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{{Infobox former country
{{Infobox former country
|native_name            = 晓东共和国<br>Xiǎodōng Gònghéguó
|native_name            = 晓东共和国<br>Xiǎodōng Gònghéguó
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Xiaodong
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Shangea
|common_name            = Xiaodong
|common_name            = Shangea
|
|
|continent              = Esquarium
|continent              = [[Coius]]
|region                = Borea (Esquarium)
|region                =  
|country                = Xiaodong
|country                = Shangea
|era                    =  
|era                    =  
|status                =
|status                =
|status_text            =  
|status_text            =  
|empire                =  
|empire                =  
|government_type        = {{wp|Parliamentary system|Parliamentary}} {{Wp|republic}} (1933-1936)<br>{{wp|Military dictatorship}} (1936-1940)
|government_type        = {{wp|Parliamentary system|Parliamentary}} {{Wp|republic}} (1935-1937)<br>{{wp|Military dictatorship}} (1937-1940)
|legislature            = Constituent Assembly
|legislature            = National Assembly
|year_start            = 1933
|year_start            = 1935
|year_end              = 1940
|year_end              = 1940
|
|
|event_start            = [[March 8 Coup d'état]]
|event_start            = Declaration of the Republic
|date_start            = 8<sup>th</sup> March
|date_start            = 15<sup>th</sup> January
|event_end              = [[Corrective Revolution (Xiaodong)|Corrective Revolution]]
|event_end              = Surrender of Baiqiao
|date_end              = 20<sup>th</sup> September
|date_end              = 13<sup>th</sup> October
|
|
|event1                = [[Xiaodongese Civil War]]
|event1                = [[Corrective Revolution (Shangea)|Corrective Revolution]]
|date_event1            = 2<sup>nd</sup> January 1936
|date_event1            = 20<sup>th</sup> September 1935
|
|
|event_pre              = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before before "event_start"--->
|event_pre              = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before before "event_start"--->
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|
|
|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
|<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
|p1                    = Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire
|p1                    = Heavenly Shangean Empire
|flag_p1                = Flag of Xiaodong.png
|flag_p1                = Imperial flag of Xiaodong.png
|image_p1              =  
|image_p1              =  
|p2                    =  
|p2                    =  
|flag_p2                =
|flag_p2                =
|image_p2              =  
|image_p2              =  
|s1                    = Xiaodong
|s1                    = Shangea
|flag_s1                = Flag of Xiaodong.png
|flag_s1                = Flag of Xiaodong.png
|image_s1              =  
|image_s1              =  
|s2                    = Socialist Republic of Xiaodong
|s2                    =  
|flag_s2                = Flag of the Workers' Party of North Korea.svg
|flag_s2                =  
|image_s2              =  
|image_s2              =  
|image_flag            = Flag of Xiaodong 1934-1936.png
| image_flag            = Flag of Xiaodong 1934-1936.png
|flag                  =  
| image_flag2            = Flag of Shangea 1937-1939.png
|flag_type              = Flag
| flag_type              = Top: Flag<br/>(1935–1937; 1939-1940)<br/>Bottom: Flag<br/>(1937–1939)
|
|
|image_coat            = State of Xiaodong CoA.png
| image_coat            = [[File:State of Xiaodong CoA.png|90px]]{{parabr}}[[File:Emblem of Shangea 1936-1939 .png|90px]]
|symbol                =  
|symbol                =  
|symbol_type            = Coat of Arms
|symbol_type            = Top: Emblem<br/>(1935–1937; 1939-1940)<br/>Bottom: Emblem<br/>(1937–1939)
|
|
|image_map              = Xiaodong map (cropped).png
|image_map              = Xiaodong map (cropped).png
Line 55: Line 55:
|capital                = [[Baiqiao]]
|capital                = [[Baiqiao]]
|
|
|national_motto        = 愿吾圣国兴盛千代<br>Yuàn wú shèng guó xīngshèng qiāndài<br>May our heavenly state blossom for a thousand ages
|national_motto        = {{lang-zh|labels=no|和平反共建國}}<br>''Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction''
|national_anthem        = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkC24vqGlbA 晓东是不落的太阳]<br>[[Xiaodong is the sun that forever shines]]
 
|common_languages      = {{wp|Chinese language|Xiaodongese}}
|national_anthem        =[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5hniVjHjY0 爱国歌<br>Patriotic Song] <small>(1935-1939)</small><br> [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=GsPqHAfdU7w 山川秀丽的土地<br>Land of Magnificant Mountains and Rivers] <small>(1939-1940)</small>
|religion              = [[Taojiao]]
|common_languages      = {{wp|Chinese language|Shangean}}
|currency              = Jin (金)
|religion              =  
|leader1                = [[Yao Xishan]]
|currency              = Kuai
|year_leader1          = 1933-1935
|leader1                = [[Qin Xinyi]] <small>(first)</small>
|leader2                = [[Xu Dongwu]]
|year_leader1           = 1935
|year_leader2          = 1935-1936
|leader2               = [[Hu Yingjiu]] <small>(last)</small>
|leader3                = [[Qian Shaozheng]]
|year_leader2           = 1940
|year_leader3          = 1936-1940
|title_leader           = Premier
|title_leader          = President
|stat_year1            = 1940
|deputy1                = [[Shao Yuzhang]] <small>(first)</small>
|year_deputy1           = 1933
|deputy2               = [[Hu Yingjiu]] <small>(last)</small>
|year_deputy2           = 1940
|title_deputy           = Prime Minister
|stat_year1            =  
|stat_area1            =  
|stat_area1            =  
|stat_pop1              =  
|stat_pop1              = ~150,000,000
|stat_year2            =  
|stat_year2            =  
|stat_area2            =  
|stat_area2            =  
|stat_pop2              =  
|stat_pop2              =  
|today = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22px]] [[Xiaodong]]
|today = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22px]] [[Shangea]]
}}
}}
The '''Republic of Xiaodong''' (''{{Wp|Chinese language|Xiaodongese}}'': '''晓东共和国'''; ''Xiǎodōng Gònghéguó'') was a state that ruled over much of modern day [[Xiaodong]] that was created in 1933 following the [[March 8 coup d'état]] that saw the overthrow of the [[Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire]]. It was dissolved following the victory of the [[Army of National Salvation]] in the [[Xiaodongese Civil War]] and creation of the [[Xiaodong|Auspicious Republic of Xiaodong]] in 1940.  
The '''Republic of Shangea''' (''{{Wp|Chinese language|Shangean}}'': '''晓东共和国'''; ''Xiǎodōng Gònghéguó'') commonly known as the '''Wulin government''' (''{{Wp|Chinese language|Shangean}}'': '''武林政府'''; ''Wǔlín zhèngfǔ'') was a state that ruled over much of modern day [[Shangea]] that was created in following the abolition of the [[Heavenly Shangean Empire]]. It was dissolved following the victory of the [[Shangean Revolutionary Army]] in the [[Shangean Civil War]] and creation of the [[Shangea|Auspicious Republic of Shangea]] in 1940.  


The State of Xiaodong was created following the March 8 coup d'état after senior military officers attempted to end the [[Senrian-Xiaodongese War]] by removing the [[Shanrong Emperor]] from power and appointing prince [[Yao Xishan]] as head of state instead. The Republic of Xiaodong was intended to serve as a {{wp|provisional government}} until peace with [[Senria]] and [[Min]] was achieved and the country could choose a new political system as imperial autocracy was discredited. However the subsequent peace with Senria - the [[Treaty of Keishi]] - was widely criticised by various groups as being a betrayal of the Xiaodongese nation. A series of unstable cabinets fell over this period as the government was unable to deal with mounting economic recession, wars with [[Min]] and [[Tinza]] and nationalists attempting to create separatist republics from the minority groups in the empire. In September 1933 a failed coup (the [[Corrective Revolution (Xiaodong)|Corrective Revolution]]) led to the official start of the [[Xiaodongese Civil War]] fought between the Baiqiao-based government, [[Lu Keqian]]'s [[Army of National Salvation]], separatist forces and a variety of regional warlords.  
The Wulin government was created after the [[Premier of Shangea|premier]] [[Qin Xinyi]] announced the abdication of the Shanrong Emperor in the closing days of the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]] as [[Grand Alliance]] (predominantly [[Senria|Senrian]]) forces advanced throughout the country. The republican regime was initially popular with its promises of peace and freedom broadly accepted after years of war, militarism and repression. However the [[Treaty of Keishi]] which ended the Great War in [[Coius]] entailed the breakup of much of Shangea's pre-war territory as well punishing reparations, leading to various groups to criticise the republican establishment for "betraying the country". A series of unstable cabinets fell over this period as the government was unable to deal with mounting social and political chaos.. In September 1933 a failed coup (the [[Corrective Revolution (Shangea)|Corrective Revolution]]) led to the official start of the [[Shangean Civil War]] fought between the Baiqiao-based government, [[Lu Keqian]]'s [[Shangean Revolutionary Army]], separatist forces and a variety of regional warlords.  


Between 1934-6 the government in Baiqiao lost large amounts of land to rebel forces alongside seeing a deterioration in the economic situation. The political sphere became increasingly compromised as military officers led by [[Qian Shaozheng]] and [[Shao Yuzhang]] launched a coup d'état in 1936, ruling the country as a {{Wp|military dictatorship}} sapping their support. An offensive known as the Northern Reconquest spearheaded by Qian was unsuccessful in 1938, with the army never recovering from its defeat at the siege of Lukeng.  
Between 1935-7 the government in Baiqiao lost large amounts of land to rebel forces alongside seeing a deterioration in the economic situation. The political sphere became increasingly compromised as military officers ran the country as a ''de facto'' {{wp|military dictatorship}} sapping their support. An offensive known as the Northern Reconquest was unsuccessful in 1938, with the army never recovering from its defeat at the siege of Lukeng. In 1939 the military regime was overthrown, but this act led to the disintegration of much of the army and further political chaos.  


The failure of the republican government to overcome political, economic and military problems alongside lingering resentment against the Treaty of Keishi led to the complete military defeat of the state in 1940 and the surrender of Baiqiao to Lu Keqian's forces.
The failure of the republican government to overcome political, economic and military problems alongside lingering resentment against the Treaty of Keishi led to the complete military defeat of the state in 1940 and the surrender of Baiqiao to Lu Keqian's forces.
==History==
==History==
===March 8<sup>th</sup> coup d'état===
===Creation===
The creation of the Republic of Xiaodong arouse due to the political conditions that were a result of the [[Senrian-Xiaodongese War]]. The [[Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire]] had in 1918 replaced it's aristocratic government with a {{wp|military dictatorship}} during the [[Jiayun Uprising]] with the backing of the [[Shanrong Emperor]] who promoted {{Wp|ultranationalism}}, {{wp|expansionism}} and {{wp|scientific racism}}. This culminated in 1927 in an invasion of [[Senria]] as part of an attempt to create a "Greater Xiaodongese Order" in East Borea.
 
[[File:Wellington Koo 1945.jpg|200px|left|[[Yao Xishan]], the first president of the republic.|thumb]]
By early 1933, Xiaodong was reeling from military failures was being subject to bombing campaigns by Senrian planes and having its international trade completely blockaded by Senria and [[Tuthina]], with Senrian [[Prime Minister of Senria|Prime Minister]] [[Katurou Imahara|Imahara Katurou]] planning an invasion of Xiaodong (Operation Grey Viper) to be launched by July 1933. Despite the dire state of the Xiaodongese Army (which had been reduced by a third since the start of the war) and the implosion of the economy the Shanrong Emperor called for citizens to "''mobilise for the possibility of Senria destroying our civilisation and enforcing their own barbarity to our auspicious lands''".
 
Despite the Shanrong Emperor and his Prime Minister, {{Wp|Chief of Staff}} [[Ren Xilian]], supporting the continued fighting of the war senior military officers (such as generals Qian Shaozheng, Shao Yuzhang and Admiral [[Jiang Yunkuan]]), business leaders and reform-minded aristocrats were concerned that Xiaodong would be unable to withstand a Senrian invasion, fearing the occupation of the country and reprisals for the [[Senrian Genocide]]. Their fears were shared by
{{wp|prince}} [[Yao Xishan]], a half brother to the emperor who believed Xiaodong's territorial integrity would only be secure if Xiaodong formulated a peace treaty with Senria. Yao saw the militarisation that had been pursued by the emperor as having resulted in military defeat, political chaos and economic collapse and reasoned alongside other reform-minded military figures that only the removal of militarism from public life (such as Ren, [[Qiu Hanjie]], [[Zhou Hongkui]] and [[Lu Keqian]]) would result in peace in Borea.
 
On the 8<sup>th</sup> the plotters made their move, with General Qian ordering his troops to march through Tiandufeng whilst arresting senior figures such as Zhou and foreign minister Yao Xiangxi whilst Ren was shot attempting to resist arrest. Yao Xishan went to his bother attempting to convince him to enter peace talks, but a fight in the Palace of Heaven resulted in the Shanrong Emperor to be shot (whether he committed suicide or was shot is still a matter of debate). The death of the Emperor and arrest of his closest advisers led to Yao Xishan to declare himself as president, ending over a thousand years of monarchical rule.
===Treaty of Keishi===
===Treaty of Keishi===
[[File:Signature of Japan-Manchukuo Protocol.JPG|thumb|The signing of the [[Treaty of Keishi]]|200px]]Following the March 8<sup>th</sup> coup d'état Yao sent newly appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Zhang Mingshu]] to negotiate a peace with Senria via [[Tuthina]] as a intermediary. Meanwhile in Xiaodong he signed a decree officially dissolving the [[Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire]] creating the State of Xiaodong (晓东共和国; ''Xiǎodōng Gònghéguó'') in its place. Yao announced the permanent dissolution of the Imperial Deliberative Assembly and that its functions would be transferred to the General Affairs State Council until a constituent assembly could create a new political system.
===Shangean Civil War===
 
The Treaty of Keishi was negotiated during a month long period between March-April 1933. The fast pace of peace talks was motivated by a desire by Xiaodongese policymakers to end the war at the earliest opportunity, meaning Senria was able to extract lucrative concessions from Xiaodong. The final treaty, signed by Foreign Minister Zhang on April 23<sup>rd</sup> stipulated that Xiaodong "''recognise and take full and total responsibility''" for starting a war of aggression and conducting the [[Senrian Genocide|war crimes on a massive scale]]. The treaty also saw Xiaodong drop all claims to Senria including its former colony of [[Sakata]] and promise to pay ¥1,450 billion in {{wp|reparations}} to Senria with interest.
 
[[File:Beijing students protesting the Treaty of Versailles (May 4, 1919).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Students in [[Rongzhuo]] protesting the Treaty of Keishi]]The announcement of the terms of the Treaty of Keishi within Xiaodong promoted massive protests and opposition in Xiaodong, known as the ''Days of Lead'' as rioting in [[Baiqiao|Tiandufeng]], [[Rongzhuo]] and [[Shenkong]]. Deputy foreign minister Chen Guobao was murdered upon his return to Taindufeng and a further 76 people were killed in the riots, with countless incidents of property damage, arson and assualts being recorded with the homes of foreign minister Zhang Mingshu and Prime Minister Shao being burnt down.
 
The Treaty of Keishi radically changed the political landscape of Xiaodong as well. Prior and during the war, politics was divided between those who favoured national expansion and imperial autocracy and those who promoted a more dovish foreign policy and democratic institutions. However following the signing of the Treaty politics split between "pro-treaty" groups (such as the [[Liberal Party (Xiaodong)|Liberal Party]] which supported {{wp|classical liberalism}}, [[Constitutional Union (Xiaodong)|Constitutional Union]] which wished for a return to the pre-war political system and the [[Democratic Party (Xiaodong)|Democratic Party]] which supported {{Wp|social liberalism}}) and "anti-treaty" groups (such as the [[Xiaodong Regeneration Society]] which supported {{Wp|authoritarianism|authoritarian}} {{wp|neosocialism}}, the [[Workers' Party of Xiaodong]] which wanted a communist revolution in Xiaodong and the [[Great Harmony Party]] which supported the militarism of the Shanrong era). The Anti-treaty groups called for the immediate annulment of the Treaty of Keishi whilst pro-treaty groups by and large coalesced around president Yao.
===1933 Constituent Assembly election===
On the 7<sup>th</sup> May 1933 the Taiyi Emperor announced elections for a {{Wp|constituent assembly}} would take place over June-July, with the Emperor hoping the Assembly would decide on a political system for Xiaodong to replace the imperial autocracy of the Heavenly Empire. The move to call an election was encouraged by liberal reformists close to the Emperor but more conservative forces in the army such as Prime Minister Shao opposed its calling. Shao in particular feared {{wp|General officer|General}} [[Lu Keqian]], who had alongside [[Xi Shaoqi]], [[Yu Changshao]] and [[Peng Chaozhu‎]] created the [[Xiaodong Regeneration Society]], would be able to capitalise on his popularity and anger towards the government to win an election, annul the treaty and create a {{wp|socialist state}}.
 
Under the direction of leading {{wp|liberalism|liberal}} Zhang the Taiyi Emperor in 1933 passed a decree enabling all men over the age of 25 the ability to vote in a {{Wp|two-round system}}, effectively enabling universal male suffrage. The move led to the mass expansion of the Workers' Party (which was strong amongst factory workers') and the Regeneration Society (which courted many members, especially poor ones from a rural background, of the armed forces) at the expense of aristocratic parties that had support rooted in the pre-war elite of aristocrats and capitalists.
 
The election resulted in a "negative majority" of anti-treaty forces to triumph, capturing 300 of the 525 seats. The Regeneration Society, which did well in rural areas and swept Rongzhuo got 196 seats, whilst the Workers' Party with its strongholds in Kuoqing, Yinbaolei and east Thianchin got 69 seats. The Liberal Party emerged as the largest pro-treaty party with 98 seats mainly getting votes from capitalists and businessmen in urban areas, whilst the pro-treaty Constitutional Union and anti-Treaty Great Harmony parties (both of which supported a form of the pre-war government) did reasonably well getting support from aristocrats, with 41 and 35 seats respectively.
 
The success of the negative majority of anti-treaty parties led to the resignation of Prime Minister Shao. Shao recommended however that the Taiyi Emperor refuse to appoint a cabinet supported by anti-Treaty forces and instead support a {{Wp|minority government}} of pro-treaty forces until new elections could be held. The Taiyi Emperor agreed to this proposal, appointing liberal [[Zhang Mingshu]] as Prime Minister.
===Xiaodongese Civil War===
==Politics==
==Politics==
{{Sidebar
===Government===
| name = Xiaodong
| outertitle = Constituent Assembly of Xiaodong
| topimage =  
| pretitle =
| title =
| image = [[File:Yōshū Chikanobu House of Peers.jpg|200px]]
 
| headingstyle =
| contentstyle =
 
| heading1 =
| content1 =
 
[[Image:1933 Xiaodongese Assembly.svg|240px|right]]
 
{{legend|#CE1126|[[Xiaodong Regeneration Society]]: 306 seats}} {{legend|#DDDDDD|{{wp|Independent (politics)|Non-partisan}}: 118 seats}} {{legend|#FCD200|[[Liberal Party (Xiaodong)|Liberal Party]]: 58 seats}} {{legend|#050357|[[Azure Dragon Society]]: 43 seats}}
}}
The Republic of Xiaodong was never intended to be a permanent government - rather it was created on an {{wp|ad hoc}} basis until peace could be achieved with [[Senria]] and the political system could be decided by a {{wp|constituent assembly}}. The 1933 [[Xiaodongese constituent assembly election, 1933|constituent assembly election]] however produced a "negative majority" of parties opposed to the [[Treaty of Keishi]] leading to legislative deadlock and a reliance on the president's ability to pass decrees. 
 
In practice the State of Xiaodong functioned as a {{Wp|republic}} with a {{Wp|parliamentary system}}, albeit the government was in a permanent {{Wp|minority government|minority}} and dependent on the president to pass legalisation. This led the government to be called a "{{wp|liberal autocracy}}".
===Emperor===
===Executive===
===Legislature===
===Prefectures===
===Law===
===Foreign relations===
===Military===
===Military===
==Economy==
==Economy==
==Culture==
==Culture==
==Interpreting the State of Xiaodong==
{{Template:Xiaodong Topics}}
{{Template:Xiaodong Topics}}
[[Category:Xiaodong]][[Category:Xiaodong miscellaneous]]
[[Category:Xiaodong]][[Category:Xiaodong miscellaneous]]

Latest revision as of 21:29, 4 September 2023

Republic of Shangea
晓东共和国
Xiǎodōng Gònghéguó
1935–1940
Flag of Shangea
Flag of Shangea 1937-1939.png
Top: Flag
(1935–1937; 1939-1940)
Bottom: Flag
(1937–1939)
State of Xiaodong CoA.png
Emblem of Shangea 1936-1939 .png
Top: Emblem
(1935–1937; 1939-1940)
Bottom: Emblem
(1937–1939)
Motto: 和平反共建國
Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction
Anthem: 爱国歌
Patriotic Song (1935-1939)
山川秀丽的土地
Land of Magnificant Mountains and Rivers (1939-1940)
Xiaodong map (cropped).png
CapitalBaiqiao
Common languagesShangean
GovernmentParliamentary republic (1935-1937)
Military dictatorship (1937-1940)
Premier 
• 1935
Qin Xinyi (first)
• 1940
Hu Yingjiu (last)
LegislatureNational Assembly
History 
• Declaration of the Republic
15th January 1935
20th September 1935
• Surrender of Baiqiao
13th October 1940
Population
• 1940
~150,000,000
CurrencyKuai
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Heavenly Shangean Empire
Shangea
Today part ofFlag of Xiaodong.png Shangea

The Republic of Shangea (Shangean: 晓东共和国; Xiǎodōng Gònghéguó) commonly known as the Wulin government (Shangean: 武林政府; Wǔlín zhèngfǔ) was a state that ruled over much of modern day Shangea that was created in following the abolition of the Heavenly Shangean Empire. It was dissolved following the victory of the Shangean Revolutionary Army in the Shangean Civil War and creation of the Auspicious Republic of Shangea in 1940.

The Wulin government was created after the premier Qin Xinyi announced the abdication of the Shanrong Emperor in the closing days of the Great War as Grand Alliance (predominantly Senrian) forces advanced throughout the country. The republican regime was initially popular with its promises of peace and freedom broadly accepted after years of war, militarism and repression. However the Treaty of Keishi which ended the Great War in Coius entailed the breakup of much of Shangea's pre-war territory as well punishing reparations, leading to various groups to criticise the republican establishment for "betraying the country". A series of unstable cabinets fell over this period as the government was unable to deal with mounting social and political chaos.. In September 1933 a failed coup (the Corrective Revolution) led to the official start of the Shangean Civil War fought between the Baiqiao-based government, Lu Keqian's Shangean Revolutionary Army, separatist forces and a variety of regional warlords.

Between 1935-7 the government in Baiqiao lost large amounts of land to rebel forces alongside seeing a deterioration in the economic situation. The political sphere became increasingly compromised as military officers ran the country as a de facto military dictatorship sapping their support. An offensive known as the Northern Reconquest was unsuccessful in 1938, with the army never recovering from its defeat at the siege of Lukeng. In 1939 the military regime was overthrown, but this act led to the disintegration of much of the army and further political chaos.

The failure of the republican government to overcome political, economic and military problems alongside lingering resentment against the Treaty of Keishi led to the complete military defeat of the state in 1940 and the surrender of Baiqiao to Lu Keqian's forces.

History

Creation

Treaty of Keishi

Shangean Civil War

Politics

Government

Military

Economy

Culture

Template:Xiaodong Topics

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