Created to ensure that Chanda continues to follow the principles of [[Birlikism]], the Council wields significant power and influence in the country's government. Although constitutional reforms passed in 1993 weakened its powers, it is still considered to be the institutional heart of the republic.
The '''Supreme Council of the Republic ''' ([[Chandan language|Chandan]]: '''𑐀𑐫𑐩𑐵𑐑𑐲𑐵𑐑𑐵‎ 𑐄𑐮𑐸𑐲 𑐡𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾‎𑐾𑐡 𑐗𑐸𑐬𑐷𑐴𑐮''',  ''Aymagsaga Ulus Ded Hurahl'') is an executive council that serves as the collective {{wp|head of state}} of [[Chanda]], as well as the country's {{wp|constitutional court}} and the ''de facto'' {{wp|upper house}} for the [[National Assembly of Chanda|National Assembly]]. Created to ensure that Chanda continues to follow the principles of [[Birlikism]], the Council wields significant power and influence in the country's government. Although constitutional reforms passed in 1993 weakened its powers, it is still considered to be the institutional heart of the republic.


The Council consists of 15 members, led by the [[Premier of the Supreme Council of the Republic|Premier of the Council]], who serves until mandatory retirement at age 75. As the nation's collective head of state, it embodies the Republic and the influence of [[Birlikism]] in the country. In additional to its ceremonial functions, it wields significant powers by serving as the country's constitutional court. Therefore it is tasked with ruling on whether laws and actions by the government are constitutional, with the power to strike them down if the Council decides they are not. In addition the Council has legislative powers in the form of a limited {{wp|veto}} against laws passed by the [[National Assembly of Chanda|National Assembly]] or any provincial government. Although the Assembly can override the veto with a two-thirds majority, doing so is a major task and vetoes usually stand. Finally the Supreme Council heads the hierarchy of Union Committees, which serves as an ideological check on the Governments and to enforce the Council's rulings.
The Council consists of 15 members, led by the [[Premier of the Supreme Council of the Republic|Premier of the Council]], appointed for a single term of twelve years. As the nation's collective head of state, it embodies the Republic and the influence of [[Birlikism]] in the country. In additional to its ceremonial functions, it wields significant powers by serving as the country's constitutional court. Therefore it is tasked with ruling on whether laws and actions by the government are constitutional, with the power to strike them down if the Council decides they are not. In addition the Council has legislative powers in the form of a limited {{wp|veto}} against laws passed by the [[National Assembly of Chanda|National Assembly]] or any provincial government. Although the Assembly can override the veto with a two-thirds majority, doing so is a major task and vetoes usually stand. Finally the Supreme Council is the commander in chief of the [[People's Liberation Army of Chanda|People's Liberation Army]], although this role has become increasingly ceremonial.


==History==
==History==
The idea for a "Supreme Council" was first conceived by [[Abdug'ani Yoʻldosh]] in the early 1940s while developing the ideology that would become [[Birlikism]]. Abdug'ani believed in the need for a powerful body consisting of experienced "patriots" who would collectively guide the country and ensure the loyalty of elected governments. The concept would be embraced by the rest of the Group of Five, especially by President [[Nurlan Sabir]], who saw it as a key piece of their ideas for a "revived" country. When the [[National Revolution (Chandan)|National Revolution]] overthrew the [[Chandan State]], the Group of Five drafted a new constitution which included the creation of a collective head of state, named the Supreme Council. It also granted the council legislative powers in the form of a {{wp|veto}} and judicial powers over constitutional matters and managing the judiciary.
The idea for a "Supreme Council" was first conceived by [[Abdug'ani Yoʻldosh]] in the early 1940s while developing the ideology that would become [[Birlikism]]. Abdug'ani believed in the need for a powerful body consisting of experienced "patriots" who would collectively guide the country and ensure the loyalty of elected governments. The concept would be embraced by the rest of the Group of Five, especially by President [[Nurlan Sabir]], who saw it as a key piece of their ideas for a "revived" country. When the [[National Revolution (Chandan)|National Revolution]] solidified control over the [[West Shalegho Commandery]], the Group of Five drafted a new constitution for the Republic. It included the creation of a collective head of state, named the Supreme Council. It also granted the council legislative powers in the form of a {{wp|veto}} and judicial powers over constitutional matters and managing the judiciary.


During the first few decades of the Republic, the Council largely remained out of general political affairs and occasionally issued rulings. However beginning in the late 1950s, President Sabir began giving preferential treatment to well connected party scholars and bureaucrats. By the 1970s, the Supreme Council became an elite political body full of party members. At the same time, more moderate Birlikist governments were elected to power and attempted to pursue economic and social reforms, only to be obstructed by the Council who vetoed legislation and constitutional reform. While the Presidents could appoint members to the Council, its Councilors had no term lengths and served until resignation or death. By the 1980s, the Council was a bloated body full of party officials, the most conservative of which were known as the National Bloc, who continued to block any attempt at substantial reform.
During the first few years of the Republic, the Council largely remained out of general political affairs and occasionally issued rulings. However beginning in the late 1950s, President Sabir began giving preferential treatment to well connected party scholars and bureaucrats. By the 1970s, the Supreme Council became an elite political body full of hardline conservatives. At the same time, more moderate Birlikist governments were elected to power and attempted to pursue economic and social reforms, only to be obstructed by the Council who vetoed legislation and constitutional reform. While the Presidents could appoint members to the Council, its Councilors had no term lengths and served until resignation or death. By the 1980s, the Council was a bloated body full of traditionalists and conservatives, known as the Old Guards who continued to block any attempt at substantial reform.


In 1988, [[Akmal Sabir]] was elected President by a broad coalition of centrists and reformists in the middle of an economic recession. Akmal used his family name to build support for his constitutional reform package in the National Front, but failed to convince a majority of the Supreme Council to not block his reform. In response, Sabir undertook a program of removing the National Bloc from the Council. In order to avoid the perception of a purge and backlash, the removal of National Bloc members was slow and systemic and occurred as part of a larger anti-corruption campaign. Furthermore Sabir shifted back to appointing members based upon qualification rather than political connections, while ensuring the new Councillors were more moderate than their predecessors. Nevertheless, the Old Guards eventually realized the plot and made preparations to stop it by declaring his actions unconstitutional. However some of the more reactionary members sought more radical measures, and contacted the military for the possibility of conducting a {{wp|Coup d'état|coup}}. The potential plot was leaked to Sabir who used it as a pretext to arrest most of the Bloc for treason. 
In 1988, [[Akmal Sabir]] was elected President by a broad coalition of centrists and reformists in the middle of an economic recession. Akmal used his family name to build support for his constitutional reform package in the Front, but failed to convince a majority of the Supreme Council to not block his reform. In response, Sabir undertook a program of removing the Old Guards from the Council. In order to avoid the perception of a purge and backlash, the removal of National Bloc members was slow and systemic and occurred as part of a larger anti-corruption campaign. Furthermore Sabir shifted back to appointing members based upon qualification rather than political connections, while ensuring the new Councillors were more moderate than their predecessors. Nevertheless, the Old Guards eventually realized the plot and made preparations to stop it by declaring his actions unconstitutional. However some of the more reactionary members sought more radical measures, and contacted elements of the [[Golden Eagles of Chanda]]. On 15 July, 1993 elements of the Chandan military controlled by the Golden Eagles attempted [[July Incident|a failed military coup]]. The arrest after the coup resulted in most of the Old Guard being arrested for treason.
 
With the conservative elements of the Council no longer able to obstruct his reforms, Sabir was able to pass a comprehensive constitutional reform package, the [[Declaration of 1993]]. It featured several major reforms to the Council, the most important of which was removing the absolute veto over legislation in favor of a overridable limited veto. Additional reforms included retirement being made mandatory at age 75, the Council's number of seats being fixed at 15, and adding approval of the Assembly to the appointment process. The passing of the constitutional reforms and the end of the [[National Bloc of Chanda|National Bloc]]'s dominance of the Council marks the beginning of the [[Reformation of Chanda]], a period of political and economic liberalisation that continues to the present.


With the conservative elements of the Council no longer able to obstruct his reforms, Sabir was able to pass a comprehensive constitutional reform package, the [[Declaration of 1993]]. It featured several major reforms to the Council, the most important of which was removing the absolute veto over legislation in favor of a overridable limited veto and mandating that its members represent the ethnic groups of Chanda. Additional reforms included a set term of 12 years, the Council's number of seats being fixed at 15, and adding approval of the Assembly to the appointment process.
==Powers and responsibilities==
==Powers and responsibilities==
Under the [[Declaration of the Republic]], the Supreme Council is vested with a wide range of powers and responsibilities over executive, legislative, and judicial affairs as its role as protector of the constitution. While its executive powers are largely ceremonial, it holds extensive legislative and judicial powers. The Council has the powers to:  
Under the [[Declaration of the Republic]], the Supreme Council is vested with a wide range of powers and responsibilities over executive, legislative, and judicial affairs as its role as protector of the constitution. While its executive powers are largely ceremonial, it holds extensive legislative and judicial powers. The Council has the powers to:  
===Executive===
===Executive===
* Represent the state in foreign affairs, which is exercised only on the advice of the government. The Council accredits ambassadors and receives the letters of credence of foreign diplomats. The Council signs international treaties on behalf of the President.  
* Represent the state in foreign affairs, which is exercised only on the advice of the government. The Council accredits ambassadors and receives the letters of credence of foreign diplomats. The Council signs international treaties on behalf of the President.  
* Appoint, promote, or dismiss members of the regional Unity Committees. The Council also provides general direction and advice to all Unity Committees.   
* Exercise supreme command and control over the [[People's Liberation Army of Chanda|People's Liberation Army]]. Since the reforms of the 1990s, this power is exercised on the advice of the government.   
===Legislative===
===Legislative===
* Sign a bill into law by a majority vote. The Council may veto a bill and send it back to the National Assembly for reconsideration. The National Assembly may revise the bill or override the veto by a two-third majority vote after which the bill becomes law.  
* Sign a bill into law by a majority vote. The Council may veto a bill and send it back to the National Assembly for reconsideration. The National Assembly may revise the bill or override the veto by a two-third majority vote after which the bill becomes law.  
* Issue a non-binding resolution by a majority vote. The resolution power is largely as a method to state the Council's majority opinion. However the Council may submit a resolution to the National Assembly to ask it to draft its resolution as legislation. This practice has become a ''de facto'' right of legislative initiative.   
* Issue a non-binding resolution by a majority vote. The resolution power is largely used to state the Council's majority opinion. However the Council may submit a resolution to the National Assembly to ask it to draft its resolution as legislation. This practice has become a ''de facto'' right of legislative initiative.   
* Convene the National Assembly to mark the start of a new legislative session.
* Convene the National Assembly to mark the start of a new legislative session.


===Judicial===
===Judicial===
* Exercise the power of judicial review and may strike down unconstitutional actions by the government. The Council may actively exercise judicial review, instead  of waiting for a case to be in front of the Council.
* Exercise the power of judicial review and may strike down unconstitutional actions by the government. The Council may actively exercise judicial review, instead  of waiting for a case to be presented to the Council.
* Mediate internal disputes between national institutions, including delegates of the National Assembly.
* Mediate internal disputes between national institutions, including delegates of the National Assembly.
* Impeach and remove the President or a judge based on violation of constitutional or federal law.
* Impeach and remove the President or a judge based on violation of constitutional or federal law. However only the National Assembly can officially vote to remove the President from office.
* Appointing the members of the Council of Judicial Affairs with approval of the National Assembly.
* Appointing the members of the Council of Judicial Affairs with approval of the National Assembly.
* Ban political parties or other organisations that pose a threat to the Republic.
* Ban political parties and other organisations that pose a threat to the Republic.


==Organisation==
==Organisation==
The Supreme Council is led by the highest ranking member, the [[Premier of the Supreme Council of the Republic|Premier of the Council]]. While the Premier is technically ''primus inter pares'' among their peers, they may act as ''de facto'' {{wp|head of state}} of the country. Futhermore have significant influence in deciding the Council's agenda, presides when oral arguments are held, and leads the discussion on the current vote among the Councillors. Additionally, when the Council issues a ruling, the Premier, if in the majority, chooses who writes the Council's opinion. When voting however, the Premier's vote counts no more than that of any other councillor. The Premier is elected for a five year term by the other members of the Council; they cannot be elected more than once consecutively and must wait until the next term to run again.
The Supreme Council is led by the highest ranking member, the [[Premier of the Supreme Council of the Republic|Premier of the Council]]. While the Premier is technically ''primus inter pares'' among their peers, they may act as ''de facto'' {{wp|head of state}} of the country. Furthermore they have significant influence in deciding the Council's agenda, presides when oral arguments are held, and leads the discussion on the current vote among the Councillors. Additionally, when the Council issues a ruling, the Premier, if in the majority, chooses who writes the Council's opinion. When voting however, the Premier's vote counts no more than that of any other councillor. The Premier is elected for a five year term by the other members of the Council; they cannot be elected more than once consecutively and must wait until after the next term to run again.


The serving members of the Council are appointed by the President and approved with a simple majority vote of the National Assembly. Councilors are allowed to serve until they face mandatory retirement at age 75. The number of Councillors have varied over its existence, reaching a height of 41 members in the 1990s. Today there are currently 15 serving members of the Council, divided into three political groups; the [[Old Guards (Chanda)|Old Guards]], [[Reformists (Chanda)|Reformists]], and the [[Centrists (Chanda)|Centrists]]. The Old Guards represent the nationalist, Birlikist conservatives of Chanda and traditionally had control of the Supreme Council for decades. However since the downsizing of the Council, more moderate Centrists have taken control of the Council and in recent years more liberal Reformists have been appointed. While a less conservative council and constitutional reforms have reduced obstacles for ruling governments, the Council's will is still highly respected and represents a moderating force in Chandan politics.
The serving members of the Council are appointed by the President and approved with a simple majority vote of the National Assembly. Councilors serve for 12 year terms which are staggered with new five members elected every four years. The number of Councillors have varied over its existence, reaching a height of 41 members in the 1990s. The Declaration of 1993 mandates the allocation of seats to representatives from the [[Xiaodongese in Chanda|Chandan Xiao]] community and the [[Satrians of Chanda|Chandan Satrian]] community; out of the fifteen seats four are reserved for Satrians, and three reserved for the Xiao community. While a less conservative council and constitutional reforms have reduced obstacles for ruling governments, the Council's will is still highly respected and represents a moderating force in Chandan politics.
==Membership==
==Membership==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan=2 scope="col"| Councilor
! colspan=2 scope="col"| Member
! colspan=1 scope="col"| Position
! colspan=1 scope="col"| Position
! colspan=1 scope="col"| Member since
! colspan=1 scope="col"| Member since
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Faction
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 |  [[File:Erkin Sabir.png|125px]]
|  [[File:Erkin Sabir.png|75px]]
| rowspan=3 |  '''[[A|Erkin Sabir]]'''  
| '''[[A|Erkin Sabir]]'''  
| rowspan=3 |  [[Premier of the Supreme Council of the Republic|Premier of the Council]]
| [[Premier of the Supreme Council of the Republic|Premier of the Council]] <br> (Bashtugin delegate)
| rowspan=3 | 2008-08-January <br> <small>({{Time ago|Nov 8 2008}})</small></small>
| 2011-09-Aug<br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 9 2011}})</small></small>
| bgcolor="FFC72C" rowspan=3 |
|-
| rowspan=3 |'''[[Centrists (Chanda)|Centrists]]'''
| [[File:AEsimov2013.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A|Sooronbay Barat]]'''
| Councillor <br> (Bashtugin delegate)
| 2011-09-Aug<br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 9 2011}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Askar Beisenbayev (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A|Askar Yasin]]'''
| Councillor<br> (Xiao delegate)
| 2011-09-Aug<br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 9 2011}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Sardar Akhtar Mengal (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Serik Alikhan]]'''
| Councillor <br> (Satrian delegate)
| 2011-09-Aug<br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 9 2011}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Askar Shakirov (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Erlan Jaqanuly]]'''
| Councillor<br> (Bashtugin delegate)
| 2015-09-Aug<br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 9 2011}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Sooronbay Jeenbekov at the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council meeting, 7 March 2017.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Kodir Litip]]'''
| Councillor<br> (Xiao delegate)
| 2015-05-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 5 2015}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Asfandyar Wali Khan (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Kamal Khan]]'''
| Councillor <br> (Satrian delegate)
| 2015-05-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 5 2015}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Syzdyqov (2018-09-26).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Turgyn Khan]]'''
| Councillor<br> (Bashtugin delegate)
| 2015-05-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 5 2015}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Vladimir Bobrov (2010-12-10).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Chingiz Tuyakbay]]'''
| Councillor<br> (Bashtugin delegate)
| 2015-05-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 5 2015}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Visit of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan 06 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Gani Yasin]]'''
| Councillor <br> (Bashtugin delegate)
| 2015-05-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 5 2015}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Altaf Shakoor President Pasban Pakistan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A|Saroo Shakoor]]'''
| Councillor <br> (Satrian delegate)
| 2019-7-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 7 2019}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Roza Otunbayeva in 2011.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Adalat Hudayar]]'''
| Vice-Premier of the Council <br> (Bashtugin delegate)
| 2019-7-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 7 2019}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Darhan Patel.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A|Darhan Patel]]'''
| Councillor <br> (Satrian delegate)
| 2019-7-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 7 2019}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Ruslan Dalenov (22689) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Serik Tazhin]]'''  
| Councillor <br> (Xiao delegate)
| 2019-7-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 7 2019}})</small></small>
|-
| [[File:Gulshara Abdykhalikova (2019-11-04) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[A|Gulshara Khan]]'''  
| Councillor <br> (Bashtugin delegate)
| 2019-7-August <br> <small>({{Time ago|Aug 7 2019}})</small></small>
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 19:29, 3 June 2021

Supreme Council of the Republic

𑐀𑐫𑐩𑐵𑐑𑐲𑐵𑐑𑐵‎ 𑐄𑐮𑐸𑐲 𑐡𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾‎𑐾𑐡 𑐗𑐸𑐬𑐷𑐴𑐮
Aymagsaga Ulus Ded Hurahl
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
Leadership
Premier
Erkin Sabir
since 18 June 2017
Elections
Elected by National Assembly
Appointment by the President with approval of the National Assembly

The Supreme Council of the Republic (Chandan: 𑐀𑐫𑐩𑐵𑐑𑐲𑐵𑐑𑐵‎ 𑐄𑐮𑐸𑐲 𑐡𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾𑐾‎𑐾𑐡 𑐗𑐸𑐬𑐷𑐴𑐮, Aymagsaga Ulus Ded Hurahl) is an executive council that serves as the collective head of state of Chanda, as well as the country's constitutional court and the de facto upper house for the National Assembly. Created to ensure that Chanda continues to follow the principles of Birlikism, the Council wields significant power and influence in the country's government. Although constitutional reforms passed in 1993 weakened its powers, it is still considered to be the institutional heart of the republic.

The Council consists of 15 members, led by the Premier of the Council, appointed for a single term of twelve years. As the nation's collective head of state, it embodies the Republic and the influence of Birlikism in the country. In additional to its ceremonial functions, it wields significant powers by serving as the country's constitutional court. Therefore it is tasked with ruling on whether laws and actions by the government are constitutional, with the power to strike them down if the Council decides they are not. In addition the Council has legislative powers in the form of a limited veto against laws passed by the National Assembly or any provincial government. Although the Assembly can override the veto with a two-thirds majority, doing so is a major task and vetoes usually stand. Finally the Supreme Council is the commander in chief of the People's Liberation Army, although this role has become increasingly ceremonial.

History

The idea for a "Supreme Council" was first conceived by Abdug'ani Yoʻldosh in the early 1940s while developing the ideology that would become Birlikism. Abdug'ani believed in the need for a powerful body consisting of experienced "patriots" who would collectively guide the country and ensure the loyalty of elected governments. The concept would be embraced by the rest of the Group of Five, especially by President Nurlan Sabir, who saw it as a key piece of their ideas for a "revived" country. When the National Revolution solidified control over the West Shalegho Commandery, the Group of Five drafted a new constitution for the Republic. It included the creation of a collective head of state, named the Supreme Council. It also granted the council legislative powers in the form of a veto and judicial powers over constitutional matters and managing the judiciary.

During the first few years of the Republic, the Council largely remained out of general political affairs and occasionally issued rulings. However beginning in the late 1950s, President Sabir began giving preferential treatment to well connected party scholars and bureaucrats. By the 1970s, the Supreme Council became an elite political body full of hardline conservatives. At the same time, more moderate Birlikist governments were elected to power and attempted to pursue economic and social reforms, only to be obstructed by the Council who vetoed legislation and constitutional reform. While the Presidents could appoint members to the Council, its Councilors had no term lengths and served until resignation or death. By the 1980s, the Council was a bloated body full of traditionalists and conservatives, known as the Old Guards who continued to block any attempt at substantial reform.

In 1988, Akmal Sabir was elected President by a broad coalition of centrists and reformists in the middle of an economic recession. Akmal used his family name to build support for his constitutional reform package in the Front, but failed to convince a majority of the Supreme Council to not block his reform. In response, Sabir undertook a program of removing the Old Guards from the Council. In order to avoid the perception of a purge and backlash, the removal of National Bloc members was slow and systemic and occurred as part of a larger anti-corruption campaign. Furthermore Sabir shifted back to appointing members based upon qualification rather than political connections, while ensuring the new Councillors were more moderate than their predecessors. Nevertheless, the Old Guards eventually realized the plot and made preparations to stop it by declaring his actions unconstitutional. However some of the more reactionary members sought more radical measures, and contacted elements of the Golden Eagles of Chanda. On 15 July, 1993 elements of the Chandan military controlled by the Golden Eagles attempted a failed military coup. The arrest after the coup resulted in most of the Old Guard being arrested for treason.

With the conservative elements of the Council no longer able to obstruct his reforms, Sabir was able to pass a comprehensive constitutional reform package, the Declaration of 1993. It featured several major reforms to the Council, the most important of which was removing the absolute veto over legislation in favor of a overridable limited veto and mandating that its members represent the ethnic groups of Chanda. Additional reforms included a set term of 12 years, the Council's number of seats being fixed at 15, and adding approval of the Assembly to the appointment process.

Powers and responsibilities

Under the Declaration of the Republic, the Supreme Council is vested with a wide range of powers and responsibilities over executive, legislative, and judicial affairs as its role as protector of the constitution. While its executive powers are largely ceremonial, it holds extensive legislative and judicial powers. The Council has the powers to:

Executive

  • Represent the state in foreign affairs, which is exercised only on the advice of the government. The Council accredits ambassadors and receives the letters of credence of foreign diplomats. The Council signs international treaties on behalf of the President.
  • Exercise supreme command and control over the People's Liberation Army. Since the reforms of the 1990s, this power is exercised on the advice of the government.

Legislative

  • Sign a bill into law by a majority vote. The Council may veto a bill and send it back to the National Assembly for reconsideration. The National Assembly may revise the bill or override the veto by a two-third majority vote after which the bill becomes law.
  • Issue a non-binding resolution by a majority vote. The resolution power is largely used to state the Council's majority opinion. However the Council may submit a resolution to the National Assembly to ask it to draft its resolution as legislation. This practice has become a de facto right of legislative initiative.
  • Convene the National Assembly to mark the start of a new legislative session.

Judicial

  • Exercise the power of judicial review and may strike down unconstitutional actions by the government. The Council may actively exercise judicial review, instead of waiting for a case to be presented to the Council.
  • Mediate internal disputes between national institutions, including delegates of the National Assembly.
  • Impeach and remove the President or a judge based on violation of constitutional or federal law. However only the National Assembly can officially vote to remove the President from office.
  • Appointing the members of the Council of Judicial Affairs with approval of the National Assembly.
  • Ban political parties and other organisations that pose a threat to the Republic.

Organisation

The Supreme Council is led by the highest ranking member, the Premier of the Council. While the Premier is technically primus inter pares among their peers, they may act as de facto head of state of the country. Furthermore they have significant influence in deciding the Council's agenda, presides when oral arguments are held, and leads the discussion on the current vote among the Councillors. Additionally, when the Council issues a ruling, the Premier, if in the majority, chooses who writes the Council's opinion. When voting however, the Premier's vote counts no more than that of any other councillor. The Premier is elected for a five year term by the other members of the Council; they cannot be elected more than once consecutively and must wait until after the next term to run again.

The serving members of the Council are appointed by the President and approved with a simple majority vote of the National Assembly. Councilors serve for 12 year terms which are staggered with new five members elected every four years. The number of Councillors have varied over its existence, reaching a height of 41 members in the 1990s. The Declaration of 1993 mandates the allocation of seats to representatives from the Chandan Xiao community and the Chandan Satrian community; out of the fifteen seats four are reserved for Satrians, and three reserved for the Xiao community. While a less conservative council and constitutional reforms have reduced obstacles for ruling governments, the Council's will is still highly respected and represents a moderating force in Chandan politics.

Membership

Member Position Member since
Erkin Sabir.png Erkin Sabir Premier of the Council
(Bashtugin delegate) 		2011-09-Aug
(12 years ago)
AEsimov2013.jpg Sooronbay Barat Councillor
(Bashtugin delegate) 		2011-09-Aug
(12 years ago)
Askar Beisenbayev (cropped).jpg Askar Yasin Councillor
(Xiao delegate) 		2011-09-Aug
(12 years ago)
Sardar Akhtar Mengal (cropped).jpg Serik Alikhan Councillor
(Satrian delegate) 		2011-09-Aug
(12 years ago)
Askar Shakirov (cropped).jpg Erlan Jaqanuly Councillor
(Bashtugin delegate) 		2015-09-Aug
(12 years ago)
Sooronbay Jeenbekov at the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council meeting, 7 March 2017.jpg Kodir Litip Councillor
(Xiao delegate) 		2015-05-August
(8 years ago)
Asfandyar Wali Khan (cropped).jpg Kamal Khan Councillor
(Satrian delegate) 		2015-05-August
(8 years ago)
Syzdyqov (2018-09-26).jpg Turgyn Khan Councillor
(Bashtugin delegate) 		2015-05-August
(8 years ago)
Vladimir Bobrov (2010-12-10).jpg Chingiz Tuyakbay Councillor
(Bashtugin delegate) 		2015-05-August
(8 years ago)
Visit of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan 06 (cropped).jpg Gani Yasin Councillor
(Bashtugin delegate) 		2015-05-August
(8 years ago)
Altaf Shakoor President Pasban Pakistan.jpg Saroo Shakoor Councillor
(Satrian delegate) 		2019-7-August
(4 years ago)
Roza Otunbayeva in 2011.jpg Adalat Hudayar Vice-Premier of the Council
(Bashtugin delegate) 		2019-7-August
(4 years ago)
Darhan Patel.jpg Darhan Patel Councillor
(Satrian delegate) 		2019-7-August
(4 years ago)
Ruslan Dalenov (22689) (cropped).jpg Serik Tazhin Councillor
(Xiao delegate) 		2019-7-August
(4 years ago)
Gulshara Abdykhalikova (2019-11-04) (cropped).jpg Gulshara Khan Councillor
(Bashtugin delegate) 		2019-7-August
(4 years ago)
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