City Hall Organ

City Hall Organ

Classification	Pipe organ
Playing range
CCCCC – g8
Musicians
Julio Kram (resident organist)
Builders
Hyperbola Organ Builders

The City Hall Organ is a pipe organ located in the Municipal Civic Assembly Hall, Kien-k'ang. It is one of the largest instruments in the world and the largest in Themiclesia, with 16,990 pipes, and one of the few to have a full-length 64-foot stop. The organ was ordered in 1898 and completed in 1901, but substantial additions and restorations, especially following the Pan-Septentrion War, have occurred.

Construction and layout

In 1897, the municipal leadership of Kien-k'ang became interested in a large, enclosed public space to "give a stage for the commodious display of the city's people and products". As the space would host exhibitions, performances, political meetings, and other public events, it was judged necessary to provide music by means of a pipe organ. Like other aspects of the Assembly Hall, the pipe organ was calculatedto be displayed and reflect the city's waxing wealth and status during the Industrial Revolution.

The hall itself consists of a larger main chamber and a smaller antechamber, divided by a wall. The main chamber measures 230 ft (70 m) long by 120 ft (37 m) wide. The main seating space is located on the ground level, on whose perimeter is a 18-foot wide gallery supported on small posts. The top of the ceiling rises to 100 ft (30 m) tall. This chamber could sit 10,000 or more with chairs filling both the ground and gallery levels.

Before work started on the building, the pipe organ was designed by renowned organists Messrs. Anthony Brak and Patrick Mir, with directions from the Council to include "many species of sound that adequately express the city's interest in music". Though Brak and Mir noted the city's demands and included some variety voices, the instrument they designed was firmly grounded in organ tradition; historians note that their backgrounds led them to consider the organ's stops primarily for their personal registrations, which were quite conservative. At the end, the instrument approved by the city consisted of 230 ranks and 13,310 pipes, briefly the world's largest at completion.

The construction of the organ was aided by the ample space expressly reserved for the instrument. Additional space later appropriated for the organ's enlargement included a loft in the antechamber, the space above its galleries, and a nook where a secondary façade is mounted. It is according to this layout that the various chambers of the instrument were named.

The City Hall Organ holds the distinction of having the largest standalone organ case in the world, which contained the original section of the organ. This 70-foot tall, 40-foot wide, and 10-foot deep case, dominating the hall's nave, is divided into six levels and has three façades; its bottom level projects outwards, and the console is located on the roof of the projection, which is level with the galleries. The Ruck-Positive façade covers the projection on the ground level, while the main façade, 40-foot tall, is level with the galleries. A smaller façade representing the Hinder-Positive Organ sits on top of the main façade. The main façade displays the pipework of the Great Organ, with the 32-foot Praestant forming its left, right, and centre towers. The CCCC pipe perches directly above the console.

The case of the organ is a free-standing timber structure and is placed in a large alcove meant for it, at the eastern end of the hall. Pipes of the 32-foot octave are positioned at the rear of the case, standing at ground level. In front of them are two storeys holding the 16-foot octaves. The rest of the case is divided into six storeys, containing the remaining pipe work.

The organ's façade is built in a fashion consistent with Themiclesian organ tradition. Rather than using flats (sections of pipes on the same pane) to bridge the towers, which is common in Casaterran organs, there are decorative grilles that cover the interior of the case. This grille permits sound to pass through with minimal obstruction and is credited with the clean, direct sound for which Themiclesian organs are known. As the main façade is quite wide, it incorporates two secondary towers centred on the grilles; these are populated with pipes from the Praestant 16' as well as from the 16-foot octave of the Praestant 32'.

Location	Divisions
Gallery case	Ruck-Positive
Main case 1F	Récit Pedal
Main case 2F	Great Pedal
Main case 3F	Great Pedal
Main case 4F	Hinter-Positive
Main case 5F	Echo
Antechamber	Antiphonal Antiphonal Pedal

Console

The City Hall Organ has three consoles, the main console on the stage, a secondary console located in the clerestory level overlooking the antechamber, and a digital console.

Main console

The main console has five manuals, which each encompass four octaves and to G in the fifth, from CC to g′′, and 30-note pedalboard from CC to f. It is located on the third level of the case and sits upon the roof of the Ruck-Positive division; this is accessed from the galleries. The console is capable of playing the entire instrument, including the floating divisions and subsequent additions. The manuals, from the bottom, are the Principal, Ruck-Positive, Hinder-Positive, Récit, and Echo manuals. The pedal board is straight and flat. There are 237 stop knobs and 70 tabs on this console, for the tracker and electric portions of the instrument respectively. The knobs are laid out on an agle away from the organist, while the tabs are located around the music rack.

This console is mechanically linked by trackers to each pipe in the organ except for the secondary instrument in the antechamber, which was built with electric action and would be entirely too distant to connect feasibly by trackers to the main console. Because the wind pressure acting against the keys in grand registrations, often upwards of 50 ranks and more if manuals be coupled together, would prevent easy playing, it is assisted by the Barker leaver, which is a bellows, activated by trackers, that opens and closes the valves; this device retains some ability to control the pipes' speech that would be present on a purely mechanical organ. However, pneumatic assistance is not available on the stop knobs, which can be very heavy when activating pedal stops, whose sliders are also heavy; the knob for the 64-foot Major Bass has been measured to require 41 lbs of force to engage or disengage. This is in contrast to other stops whose knobs are easily actuated.

Secondary console

The secondary console has three manuals, with a 56-note manual compass, from CC to g′′, and 30-note pedalboard, from CC to f. The manuals, from bottom, are Choir, Great, and Swell. This console is electrically connected to its pipework.

Digital console

The digital console consists of six manuals, with a 61-note manual compass, from CC to g′′, and 30-note pedalboard, from CC to f. The manuals, from bottom, are Positive, Great, Swell, Solo, Echo, and Antiphonal. From this console can be played the entire instrument. The digital console was installed in 1971 to enable the console to be conveniently positioned for performances, as the main console is fixed to the organ case and hidden behind the Positive organ. It is connected by means of a large bundle of wires to the electrified action, which was installed at the same time as the console.

The console has 309 rocker buttons in place of more traditional stop knobs or tabs, arranged in a semicircle parted by the manuals. The rocker buttons are illuminated when switched on. It also features a more elaborate set of couplers, thumb pistons, and toe pistons, which enable the organist to change registration more conveniently, with 64 re-programmable memory layers that can store configurations set by various organists.

Tonal design

Original plan

The City Hall organ was built in line with Themiclesian customs in tonal design, which combines Sylvan, Ostlandic, and Anglian influences. The organ at the Old Cathedral was cited as a major influence on the design of this instrument, and consequently certain Ostlandic characteristics are apparent. The original instrument, of 264 ranks and 13,146 pipes, was divided into seven departments: the Great, Ruck-Positive, Hinder-positive, Echo, Solo, and Pedal. The principal choruses of the first three divisions were built on a different pitch for differentiation, the Great on 32-foot, Hinter-Positive on 16′, Ruck-Positive on 8′, while the expressive divisions of Recit, Echo, and Solo were on 8′.

The Great, Hinter-positive, and Ruck-positive organs were "principal organs", meaning their voices were chiefly flue stops in the principal family. The Great is housed in the façade and the front half of the organ case, while the Hinder-positive is in the rear of the case and is expressive. The Ruck-positive is housed in its own case, under the console.   The Recit organ played stops in the flute and string families, though it too has a smaller principal chorus, and it is expressive; it is housed on the same level of the organist. The Echo organ plays a function similar to the Swell, but resides at the top of the case. The Solo organ consisted of a number of non-chorus voices, many reeds, and was mostly 8′ and 4′, under expression.

Unlike unified instruments, which, enabled by electric action, were becoming common at that time, the City Hall Organ is almost "straight", having few stops which draw on ranks already forming other stops. This design commenced with the organ's initial designers, who believed that extensions and borrowings, popular techniques at that time, duplicated tonalities and impoverished the instrument's voice; instead, they ascribed to the more traditional, and perhaps at times rigid, idea that the identical tonalities should not re-appear in different pitches. The restricted use of extensions was respected by later managers of the instrument.

The overall design of the organ is, in other places, contrary to contemporary fashionable. In the last decade of the 19th and first of the 20th, many organ builders ceased to build treble stops for the Great organ or any number of other divisions and provided better horizontal extension, that is, more stops at unison (8-foot in the manuals and 16-foot in the pedal) pitch. Brak and Mir instead demanded an enlarged ensemble of treble stops and mixtures, giving that this would better serve the city's "tastes in music". The resulting instrument is not heavily emphasized in the unison pitch. Moreover, a larger number of treble voices would reduce material costs without compromising tonal diversity, an advantage that did not escape the designers' notice.

Some reviewers consider its full-organ voice "shrill, imperious, and antiquated" and "more appropriate of the church than the city hall", but others say that, owing to the scale of the instrument, "nothing was sacrificed amongst the unison and orchestral voices a performer could require, and then much more is provided". The organist Benjamin Keefer commented that "in some registrations, the principal chorus evokes of the medieval blockwerk and has Sylvan influences." This is in reference to the elaborate upperwork of the stop list; however, he freely admitted that "in full organ, the treble is more powerful than popular in the 1900s."

It being the preference of the organ designers, the entire organ was on ​3 ¹⁄₂ inches of wind; only the Solo reeds were on 5 inches. Even in 1899, organ building practices permitted higher pressures surpassing 10 inches, though their merits were controverted in many quarters. Those who opposed high pressures, including the City Hall Organ's designers, believed that such pressures distorted the natural voice of the instrument. This limited pressure translated into a very soft tone in the hall, obtaining by the desiners to place great emphasis on the number of treble voices which would "pierce the air" better than the unison and sub-unison ones. To counter-balance the prominence of the treble, the bass pipes were prominently displayed in the façade—thus speaking into the chamber without obstruction. The scale of the façade was "not an accidental decision but one intended to augment the soft sound of the instrument by way of its size."

64' Gross Untersatz

The 64-foot Gross Untersatz stop is a unique stop and one of the few examples of open 64-foot stops in the world. It was included by the organ's designers. By the middle of the 19th century, 64-foot resultants had been in practice by renowned builders, and one genuine stop, the 64-foot Contra Trombone in Tír Glas, has existed since 1898. The fundamental pitch at low C (CCCCC) is 8.18 Hz, beyond the lower limit of human pitch perception, but its harmonics enrich and re-inforce the other bass stops.

It has been speculated that the uniqueness of the stop attracted the support of Themiclesian organists, who would then have the opportunity to experiment with its registration at guest recitals. The pipes were constructed of White Pine (Pinus strobus) obtained for $3,000 (approx. $100,000 in 2020 dollars) from the royal timber yards, which had a supply of giant logs for the maintenance of wooden buildings in the palaces. It was installed behind and outside of the organ case, which despite its massive 60-foot height was too short to contain the longest pipe of at 64′ (the chest and foot requiring 4 feet of height).

Even though the organ operated on limited pressure, the giant pipes required a prodigious quantity of wind to attain prompt speech and desirable tonality. The six lowest pipes shared three blowers 3 HP blowers, and the remaining shared two. Even with these extreme measures, a consistent pressure of ​3 ¹⁄₂ inches could not be obtained; it was thus lowered to ​2 ³⁄₄ in 1905.

The 64-foot stop required the largest plenum ever built in a Themiclesia organ to support its octave and fifth harmonics: its 5 stops of principal mixtures encompassed 40 ranks, starting at the quint of ​21 ¹⁄₃′. The stop was not without its critics, and some from the camp that doubted the utility of any 64-foot stop. McKinley chastises the voice of such stops to be "entirely unable to combine with other musical voices." Hastings, however, says that the stop sounds has a string-like quality in the 32-foot octave, which "is not lost in the 64-foot and provides lovely and gentle power in the foundation, combining well with many registrations and shining especially in long notes."

32-foot stops

The original, 1901 organ was originally specified with three stops at 32-foot–the Praestant in the Great, and Untersatz and Contra Posaune in the Pedal. The 64-foot Major Bass stop necessarily contained a 32-foot octave, but it is not separately available. At that time, the largest Themiclesian organs typically had two 32-foot stops, one in the Great and the other in the Pedal, and with its third it was unique. Up to the 19th century, the Pedal division did not necessarily have the deepest bass stops; some instruments had a 32-foot Great but a 16-foot Pedal, though the opposite situation also occurred. Only after 1800 was the Pedal department's remit firmly defined in the bass line.

The organ's architects feared that two pedal stops at 32-foot pitch they specified would be extravagant and, instead of speaking in harmony, "beat against each other". It was uncommon on pedal lines to draw both a principal and reed voice on the unison—typically a 32-foot reed was used alone or with other reeds, but they attempted to account for that scenario by softening the flue's fundamental and bringing its harmonics forth.

Plena

Historic Themiclesian organs were often built with a stereotyped set of mixtures that supported the unison-sounding rank in the organ, starting on the twelfth (the fifth above the octave) and fifteenth. For every octave above them, up to a certain limit, another rank was added to compensate for the smaller scale of the pipe that limited sonic power. An 8-foot unison required two mixture, one consisting of ​2 ²⁄₃′, 2′, ​1 ¹⁄₃′, 1′, ​²⁄₃′, and ​¹⁄₂′, and the other of ​1 ¹⁄₃′, 1′, ​²⁄₃′, and ​¹⁄₂′, totalling 10 ranks. A 16-foot unison required three mixtures, starting from ​5 ¹⁄₃′, ​2 ²⁄₃′, and ​1 ¹⁄₃′, totalling 18 ranks.

The 32-foot unison on the Great was supported by four mixtures, at ​10 ²⁄₃′, ​5 ¹⁄₃′, ​2 ²⁄₃′, and ​1 ¹⁄₃′, totalling 28 ranks. The 64-foot fundamental, by logical extension, required five ranks of mixtures, the first starting at ​21 ¹⁄₃′, totalling 40 ranks. Such extensive mixture work had become obsolete in less elaborate installations in favour of more "colour" stops, but in the City Hall instrument it was decided to follow tradition, even though never before had the tradition been carried to such a grave fundamental.

The great organist Peter Heath said that these mixtures are "the key to animating a 32-foot fundamental on the Great. If it were absent, the 32-foot Principal could only remain a sub-octave."

Stoplist

Main organ

PRINCIPAL	58 rks	HINDER-POSITIVE	41 rks	RUCK-POSITIVE	27 rks	RECIT	35 rks	ECHO	28 rks	SOLO	12 rks	PEDAL	63 rks
Praestant	32	Principal	16	Sub Bass	16	Sub Bass	16	Sub Bass	16	Sub Bass	16	Gross Untersatz	64
Praestant	16	Sub Bass	16	Praestant	8	Dulciana	16	Principal	8	Principal	8	Principal Bass	32
Sub Bass	16	Octave	8	Praestant	4	Principal	8	Sub Bass	8	Geigen	8	Principal	16
Nasard	10 2/3	Bourden	8	Bourden	4	Flauto Traverso	8	Cor de Nuit	8	Viol	8	Bourden	16
Flute	8	Nasard	5 1/3	Nasard	2 2/3	Flute Harmonique	8	Unda Maris II	8	Flute	8	Violone	16
Bourden	8	Flute	4	Praestant	2	Violone	8	Octave	4	Octave	4	Nasard	10 2/3
Tierce	6 2/5	Bourden	4	Flute	2	Viol d'Orchestre	8	Flute	4	Flute	4	Octave	8
Larigot	5 1/3	Tierce	3 1/5	Bourden	2	Viol Celeste II	8	Bourden	4	Posaune	8	Flute	8
Septieme	4 4/7	Larigot	2 2/3	Tierce	1 3/5	Octave	4	Quint	2 2/3	Bombarde	8	Violone	8
Flute	4	Septieme	2 2/7	Larigot	1 1/3	Flute	4	Octave	2	Chamade	8	Tierce	6 2/5
Bourden	4	Flute	2	Septieme	1 1/7	Salicional	4	Flute	2	Tuba	8	Larigot	5 1/3
Tierce	3 1/5	Flute	2	Flute	1	Viola da Gamba	4	Mixture VII	1	Trompet	4	Septieme	4 4/7
Quinte	2 2/3	Bourden	2	Mixture VI		Quint	2 2/3	Cornet V				Octave	4
Flute	2	Flute	1	Mixture IV		Octave	2	Fagot	8			Flute	4
Flute	2	Mixture VIII		Super Mixture II		Mixture VI	1	Voix Humaine	8			Octave	2
Flute	1	Mixture VI		Trompet	8	Cornet V		Fagot	4			Piccolo	1
Mixture X		Mixture IV		Clarion	4	Sesquialtera II		Regale	2			Mixture XII
Mixture VIII		Super Mixture VIII		Regale	2	Contra Bombarde	16					Mixture X
Mixture VI		Fagot	16			Bombarde	8					Mixture VIII
Mixture IV		Trompet	8			Trompet	8					Mixture VII
Super Mixture X		Clarion	4			Clarinet	8					Mixture IV
Dulzian	16					Hautbois	8					Contra Posaune	32
Fagot	16					Clarion	4					Bombarde	16
Trompet	8					Regale	2					Posaune	16
Clarion	4											Fagot	16
												Clarion	8
												Regale	8
												Clarion	4

Antiphonal organ

PRINCIPAL	25 rks	POSITIVE	16 rks	RECIT	18 rks	PEDAL	18 rks
Praestant	16	Praestant	8	Sub Bass	16	Principal	16
Praestant	8	Bourden	8	Praestant	8	Sub Bass	16
Flute	8	Octave	4	Praestant	4	Octave	8
Quinte	5 1/3	Flute	4	Flute	4	Flute	8
Octave	4	Quinte	2 2/3	Nasard	2 2/3	Quinte	5 1/3
Flute	4	Octave	2	Praestant	2	Octave	4
Tierce	3 1/5	Flute	2	Flute	2	Octave	2
Quinte	2 2/3	Flute	1	Tierce	1 3/5	Mixture VIII
Octave	2	Mixture VI		Larigot	1 1/3	Bombarde	16
Flute	2	Regale	8	Flute	1	Bombarde	8
Octave	1	Clarion	4	Mixture V		Clarion	4
Mixture VIII				Trompet	8
Mixture VI				Clarion	4
Mixture II				Regale	2
Trompet	8
Clarion	4

Augmentations and restorations

Scattered pipes of the Antiphonal organ in 1944

At completion in Oct. 10, 1901, the City Hall Organ possessed 13,146 pipes, making it the largest instrument recorded at that time, but this record was surpassed later that decade by the instrument in Hallia's renowned department store. Despite this fact, the City Hall instrument was officially touted as the world's largest for years to come.

The largest augmentation of the City Hall Organ occurred between 1913 and 1915, where most of the current Antiphonal organ were added. Its need was justified by the use of the antechamber, south of the main hall, as a meeting, dining, and performing space, whereas formerly the space was only used transiently or processionally. It was deemed necessarily to provide a complete, independent instrument, but at the insistence of the organ's curator, Mr. Lyep, the planned instrument was also rendered a floating division of the main organ. This was because, according to Lyep, the two organs will never be playing at the same time, so it made sense to treat the unused organ as a floating division available to the other, playing organ.

This decision was responsible for the unprecedented 3,844-pipe, 73-rank Antiphonal organ on the main console's fifth manual, which had previously controlled a much smaller division of 18 ranks in the Echo division. Positionally, the entire addition was behind and outside of the main hall, but when the audience was located in the antechamber, the Antiphonal organ then functioned more or less like a Great division and possessed its own expressive Choir and Swell chests. For this latter use, the three-manual secondary console was installed.

During the Pan-Septentrion War, the Hall, located within city walls, was spared enemy occupation, but at least three shells detonated within its vicinity, one directly hitting the eastern façade and another the dome. The former explosion caused serious damage to the east gallery, and the latter caused the dome to collapse over the antechamber, destroying the enclosure of the Antiphonal organ and much of its pipework.

In 1943 – 45, the Hall was used as a temporary garrison for troops. The playable parts of the organ were used to provide for their entertainment. However, some soldiers began to scale the organ's façade in the dark to scrape off the gold that adorned the pipes. They rotated them to expose the gilt on the rear and in this process also removed the lockpins that secured the pipes to the façade. In the night of 22 June 1944, the central tower containing the bottom three notes of the Praestant 32′ collapsed without warning, causing more than 3,000 pounds of pipes to tumble off the gallery, striking several bunk beds and those sleeping in them. Terrible injuries resulted, though no fatalities.

The organ builder was contacted but denied responsibility citing the 1897 contract which required all parts of the organ to be strong enough only to support "usual staff", usually taken to mean a tuner. It was discovered that the platform on which the pipes stood had been supporting five men who were attempting to rotate the 1,500-pound pipe. Thus privates Kan and Myat were sentenced to six years in prison for crippling nine people and reckless disregard for safety, and Nir and Kmis, sergeants, to five years each for taking the gold off the pipes. The City sued these individuals for the replacement of the pipes valued at ₤4,000, but the Supreme Court granted only ₤700 stating that the pipes were not destroyed and could be hammered back into shape. This work was carried out in 1947.

The great restoration work after the Hall was repaired structurally also contained a thorough repainting of the organ case. All the pipes were removed for a thorough cleaning. Here the elaborate paintwork and gilding were removed from the pipes in favour of the original burnished tin of the pipes and a sober turquoise and grey colour scheme.

Culture

Musical reception

Upon the instrument's completion, the International Organist assessed that it had "a shimmering sound reminiscent of the old masters."

Size debate

See also: Camian Military Academy Chapel Organ

The City Hall Organ is often mentioned in the context of relative sizes of pipe organs, particularly against the instrument at the Camian Military Academy's chapel. That organ has more pipes, with 23,750, against City Hall's 16,990; however, City Hall's pipes form 341 ranks and stops, as opposed to the 327 ranks of the CMA chapel, giving 780 stops. Part of this can be attributed to the latter's 61-note manual and 32-note pedal compasses, which are 6 and 2 notes longer respectively than at City Hall. In terms of weight, CMA's organ is estimated to be four times that of the City Hall instrument, because the former has far more bass pipes, which are very determinative of weight. 50 ranks at 1-foot pitch, adding perhaps 1,500 pounds in weight, will easily be outweighted by 3 ranks at 16-foot pitch, and the CMA has far more ranks at 8-foot than City Hall. Additionally, City Hall has most of its pipework in "confluent metal" or a lighter alloy than the one employed at CMA.

The CMA organ, built in the 1910s and 20s, has a design typical of its era. Many of its ranks are extended, permitting more stops to draw on the same rank of pipes at different pitches. This is carried to the extreme in e.g. its Military Trumpet, which starts at 32-foot but can be drawn at a pitch as high as 1-foot, encompassing 111 pipes in the rank. From another perspective, the four lower octaves of a 4-foot Military Trumpet could be identical with the four higher of the 8-foot Military Trmpet, hence permitting them to share the same pipes, or "unified". This practice was advocated by its supporters as a harmless economy that eliminated duplicates and, in turn, permitted budget and physical space for more voices, serving the aim for orchestral sound. At City Hall, such a concession was both condemned by its architects and unnecessary due to space already reserved for the organ.

The staff members and aficionados of each instrument have at times engaged in criticisms about the quality of the other instrument and the integrity of their specifications, in the interest of establishing the primacy of their favourite. For example, Drs. Kap and Mrar, co-presidents of the City Hall Organ Society from 1966 to 1990, have written multiple articles (1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1988 inter alia) casting doubt on the honesty, conduct, and even mental soundness of Capt. Mek and Sgt. Nicholson, curators for the CMA chapel organ. In later decades, these disputes persisted and blossomed on the Internet and were propagaged in tourist information pamphlets. The City Hall instrument was described by tour guides in the CMA organ as "a chorus only dogs could hear", and similarly the pamphlet at City Hall snidely remarked under an asterisk that "each pipe is counted only once in this disposition". Dr. Kap once remarked that there are not "20 copies of Military Trumpet" at City Hall, and no "extended stops to be listed as independent."

The dispute neared a resolution in 2005 when a panel of musicians from both states agreed to visit each others' instruments for a tallying of pipes, which revealed that the City Hall organ had 16,990 pipes, and the CMA chapel's, 16,470. Unfazed by this revelation, the CMA immediately ordered considerable expansions, including no fewer than four new 32-foot stops, leading to its modern tally of 23,750. They would provide a total of fifteen 32-foot stops at the CMA chapel, which outnumber the three at City Hall. Planned additions to the City Hall Organ have been shelved due to lack of space in the organ case, which makes maintenance difficult and costly.

Another aspect of the debate between the two instruments concerns their tonal designs. The CMA organ was built to produce music at orchestral pitch, or 8-foot in the manual and 16-foot in the pedal, and to this end these pitches are emphasized through the number of voices at those pitches. The 8-foot pitch predominates the instrument and accounts for more than half of its ranks, though this could be deceptive since so many of the stops are extended. The organ possesses a considerable number of 16-foot voices as well. These elements combine to produce a "orchestral tone of remarkable warmth and clarity" according to the Rev. Dr. Kepper, organist at the CMA instrument. On a material level, the prepondrance of these pitches also contributed to the instrument's great mass. The City Hall instrument does not possess an equal emphasis on the orchestral pitch, and much of the organ including the Swell and Solo emphasizes higher pitch and includes prominent treble voices, that its tone was described as "shining like polished silver".

The relative quantities of ranks at given pitches are compared as follows:

Pitch	City Hall		CMA
	#	%	#	%
Sub-unison	23	7%	56	17%
Unison	57	16%	180	55%
Octave	43	13%	65	20%
Upper-work and mutations	215	63%	59	18%
Total ranks	341		327

Records

• World's largest organ (1901 – 1907)
• World's largest single organ case

Notes

^α Assuming the unison pitch of all manuals at 8-foot, and of the pedal at 16-foot.

^β id.

See also

• Themiclesia
• Camian Military Academy Chapel Organ
• List of pipe organs in Themiclesia